Control of leaf development in the water fern Ceratopteris richardii by the auxin efflux transporter CrPINMa in the CRISPR/Cas9 analysis.

BACKGROUND: PIN-FORMED genes (PINs) are crucial in plant development as they determine the directionality of auxin flow. They are present in almost all land plants and even in green algae. However, their role in fern development has not yet been determined. This study aims to investigate the function of CrPINMa in the quasi-model water fern Ceratopteris richardii. RESULTS: CrPINMa possessed a long central hydrophilic loop and characteristic motifs within it, which indicated that it belonged to the canonical rather than the non-canonical PINs. CrPINMa was positioned in the lineage leading to Arabidopsis PIN6 but not that to its PIN1, and it had undergone numerous gene duplications. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing had been performed in ferns for the first time, producing diverse mutations including local frameshifts for CrPINMa. Plants possessing disrupted CrPINMa exhibited retarded leaf emergence and reduced leaf size though they could survive and reproduce at the same time. CrPINMa transcripts were distributed in the shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia and their vasculature. Finally, CrPINMa proteins were localized to the plasma membrane rather than other cell parts. CONCLUSIONS: CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is feasible in ferns, and that PINs can play a role in fern leaf development.

Differential expression and co-localization of transcriptional factors during callus transition to differentiation for shoot organogenesis in the water fern Ceratopteris richardii.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In flowering plants, regeneration can be achieved by a variety of approaches, and different sets of transcriptional factors are involved in these processes. However, regeneration in taxa other than flowering plants remains a mystery. Ceratopteris richardii is a representative fern capable of both direct and indirect organogenesis, and we aimed to investigate the genetics underlying the transition from callus proliferation to differentiation. METHODS: Morphological and histological analyses were used to determine the type of regeneration involved. RNA sequencing and differential gene expression were used to investigate how the callus switches from proliferation to differentiation. Phylogenetic analysis and RNA in situ hybridization were used to understand whether transcriptional factors are involved in this transition. KEY RESULTS: The callus formed on nascent leaves and subsequently developed the shoot pro-meristem and shoot meristem, thus completing indirect de novo shoot organogenesis in C. richardii. Genes were differentially expressed during the callus transition from proliferation to differentiation, indicating a role for photosynthesis, stimulus response and transmembrane signalling in this transition and the involvement of almost all cell layers that make up the callus. Transcriptional factors were either downregulated or upregulated, which were generally in many-to-many orthology with genes known to be involved in callus development in flowering plants, suggesting that the genetics of fern callus development are both conserved and divergent. Among them, an STM-like, a PLT-like and an ethylene- and salt-inducible ERF gene3-like gene were expressed simultaneously in the vasculature but not in the other parts of the callus, indicating that the vasculature played a role in the callus transition from proliferation to differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: Indirect de novo shoot organogenesis could occur in ferns, and the callus transition from proliferation to differentiation required physiological changes, differential expression of transcriptional factors and involvement of the vasculature.

Identification of genes differentially expressed between prostrate shoots and erect shoots in the lycophyte Selaginella nipponica using an RNA-seq approach.

Lycophytes are the earliest vascular plants and Selaginella is the most studied genus among them. Prostrate shoots are produced during early growth and erect shoots emerge later in S. nipponica, thus providing an opportunity for exploring the evolution of the mechanism underlying the transition between growth phases. Six libraries were sequenced for the prostrate and the erect shoots, and a total of 206 768 genes were identified. Some genes were differentially expressed in prostate and erect shoot, with relatively high expression in the prostate shoots being related to hormone responses and defence reactions, while higher expression in the erect shoots was related to spore formation and shoot development. Some SPL genes possessed a miR156 binding site and were highly expressed in the erect shoots, while AP2-like genes were more highly expressed in the prostrate shoots but simultaneously lacked any miR172 binding site. MiR156 was detected at a higher concentration in the prostrate shoots. Thus, the mechanism for the vegetative to reproductive transition of sporophytes probably originated in the common ancestor of vascular plants and must have experienced stepwise development during evolution.

Leaf dorsoventrality candidate gene CpARF4 has conserved expression pattern but divergent tasiR-ARF regulation in the water fern Ceratopteris pteridoides.

PREMISE: Leaves are traditionally classified into microphylls and megaphylls, and recently have been regarded as independently originating in lycophytes, ferns, and seed plants. The developmental genetics of leaf dorsoventrality, a synapomorphy in vascular plants, has been extensively studied in flowering plants. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR4 (ARF4) genes are key to leaf abaxial identity in flowering plants, but whether they exist in ferns is still an open question. METHODS: ARF4 genes from Ceratopteris pteridoides, Cyrtomium guizhouense, and Parathelypteris nipponica were mined from transcriptomes and investigated in terms of evolutionary phylogeny and sequence motifs, with a focus on the tasiR-ARF binding site. In situ hybridization was used to localize expression of CpARF4 in Ceratopteris pteridoides. 5'RNA ligase-mediated-RACE was employed to verify whether CpARF4 transcripts were sliced by tasiR-ARF. RESULTS: ARF4 genes exist in ferns, and this lineage originates from a gene duplication in the common ancestor of ferns and seed plants. ARF4 genes are of a single copy in the ferns studied here, and they contain divergent and, at most, one tasiR-ARF binding site. CpARF4 is expressed in the abaxial but not the adaxial domain of leaf primordia at various developmental stages. Transcript slicing guided by tasiR-ARF is active in C. pteridoides, but CpARF4 probably has not been affected by it. CONCLUSIONS: Fern ARF4 genes differ in copy number and tasiR-ARF regulation relative to flowering plants, though they can be similarly expressed in the abaxial domain of leaves, revealing a key role for ARF4 genes in the evolution of leaf dorsoventrality of vascular plants.

A Methylthio-Functionalized-MOF Photocatalyst with High Performance for Visible-Light-Driven H2 Evolution.

Recently, the emergence of photoactive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has given great prospects for their applications as photocatalytic materials in visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution. Herein, a highly photoactive visible-light-driven material for H2 evolution was prepared by introducing methylthio terephthalate into a MOF lattice via solvent-assisted ligand-exchange method. Accordingly, a first methylthio-functionalized porous MOF decorated with Pt co-catalyst for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution was achieved, which exhibited a high quantum yield (8.90 %) at 420 nm by use sacrificial triethanolamine. This hybrid material exhibited perfect H2 production rate as high as 3814.0 µmol g-1 h-1 , which even is one order of magnitude higher than that of the state-of-the-art Pt/MOF photocatalyst derived from aminoterephthalate.

Flavonoid alkaloids from Scutellaria moniliorrhiza with anti-inflammatory activities and inhibitory activities against aldose reductase.

Four undescribed flavonoid alkaloids, as two pairs of enantiomers, were initially isolated as a racemate from the whole plant of Scutellaria moniliorrhiza. By means of chiral HPLC, four isomers, named scumonilines A-D, were successfully separated, and their chemical structures including absolute configurations were established by mass as well as NMR spectroscopy and CD technique. In vitro, four flavonoid alkaloids showed anti-inflammatory activities, with IC50 values against the release of ß-glucuronidase from polymorphonuclear leukocytes of rats being in the range 5.16-5.85 µΜ. Moreover, four compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against aldose reductase, and gave IC50 values in the range 2.29-3.03 µΜ.

New Flavonoid Glucuronate Esters with Anti-inflammatory Activities from Scutellaria regeliana.

Two new flavonoid glucuronate esters, named scuregeliosides A and B (1 and 2), as well as three known ones, chrysin-7-O-ß-d-glucuronic acid methyl ester (3), 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone-8-O-ß-d-glucuronic acid methyl ester (4) and apigenin-7-O-ß-d-glucuronic acid ethyl ester (5), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Scutellaria regeliana. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. Five compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. As the results, the inhibition rates of release of ß-glucuronidase from rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes were in the range of 42.2 - 47.1% at a concentration of 10 µm.

[Development of indel markers for molecular authentication of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius].

Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius are two kinds of important medicinal herbs. They are morphologically similar but have different pharmacological effects. Therefore, botanical origin authentication of these two ginsengs is of great importance for ensuring pharmaceutical efficacy and food safety. Based on the fact that intron position in orthologous genes is highly conserved across plant species, intron length polymorphisms were exploited from unigenes of ginseng. Specific primers were respectively designed for these two species based on their insertion/deletion sequences of cytochrome P450 and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and multiplex PCR was conducted for molecular authentication of P.ginseng and P. quinquefolius. The results showed that the developed multiplex PCR assay was effective for molecular authentication of P.ginseng and P. quinquefolius without strict PCR condition and the optimization of reaction system.This study provides a preferred ideal marker system for molecular authentication of ginseng,and the presented method can be employed in origin authentication of other herbal preparations.

[Diterpenoids from Scutellaria strigillosa].

By means of preparative HPTLC and column chromatography over silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, nine diterpenoids were isolated and purified from the whole plants of Scutellaria strigillosa. Based on the physico-chemical properties and spectral data, their structures were elucidated as: 6-O-acetyl-7-O-nicotinoylscutebarbatine G(1), 6-O-nicotinoyl-7-O-acetylscutebarbatine G(2), 6,7-di-O-nicotinoylscutebarbatine G(3), scutebarbatine K(4), scutebarbatine B(5), 6-O-acetylscutehenanine A(6), 6-O-nicotinoylbarba- tin A(7), 6,7-di-O-acetoxylbarbatin A(8), scutebarbatine F(9). Compound 1 is a new diterpenoid, and compounds 2-9 were isolated from Scutellaria strigillosa for the first time.

New sesquiterpenoid derivatives from Solanum septemlobum with cytotoxicities.

Two new sesquiterpenoid derivatives, attributable to eudesmane-type (1-2, named septemlobin D and 11,12-O-isopropylidenesolajiangxin F), were isolated from the whole plant of Solanum septemlobum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of integrated spectroscopic techniques, mainly HR-FAB-MS, 1D and 2D-NMR ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY). In vitro, two sesquiterpenoid derivatives were found to show significant cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines (P-388, HONE-1 and HT-29), and gave IC50 values in the range of 3.0-7.3 µM.

[Sesquiterpenoids from Solanum lyratum].

Ten compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography over silica gel, preparative TLC, and Sephadex LH-20 from the whole plant of Solanum lyratum. The structures were elucidated on the basis of physico-chemical properties and spectral data as 1beta-hydroxy-1 ,2-dihydro-alpha-santonin (1) , boscialin (2) , blumenol C (3), 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha, 6alpha-epoxy-7-megastigmen-9-one(4), dehydrovomifoliol(5) , blumenol A(6), (1'S,2R,5S, 10R) -2-(1', 2'-dihydroxy-l1'-methylethyl) -6,10-dimethylspiro[4,5] dec-6-en-8-one(7) , (1'R,2R,5S,10R)-2-( 1',2'-dihydroxy-l '-methylethyl) -6,1 l0-dimethylspiro[4,5]dec-6-en-8-one( 8) , 2-(1',2'-dihydroxy-1 '-methylethyl) -6,1 0-dimethyl-9-hydroxyspiro [4,5] dec-6-en-8-one (9) , and grasshopper ketone (10). Compounds 1-10 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

New eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid from Solanum lyratum with cytotoxic activity.

In our continuing effort to discover more new cytotoxic sesquiterpenoids from Solanum lyratum, one new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid (1, 3-keto-eudesm-9ß,11-diol, named lyratol G), together with one known eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid (2, 1ß-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-α-santonin), was obtained. The structure of the new sesquiterpenoid was elucidated on the basis of integrated spectroscopic techniques, mainly HR-FAB-MS, 1D and 2D NMR ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and ROESY). In vitro, two sesquiterpenoids were found to exhibit significant cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines (P-388, HONE-1 and HT-29), and gave IC50 values in the range of 3.1-6.9 µM.

New sesquiterpenoid derivatives from Solanum lyratum and their cytotoxicities.

Three new sesquiterpenoid isopropylidene derivatives, named solajiangxins H and I (1 and 2) and 7-hydroxylsolajiangxin I (3), were isolated from the whole plant of Solanum lyratum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of integrated spectroscopic techniques, mainly HR-FAB-MS, 1D NMR, and 2D NMR ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY). In vitro, compounds 1-3 were found to show significant cytotoxicity against three cancer cells (P-388, HONE-1, and HT-29), and gave IC50 values in the range of 3.2-7.7 µM.

Solajiangxins A-C, three new cytotoxic sesquiterpenoids from Solanum lyratum.

One new eudesmane-type (1, named solajiangxin A) and two new eudesmane-related sesquiterpenoids (2-3, named solajiangxins B-C) were isolated from the whole plant of Solanum lyratum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of integrated spectroscopic techniques. In vitro, three new sesquiterpenoids were found to show significant cytotoxicities against three human cancer lines (P-388, HONE-1 and HT-29), and gave ED50 values in the range of 1.9-3.7 µg/ml.

New abietane norditerpenoid from Salvia miltiorrhiza with cytotoxic activities.

One new abietane-type norditerpenoid, named militibetin A (1), was isolated from the dry roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, along with two known diterpenoids, yunnannin A (2) and ferruginol (3). Their structures were established by means of extensive spectroscopic analyses. In vitro, compounds 1-3 were found to show cytotoxicities against selected cancer cells, including P-388, HONE-1, and HT-29, and gave ED(50) values in the range of 2.9-5.4 µg ml(- 1).

Parallel evolution of auditory genes for echolocation in bats and toothed whales.

The ability of bats and toothed whales to echolocate is a remarkable case of convergent evolution. Previous genetic studies have documented parallel evolution of nucleotide sequences in Prestin and KCNQ4, both of which are associated with voltage motility during the cochlear amplification of signals. Echolocation involves complex mechanisms. The most important factors include cochlear amplification, nerve transmission, and signal re-coding. Herein, we screen three genes that play different roles in this auditory system. Cadherin 23 (Cdh23) and its ligand, protocadherin 15 (Pcdh15), are essential for bundling motility in the sensory hair. Otoferlin (Otof) responds to nerve signal transmission in the auditory inner hair cell. Signals of parallel evolution occur in all three genes in the three groups of echolocators--two groups of bats (Yangochiroptera and Rhinolophoidea) plus the dolphin. Significant signals of positive selection also occur in Cdh23 in the Rhinolophoidea and dolphin, and Pcdh15 in Yangochiroptera. In addition, adult echolocating bats have higher levels of Otof expression in the auditory cortex than do their embryos and non-echolocation bats. Cdh23 and Pcdh15 encode the upper and lower parts of tip-links, and both genes show signals of convergent evolution and positive selection in echolocators, implying that they may co-evolve to optimize cochlear amplification. Convergent evolution and expression patterns of Otof suggest the potential role of nerve and brain in echolocation. Our synthesis of gene sequence and gene expression analyses reveals that positive selection, parallel evolution, and perhaps co-evolution and gene expression affect multiple hearing genes that play different roles in audition, including voltage and bundle motility in cochlear amplification, nerve transmission, and brain function.

Two new C13-norisoprenoids from Solanum lyratum.

Two new C(13)-norisoprenoids, named lyratols E and F (1-2), were isolated from the whole plant of Solanum lyratum Thunb, and their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses. In vitro, two new compounds were found to show significant cytotoxicity against selected cancer cells including P-388 and HT-29.

Two new cytotoxic ent-clerodane diterpenoids from Scutellaria barbata.

Two new ent-clerodane diterpenoids have been isolated from Scutellaria barbata, and their structures were established by detailed spectroscopic analyses as (13R)-6α,7ß-dihydroxy-8ß,13-epoxy-11ß-nicotinyloxy-ent-clerodan-3-en-15,16-olide (scutelinquanine D, 1) and (11E)-6α-acetoxy-7ß,8ß-dihydroxy-ent-clerodan-3,11,13-trien-15,16-olide (6-acetoxybarbatin C, 2). In vitro, the isolated two new compounds showed significant cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines (HONE-1 nasopharyngeal, KB oral epidermoid carcinoma, and HT29 colorectal carcinoma cells), and gave IC(50) values in the range of 2.5-6.6 µM.

New neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Scutellaria barbata with cytotoxic activities.

Two new neo-clerodane diterpenoids have been isolated from the whole plant of Scutellaria barbata D. Don, and their structures were established by detailed spectral analyses as scutehenanine H (1) and 6-(2,3-epoxy-2-isopropyl-n-propoxyl)barbatin C (2). In vitro, the isolated two new compounds showed significant cytotoxic activities against three human cancer lines, and gave IC(50) values in the range OF 2.0-4.2 µΜ.

In vitro and in vivo antifibrotic effects of rosmarinic acid on experimental liver fibrosis.

This study was carried out to investigate whether rosmarinic acid (RA) has antifibrotic effect on experimental liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo and its possible mechanism. Culture of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) determine proliferation and expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), connective transforming growth factor (CTGF) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). In carbon tetrachloride (CCL(4))-induced rat liver fibrosis model, determined biochemical indicator, liver fibrosis grade and histopathological changes, immunohistochemical detected liver TGF-beta1 and CTGF expression. The results indicated that RA could inhibit HSCs proliferation, inhibit TGF-beta1, CTGF and alpha-SMA expression in cultured HSCs. It has marked evident in reducing fibrosis grade, ameliorating biochemical indicator and histopathological morphology, reducing liver TGF-beta1 and CTGF expression in CCL(4)-induced liver fibrosis. These findings suggest that RA has potentially conferring antifibrogenic effects.