Fetal cerebral arteries in a new ultrasonographic perspective.

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Prenatal diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia: Case report on two cases with a negative family history.

Introduction: Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia that presents with abnormalities in the craniofacial region, teeth, and clavicles and is linked to RUNX2 mutation. Prenatal diagnoses of CCD have rarely been reported, and most of these cases have a positive family history. Here we report two prenatally diagnosed CCD cases without a positive family history. We conducted a literature review to summarize the prenatal sonographic findings of CCD. Case reports: Case 1 (a 26-year-old woman): ultrasound at 13 weeks showed a thickened nuchal translucency with absent nasal bones and poor ossifications in the cranium and vertebrae. Genetic testing confirmed a frame shift deletion of RUNX2. Case 2 (a 27-year-old woman): ultrasound at 32 weeks showed potential fetal skeletal dysplasia, with inadequate skull ossification, mild ossified bilateral clavicles, and RUNX2 frameshift deletion mutation. Both cases were diagnosed with CCD and the parents chose pregnancy termination. Conclusion: These cases underscore the importance of sonographic examination for prenatal CCD diagnosis with a negative family history. By reviewing previous cases, we concluded that combining NB hypoplasia, clavicle and skull hypoplasia, and shortened long bones may be effective for early screening for CCD. Prenatal diagnosis is crucial for guiding medical decisions.

Second trimester screening for the basilar artery: a new approach using slowflowHD.

OBJECTIVES: Sonographic evaluation of the basilar artery is challenging, and a limited number of reports are available about the prenatal period, as manual positioning of probes is technically difficult. The objective of this study was to describe a sonographic transabdominal approach based on slowflow HD for screening of the basilar artery during the second trimester scan. METHODS: A total of 49 women who were enrolled in a second trimester screening were included when the fetus was in the occipitoanterior position. Dopper screening of the cerebral artery was performed, which revealed the "Y" sign indicating the basilar trunk arising from two vertebral arteries in the axial oblique view when the probe was located around the junction of the vertebral processes and occipital bone and was superior to the first vertebral body, sloping slightly to the cephalic side. The Doppler ultrasound probe was placed perpendicular to the basilar artery. The flow direction was below the baseline, away from the probe in the basilar artery, consistent with a caudocephalic orientation. Peak systolic and diastolic velocities were measured. RESULTS: The basilar artery was identified in all 49 fetuses, with a mean gestational age of 22 weeks (range 20 to 26 weeks). The mean peak systolic velocity of the basilar artery was 15.8 cm/second (range 9.12-26.44 cm/second). There was a slight increase in peak systolic velocity according to the gestational age of the fetus. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that evaluation of the basilar artery can be performed during the second trimester via a new transabdominal approach involving slowflow HD.

Three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound diagnosis of interstitial ectopic pregnancy in a unicornuate uterus: A case report.

A rare case of unicornuate uterus with interstitial ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed using three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (3D-TVUS). The ultrasound revealed a "lancet-shaped" endometrial corona, a gestational sac near the uterus base extending toward the uterine serosa, and visible interstitial lines. The patient underwent laparoscopic surgery for a lesion in the right fallopian tube. 3D-TVUS was crucial in precisely locating the gestational sac, aiding in effective treatment. Interstitial ectopic pregnancies risk severe hemorrhaging upon rupture. Rapid, accurate diagnosis is vital for lifesaving treatment and preventing critical complications.

Ultrasound scoring system for prenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum.

BACKGROUND: To develop an ultrasound scoring system for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS), evaluate its diagnostic value, and provide a practical approach to prenatal diagnosis of PAS. METHODS: A total of 532 pregnant women (n = 184 no PAS, n = 120 placenta accreta, n = 189 placenta increta, n = 39 placenta percreta) at high-risk for placenta accreta who delivered in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between January 2021 and December 2022 underwent prenatal ultrasound to evaluate placental invasion. An ultrasound scoring system that included placental and cervical morphology and history of cesarean section was created. Each feature was assigned a score of 0 ~ 2, according to severity. Thresholds for the total ultrasound score that discriminated between no PAS, placenta accreta, placenta increta, and placenta percreta were calculated. RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate regression analysis identified seven indicators of PAS that were included in the ultrasound scoring system, including placental location, placental thickness, presence/absence of the retroplacental space, thickness of the retroplacental myometrium, presence/absence of placental lacunae, retroplacental myometrial blood flow and history of cesarean section. Using the final ultrasound scoring system, no PAS is diagnosed at a total score < 5, placenta accreta or placenta increta is diagnosed at a total score 5-10, and placenta percreta is diagnosed at a total score ≥ 10. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified seven indicators of PAS and included them in an ultrasound scoring system that has good diagnostic efficacy and clinical utility. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2300069261 (retrospectively registered on 10/03/2023).

Dynamic Evaluation of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle before and after Delivery by Ultrasonography.

Objective: To evaluate the changes of rectus abdominis thickness and inter-rectus distance before and after delivery with high-frequency ultrasound. Methods: A total of 148 pregnant women at 12 weeks of gestation who underwent prenatal examination in our hospital from January 2019 to March 2020 were selected, and 140 of them cooperated with rectus abdominis examination. According to the results of rectus abdominis examination 42 days after delivery, 97 patients were divided into the DRA group with rectus abdominis isolated and 43 patients were divided into the normal group with rectus abdominis not isolated. At 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 37 weeks of pregnancy, 3 days and 42 days after delivery, the thickness and spacing of the left and right rectus abdominis muscle were measured by high-frequency ultrasound along the white linea at three positions: 5 cm above the navel, 3 cm below the umbilical edge, and 3 cm below the navel. Results: The thickness of rectus abdominis at 5 cm above the navel, 3 cm below the navel, and at the navel margin of the abdominal white line in the pregnant women of the two groups was gradually decreased with the increase of the pregnancy cycle and gradually recovered after delivery. At 42 days after delivery, the thickness of rectus abdominis in the DRA group was significantly lower than that in the normal group, which was 5 cm above the umbilicus, 3 cm below the umbilicus, and the umbilical margin of the abdominal white line (P < 0.05). The space between rectus abdominis 5 cm above the navel, 3 cm below the navel, and the navel margin of the abdominal white line in the pregnant women of the two groups was gradually increased with the increase of the pregnancy cycle and gradually recovered after delivery. At 37 weeks of pregnancy, 3 days after delivery, and 42 days after delivery, the space of rectus abdominis along the umbilicus 5 cm above, 3 cm below the umbilicus, and the umbilicus border of the abdominal white line in the DRA group was significantly larger than that of the normal group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Ultrasound can accurately measure the inter-rectus distance and rectus thickness, accurately evaluate the degree of DRA, and realize the one-stop evaluation from prenatal diagnosis and prediction to postpartum rehabilitation monitoring, so as to intervene during pregnancy and reduce the risk of postpartum DRA.

Ultrasonographic study of fetal mandibular markers during the first trimester in a Chinese population.

AIM: To establish reference ranges for fetal mandibular markers in low-risk singleton pregnancies between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation in a Chinese population. METHODS: The inferior facial angle (IFA), transverse, and anteroposterior diameters of the mandible, and mandibular length were measured at 11-13 + 6 weeks of gestation. The utility of these sonographic markers for detecting micrognathia was explored in seven fetuses. RESULTS: In healthy fetuses at 11-13 + 6 weeks, there were linear correlations between gestational age and the transverse (Y = -15.615 + 1.987X, r = 0.718, p < 0.001) and anteroposterior (Y = -8.557 + 1.101X, r = 0.581, p < 0.001) diameters of the mandible; mean ratio of the anteroposterior: transverse diameters of the mandible decreased with gestational age (Y = 0.603-0.003X, r = 0.018, p = 0.755); there was a positive correlation between crown rump length and mandibular length (mandible length = 0.861 + 0.137*crown rump length; r = 0.723, p < 0.001); and there was a positive correlation between crown rump length and IFA (r = 0.234, p < 0.05). Reference ranges were: mean ratio of anteroposterior diameter: transverse diameter of the mandible 0.56; mean mandibular length 9.05 mm; and median IFA 66.5°. The values for these mandibular markers in seven cases of fetal micrognathia were outside the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluations of fetal mandibular markers during first trimester ultrasound screening may contribute to the early detection and diagnosis of micrognathia. We recommend obtaining a subjective impression of the mandible on the mid-sagittal view routinely used to measured nuchal translucency, followed by targeted objective measurements on the mid-sagittal and axial views in suspected cases.

Uterine dehiscence in pregnant with previous caesarean delivery.

BACKGROUND: The main risk factor for uterine scar dehiscence is a previous caesarean section. Better characterisation of the ultrasonographic features of uterine scar dehiscence may improve preoperative diagnostic accuracy in pregnant women with a caesarean scar. This study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonographic features of uterine scar dehiscence in pregnant women and maternal and neonatal outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective review of the records of 23 women with a previous caesarean section found to have uterine scar dehiscence during surgery. The integrity and thickness of the lower uterine segment were recorded, ultrasonographic features were evaluated, and maternal and infant outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: Of the 23 cases of uterine scar dehiscence, six were detected by preoperative ultrasonography, while 17 were missed. The ultrasonographic features of the 23 cases of uterine dehiscence included anechoic areas protruding through the caesarean section scar with an intact serosal layer (4/23), disappearance of the muscular layer (2/23), and a thinner lower uterine segment (17/23). There were no cases of maternal or neonatal mortality. One woman chose to undergo pregnancy termination. CONCLUSION: Preoperative detection of uterine scar dehiscence in women with previous caesarean delivery helps prevent maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. However, the maximum benefit can only be obtained by scanning at appropriate intervals during pregnancy and accurate recognition of the ultrasonographic features of uterine scar dehiscence.KEY MESSAGESPreoperative detection of uterine scar dehiscence in women with previous caesarean delivery helps prevent maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.Scanning at appropriate intervals during pregnancy and accurate recognition of the ultrasonographic features of uterine scar dehiscence could be beneficial.Even when uterine dehiscence is detected by ultrasound during the second trimester, conservative management via strict observation alone is also feasible.

Ultrasound diagnosis of fetal intraspinal cysts in the third trimester.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of ultrasound to diagnose fetal intraspinal cyst in thethird trimester. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of two cases of intraspinal cysts was performed. Theimaging characteristics of the two cysts were discussed. RESULT: Both cases were of single lance-shaped intraspinal cysts, which were positioned around the terminal conus medullaris along the spinal cord at the side of the dorsal part, mimicking the cord. CONCLUSION: Prenatal evaluation of the spinal cord is helpful in detecting intraspinal cysts.

[Morbidity of congenital heart disease in children with anorectal malformations and related treatment].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the morbidity of congenital heart defects(CHDs) in children with anorectal malformation, and to summarize appropriate treatment. METHODS: The clinical data and echocardiographic findings of 155 children with congenital anorectal malformations from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University during January 2016 and October 2019 were reviewed. According to the surgical findings of anorectal malformations, the patients were categorized as the high/intermediate group and the low group; the CHDs were classified as minor CHDs and major CHDs. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation of wingspread classification, and extracardiac malformations with the severity of CHDs. RESULTS: Out of 155 children with anorectal malformations, 47 (30.3%) had different types of cardiac structural malformations, including 18 cases of minor CHDs (11.6%) and 29 cases of major CHDs (18.7%). Sixty children (38.7%) had extracardiac malformations, of which 38 cases (24.5%) had a single extracardiac malformation, 15 cases (9.7%) had multiple extracardiac malformations, 6 had trisomy 21 syndrome, and 1 had VATER syndrome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that wingspread classification of anorectal malformation and extracardiac disorders were independent risk factors for major CHDs. The probability of major CHDs in children with high/intermediate anorectal malformation was 4.709 times higher than that with low anorectal malformation (OR=4.709, 95% CI: 1.651-13.432, P<0.01). The probability of major CHDs was 3.85 times higher for increasing each additional grade of extracardiac malformations(without, with single, or multiple malformations) (OR=3.850, 95% CI: 2.065-7.175, P<0.01). According to the presence and severity of CHDs, children with anorectal malformations were classified into three categories: without CHDs, with minor CHDs and with major CHDs, for differential treatment and management. Anorectal malformations would be treated and managed in children without CHDs and with minor CHDs following the original plan; however, children with minor CHDs may require cardiac follow-up after surgery. In children with major CHDs, the personalization tactics were developed based on the principle of emergency first. There were increased perioperative infection rate (P<0.05), longer hospital days (P<0.01), reduced cure rate (P<0.05) and increased mortality (P<0.05) in children with major, compared with those without CHDs and minor CHDs. CONCLUSIONS: The morbidity of major CHDs is higher in severe cases with high/intermediate anorectal malformation and acute cases without fistula or with obstructed fistula and cases with multiple congenital disorders. Echocardiography can define the type and severity of CHDs, which are useful to develop the optimal diagnosis and treatment plan for children with anorectal malformation.

The Diagnostic Value of 3D Power Doppler Ultrasound Combined With VOCAL in the Vascular Distribution of Breast Masses.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: This study uses a three-dimensional energy Doppler technique combined with the Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis (VOCAL) method in order to determine the diagnostic threshold of blood flow index in breast tumors to provide a reference for evaluation and treatment options. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected 322 solid lesions which had been operated. Each lesion met the definite pathological diagnosis; collected lesions included 262 cases of benign lesions and 60 cases of malignant lesions. All examinations were performed by using GE LOGIQ E9 with VOCAL software. Volume and four distinct vascular indices of gray mean (MG), power mean, ratio (R), and vascular flow index (VFI) were calculated by using the VOCAL software. Sampling and calculation were repeated three times and the mean value was calculated. RESULTS: The average age and power of the malignant group were greater than those of the benign group, ie p < .01 which had significant differences. The gray mean of the malignant group was lower than that of the benign group, ie p > .05 which had no significant differences between benign and malignant groups. The ratio, vascular flow index and volume had significant differences, i.e. p < .01. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were 0.864, 0.830, 0.800, 0.758, and 0.764 for age, power, ratio, vascular flow index, and volume, respectively. The research indicators were higher than 50% of the curve showing their diagnostic value. The cut-off points of age, power, ratio, vascular flow index, and volume were 37.5, 26.56, 0.031, 0.846, and 1.75, respectively. Their corresponding sensitivity were 93.3%, 75%, 81.7%, 68.3%, 63.3%, and the specificity were 68.7%, 81%, 70.2%, 75.6%, and 81.7%, respectively. Comparison of vascular indices combined with the Breast imaging reporting and data System (BI-RADS) score and simple BI-RADS method, the AUC of power + BI-RADS, ratio + BI-RADS, VFI + BI-RADS, and BI-RADS alone are 0.928, 0.903, 0.895, and 0.796, respectively, which were higher than 50% of the curve. Sensitivity was 81.7%, 80%, 88.3%, 86.7%, and specificity was 88.5%, 85.5%, 77.1%, 69.5%, respectively. The power + BI-RADS method has the highest AUC among these three methods. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative measurement of blood flow and blood vessel distribution in breast tumors by three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound combined with the VOCAL method is more accurate and sensitive than the traditional two-dimensional ultrasound. And this method has potential promising applications in many current active research areas, such as the studies of random distribution of intratumoral blood vessels or the normalization of tumor blood vessels. Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound combined with the VOCAL method provides a new approach to achieving accurate judgments and the method evaluates the curative effect in breast cancer patients.

Epidemiology of Dementia in Elderly Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients Living in China's Northwestern High-Elevation Area.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oxygen and cholinesterase inhibitor (donepezil) therapy on dementia in patients with age-exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China's northwestern high-altitude area. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 145 patients with acute exacerbation of COPD admitted to the Gerontology Department of the First People's Hospital of Xining City were initially retrospectively screened. From among these 145 patients, we selected 33 cases with dementia and 33 patients without dementia through use of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale evaluated before, 7 days after, and at the end of the treatment after 3 months. Both patient groups received oxygen therapy for 7 days, but patients with dementia in the intervention group were medicated additionally with donepezil (5 mg/day for 1 week, followed by 10 mg/day for another 12 weeks). RESULTS Mild dementia was found in 35 of the 145 COPD patients. ADL, MMSE, and ADAS-Cog scores were all significantly lower in the intervention group before treatment, improved after the first 7 days, and continued to improve significantly until week 12 in the intervention group, but were still significantly lower than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Dementia in elderly COPD patients was mainly manifested as decreased executive function, attention, language, and delayed recall, while oxygen and donepezil therapy had beneficial effects on the symptoms.

Prenatal Diagnosis of Abnormal Invasive Placenta by Ultrasound: Measurement of Highest Peak Systolic Velocity of Subplacental Blood Flow.

The aim of the study described here was to identify an efficient criterion for the prenatal diagnosis of abnormal invasive placenta. We evaluated 129 women with anterior placenta previa who underwent trans-abdominal ultrasound evaluation in the third trimester. Spectral Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the subplacental blood flow of the anterior lower uterine segment by measuring the highest peak systolic velocity and resistive index. These patients were prospectively followed until delivery and evaluated for abnormal placental invasion. The peak systolic velocity and resistive index of patients with and without abnormal placental invasion were then compared. Postpartum examination revealed that 55 of the patients had an abnormal invasive placenta, whereas the remaining 74 did not. Patients with abnormal placental invasion had a higher peak systolic velocity of the subplacental blood flow in the lower segment of the anterior aspect of the uterus (area under receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.87-0.96) than did those without abnormal placental invasion. Our preliminary investigations suggest that a peak systolic velocity of 41 cm/s can be considered a cutoff point to diagnose abnormal invasive placenta, with both good sensitivity (87%) and good specificity (78%), and the higher the peak systolic velocity, the greater is the chance of abnormal placental invasion. Resistive index had no statistical significance (area under receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.46-0.66) in the diagnosis of abnormal invasive placenta. In conclusion, measurement of the highest peak systolic velocity of subplacental blood flow in the anterior lower uterine segment can serve as an additional marker of anterior abnormal invasive placenta.

Combined use of serum gamma glutamyl transferase level and ultrasonography improves prediction of perinatal outcomes associated with preeclamptic pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: Serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), produced and released mostly from the liver and bile duct, is an enzyme involved in response to oxidative stress, and has been used as a maker for prediction of cardiovascular events. Umbilical artery blood flow resistance index, e.g., the systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D ratio) as determined by ultrasound, has been used to assess the fetal intrauterine conditions. While changes of GGT and S/D ratio in preeclampsia are found to be associated with the risk for adverse perinatal outcome, the potential value of combined use of the two measurements for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome has not been determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included severe preeclampsia patients in late pregnancy and determined their serum GGT levels and ultrasonic flow resistance index of umbilical artery within a week before delivery. Demographic data and perinatal outcomes including perinatal death, five-minute Apgar score, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, respiratory distress syndrome, and intrauterine growth restriction, are documented and analyzed. RESULTS: It was found that serum GGT combined with umbilical artery S/D ratio predicted perinatal adverse outcomes in severe preeclampsia patients with a sensitivity of 94.30% and a specificity of 80.00%. Moreover, absent or reversed UA diastolic blood flow was found to be an independent risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction. CONCLUSION: GGT in combination with umbilical artery S/D ratio is a potentially useful marker for the prediction of adverse outcome in severe preeclampsia patients. Future studies in a larger cohort of patients should be performed to verify the efficacy of the strategy. Early and accurate prediction of adverse perinatal events can facilitate the efforts to improve the perinatal outcomes of neonates associated with preeclamptic pregnancies.

Perinatal and follow-up outcome study of fetal anomalies with multidisciplinary consultation.

SYNOPSIS: The establishment of a multidisciplinary consultation system is necessary for the diagnosis of complicated fetal anomalies. PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the incidences of different types of fetal anomalies and the influence of multidisciplinary consultation on fetal prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Multidisciplinary specialists include obstetricians, pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, and experts of ultrasound department and genetic counseling. Consultation was done if the fetal ultrasound examinations showed abnormality. Follow-up, assistance, and guidance for the fetus were achieved by phone calls. RESULTS: Ultrasound screening showed that the incidences of central nervous system anomaly and genitourinary anomaly were 25.80% (275/1,066) and 22.05% (235/1,066), respectively. The detection rates of fetal anomalies were 5.07% (54/1,066), 36.12% (385/1,066), and 58.82% (627/1,066) in pregnant women with gestational age of <20, 20-28, and >28 weeks, respectively. In addition, the fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly accounted for 40.73% of central nervous system malformation, while 71.43% cases with fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly were alleviated during the follow-up period. The proportion of hydronephrosis in genitourinary anomalies was 50.64%, and the remission rate of hydronephrosis was 67.23% during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: The establishment of a multidisciplinary consultation system is necessary for the diagnosis of complicated fetal anomalies. The central nervous system anomaly and genitourinary anomaly are the most common fetal anomalies. In addition, the remission rates of cerebral ventriculomegaly and fetal hydronephrosis are high during the follow-up period.

[Effect of botulinum toxin A injection in the treatment of gastrocnemius spasticity in children aged 9-36 months with cerebral palsy: a prospective study].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term clinical efficacy and adverse effects of botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) injection in the treatment of gastrocnemius spasticity in children aged 9-36 months with cerebral palsy. METHODS: Eighty children aged 9-36 months with cerebral palsy and gastrocnemius spasticity were selected and randomly divided into a BTX-A injection group and a conventional treatment group (n=40 each). The children in the BTX-A injection group received injections of BTX-A guided by color Doppler ultrasound and 4 courses of rehabilitation training after injection. Those in the conventional treatment group received 4 courses of the same rehabilitation training alone. Before treatment and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after treatment, the modified Tardieu scale (MTS) was applied to assess the degree of gastrocnemius spasticity, the values in the passive state measured by surface electromyography (sEMG) were applied to evaluate muscle tension, and the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) was used to evaluate gross motor function. RESULTS: Compared with the conventional treatment group, the BTX-A injection group had significantly greater reductions in MTS score and the values in the passive state measured by sEMG (P<0.05), as well as significantly greater increases in joint angles R1 and R2 in MTS and gross motor score in GMFM (P<0.05). No serious adverse reactions related to BTX-A injection were found. CONCLUSIONS: BTX-A injection is effective and safe in the treatment of gastrocnemius spasticity in children aged 9-36 months with cerebral palsy.

Risk factors for neurodevelopmental deficits in congenital hypothyroidism after early substitution treatment.

Neurodevelopment in children with congenital hypothyroidism who receive early treatment is generally good. However, subtle neurological deficits still exist in some patients. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate factors that may influence neurodevelopmental outcome in congenital hypothyroidism patients. The developmental quotient (DQ) of 155 children with congenital hypothyroidism was evaluated at 24 months of age, using Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS), and compared with that of 310 healthy controls. Mean DQ scores in congenital hypothyroidism patients were 7.5 points lower for adaptive behavior than in control patients (p < 0.01). Patients with severe congenital hypothyroidism had the lowest DQ scores compared with two other congenital hypothyroidism subgroups and controls (p < 0.01). Children with congenital hypothyroidism who also had a low level of serum T(4) at diagnosis or exhibited a longer thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) normalization time had lower adaptive behavior scores (p < 0.0003). Bivariate correlation and multiple regression analyses found that the severity of congenital hypothyroidism and parental socioeconomic status correlated with DQ scores. TSH normalization time was negatively related to adaptive behavior scores (p < 0.01). Neurodevelopmental deficits in children with congenital hypothyroidism correlate with the severity of congenital hypothyroidism, TSH normalization time, and parental socioeconomic status.