Inflammatory response: The target for treating hyperpigmentation during the repair of a burn wound.

Hyperpigmentation is a common complication in patients with burn injuries during wound healing; however, the mechanisms underlying its occurrence and development remain unclear. Recently, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) was found to result from overproduction of melanin. Local or systemic inflammatory responses are often observed in patients who develop hyperpigmentation. However, we lack studies on the relationship between PIH and burn injury. Therefore, we comprehensively reviewed the existing literature on the melanogenesis of the skin, inflammatory mechanisms in pigmentation, and local or systemic alteration in inflammatory cytokines in patients suffering from burn trauma to elucidate the relationship between PIH and burn injury. We believe that this review will guide further research on regulating melanin production in the burn management process.

Improving quantification of anticholinergic burden using the Anticholinergic Effect on Cognition Scale - a healthcare improvement study in a geriatric ward setting.

OBJECTIVE: Anticholinergic burden refers to the cumulative effects of taking multiple medications with anticholinergic effects. This study was carried out in a public hospital in Singapore, aimed to improve and achieve a 100% comprehensive identification and review of measured, anticholinergic burden in a geriatric psychiatry liaison service to geriatric wards. We evaluated changes in pre-to post-assessment anticholinergic burden scores and trainee feedback. METHOD: Plan Do Study Act methodology was employed, and Anticholinergic Effect on Cognition scale (AEC) was implemented as the study intervention. A survey instrument evaluated trainee feedback. RESULTS: There was no measured anticholinergic burden in a baseline of 170 assessments. 75 liaison psychiatry assessments were conducted between June and November 2021 in two cycles. 94.7% of pre-assessments (at the time of assessment) and 71.1% of post-assessments (following assessment) had a record of AEC scores in clinical documentation in cycle one, improving in the second cycle to 100%, 94.6%, respectively. A high post-assessment AEC score of 3 and over reduced from 15.8% in cycle one to 5.4% in cycle two. The trainee feedback suggested an enriching educational experience. CONCLUSIONS: Using the AEC scale, the findings support the feasibility of comprehensive identification and review of measured anticholinergic burden in older people with neurocognitive disorders.

Development of a dysphagia cup to improve patients' fluid intake and reduce caregiver burden.

Ensuring that the elderly drink adequate fluids to meet their recommended daily allowance is often a challenge, especially among the elderly in hospitals and long-term care settings. The complex interplay of biological, medical and psychosocial factors that cause the elderly to become dehydrated is difficult to tackle especially in care settings where there is a staff shortage and heavy workload. The team realised that 90% of the elderly inpatients in the general ward of a teaching hospital in Singapore were not drinking enough to meet their needs, despite the hot and humid weather. Reasons which contributed to inadequate fluid intake included human resources, environmental, patient and system factors. Strategies were put in place to improve fluid intake but were not successful, due to staff shortage and time constraints. The team ended up innovating and producing a dysphagia cup to improve fluid intake, promote independence among patients while encouraging them to drink more, improve nursing efficiency, reduce caregiver burden and reduce aspiration risk. The cup was able to meet all the expectations with good feedback from the care team, patients and their families.

Combined immunotherapy with dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells for malignant tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: A new strategy of adoptive and passive immunotherapy involves combining dendritic cells (DCs) with a subset of natural killer T lymphocytes termed cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of DC-CIK therapy vs. placebo, no intervention, conventional treatments, or other complementary and alternative medicines for malignant tumors. METHOD: We searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Wangfang, Weipu, CNKI databases and reference lists of articles. We selected randomized controlled trials of DC-CIK therapy vs. placebo, no intervention, conventional treatments, or other complementary and alternative medicines in patients with all types and stages of malignant tumor. Primary outcome measures were overall survival and treatment response. Secondary outcome measures were health-related quality of life (HRQoL) assessment, progression free survival (PFS), and adverse events. RESULTS: Six trials met our inclusion criteria. There was evidence that chemotherapy+DC-CIK increased the 2-year (RR 2.88, 95% CI 1.38 to 5.99, P=0.005) and 3-year (RR 11.67, 95% CI 2.28 to 59.69, P=0.003) survival rates and progression free survival (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.94, P<0.0001) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer compared to those treated with chemotherapy alone. DC-CIK therapy appears to be well-tolerated by cancer patients and to improve post-treatment patient health related quality of life. CONCLUSION: DC-CIK immunotherapy is a safe and effective treatment for patients with malignant tumors. Further clinical trials to provide supportive evidence for the routine use of DC-CIK therapy in clinical practice are warranted.

The expression and actions of androgen receptor in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC) tissues and the primary cultured cells.

Sex hormone receptors, androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptors (ERs) including both ERα and ERß, mediate the actions of sex hormones. In this study, we aimed to evaluate sex hormone receptors expression in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UUTUCs) of ureter and renal pelvis with different tumor stages and grades as well as their possible roles in tumor progression. Immunohistochemistry was used to assay the expression of AR and ERs in the primary UUTUCs. XTT viability test was applied to evaluate cell responses for anticancer drug treatment. Wound healing assay was performed to determine cell migration abilities. AR and ERß immunoreactivities were observed in both UUTUCs, but ERα was not detected in either UUTUCs. In UUTUC of ureter specimens, higher AR expression was found in superficial or lower grade tumors. In contrast, little difference of ERß expression was found in superficial versus muscle-invasive tumor stages or low grades versus high grades in UUTUCs of ureter specimens. Furthermore in the primary cultured cells from UUTUC specimens, the addition of functional AR reduced cell chemosensitivity, but increased cell migration. These results provide the first data showing the expression patterns of sex hormone receptors in both renal pelvis and ureter UUTUCs. From results, we concluded that there is a positive correlation for higher AR expression found in superficial or low-grade UUTUCs of ureter and identified the functional roles of AR in UUTUC progression.

[Oblique nuclear chopping and nuclear extraction by binding procedure for cataract extraction].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of oblique nuclear chopping and nuclear extraction by binding procedure (ONCNEB) in cataract extraction. METHODS: Extracapsular cataract extraction by ONCNEB with foldable IOL implantation was performed in 86 senile cataract cases (97 eyes) by using a line-shaped cataract nuclear chopping apparatus developed by the authors. RESULTS: In 97 eyes treated with ONCNEB, there was posterior capsular rupture in 1 eye; anterior chamber hemorrhage in 2 eyes; elevated intraocular pressure in 6 eyes; mild corneal edema in 8 eyes which subsided within 5 days. Corrected visual acuity > or = 0.5 was obtained in 78 eyes (80.41%) one week and 91 eyes (93.81%) three months after the operation. Corrected visual acuity was > or = 1.0 in 66 eyes (68.04%) three months after the operation. Mean astigmatism one week and three months postoperatively showed not significant difference as compared with preoperative astigmatism. CONCLUSION: The ONCNEB can solve the problem of implanting foldable IOL through a small incision. This procedure is relatively simple and safe.

[Identification of Pterocephalus hookeri].

OBJECTIVE: To study the identification method of Pterocephalus hookeri. METHOD: The microscopical, Physicochemical and TLC methods were used. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The convenient and effective identification methods for P. hookeri were established, which provide basis for its quality standard and development.