Lithium Hydride in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase of Lithium-Ion Batteries as a Pulverization Accelerator of Silicon.

As a highly promising next-generation high-specific capacity anode, the industrial-scale utilization of micron silicon has been hindered by the issue of pulverization during cycling. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of regulating the inorganic components of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in improving pulverization, the evolution of most key inorganic components in the SEI and their correlation with silicon failure mechanisms remain ambiguous. This study provides a clear and direct correlation between the lithium hydride (LiH) in the SEI and the degree of micron silicon pulverization in the battery system. The reverse lithiation behavior of LiH on micron silicon during de-lithiation exacerbates the localized stress in silicon particles and contributes to particle pulverization. This work successfully proposes a novel approach to decouple the SEI from electrochemical performance, which can be significant to decipher the evolution of critical SEI components at varied battery anode interfaces and analyze their corresponding failure mechanisms.

Stereoselective amino acid synthesis by photobiocatalytic oxidative coupling.

Photobiocatalysis-where light is used to expand the reactivity of an enzyme-has recently emerged as a powerful strategy to develop chemistries that are new to nature. These systems have shown potential in asymmetric radical reactions that have long eluded small-molecule catalysts1. So far, unnatural photobiocatalytic reactions are limited to overall reductive and redox-neutral processes2-9. Here we report photobiocatalytic asymmetric sp3-sp3 oxidative cross-coupling between organoboron reagents and amino acids. This reaction requires the cooperative use of engineered pyridoxal biocatalysts, photoredox catalysts and an oxidizing agent. We repurpose a family of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes, threonine aldolases10-12, for the α-C-H functionalization of glycine and α-branched amino acid substrates by a radical mechanism, giving rise to a range of α-tri- and tetrasubstituted non-canonical amino acids 13-15 possessing up to two contiguous stereocentres. Directed evolution of pyridoxal radical enzymes allowed primary and secondary radical precursors, including benzyl, allyl and alkylboron reagents, to be coupled in an enantio- and diastereocontrolled fashion. Cooperative photoredox-pyridoxal biocatalysis provides a platform for sp3-sp3 oxidative coupling16, permitting the stereoselective, intermolecular free-radical transformations that are unknown to chemistry or biology.

Fusion Bonding Technique for Solvent-Free Fabrication of All-Solid-State Battery with Ultrathin Sulfide Electrolyte.

For preparing next-generation sulfide all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), the solvent-free manufacturing process has huge potential for the advantages of economic, thick electrode, and avoidance of organic solvents. However, the dominating solvent-free process is based on the fibrillation of polytetrafluoroethylene, suffering from poor mechanical property and electrochemical instability. Herein, a continuously solvent-free paradigm of fusion bonding technique is developed. A percolation network of thermoplastic polyamide (TPA) binder with low viscosity in viscous state is constructed with Li6PS5Cl (LPSC) by thermocompression (≤5 MPa), facilitating the formation of ultrathin LPSC film (≤25 µm). This composite sulfide film (CSF) exhibits excellent mechanical properties, ionic conductivity (2.1 mS cm-1), and unique stress-dissipation to promote interface stabilization. Thick LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 cathode can be prepared by this solvent-free method and tightly adhered to CSF by interfacial fusion of TPA for integrated battery. This integrated ASSB shows high-energy-density feasibility (>2.5 mAh cm-2 after 1400 cycles of 9200 h and run for more than 10 000 h), and energy density of 390 Wh kg-1 and 1020 Wh L-1. More specially, high-voltage bipolar cell (≥8.5 V) and bulk-type pouch cell (326 Wh kg-1) are facilely assembled with good cycling performance. This work inspires commercialization of ASSBs by a solvent-free method and provides beneficial guiding for stable batteries.

A Dual-Cation Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer for Continuous H2 Production from Seawater.

Direct seawater splitting (DSS) offers an aspirational route toward green hydrogen (H2) production but remains challenging when operating in a practically continuous manner, mainly due to the difficulty in establishing the water supply-consumption balance under the interference from impurity ions. A DSS system is reported for continuous ampere-level H2 production by coupling a dual-cation exchange membrane (CEM) three-compartment architecture with a circulatory electrolyte design. Monovalent-selective CEMs decouple the transmembrane water migration from interferences of Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl- ions while maintaining ionic neutrality during electrolysis; the self-loop concentrated alkaline electrolyte ensures the constant gradient of water chemical potential, allowing a specific water supply-consumption balance relationship in a seawater-electrolyte-H2 sequence to be built among an expanded current range. Even paired with commercialized Ni foams, this electrolyzer (model size: 2 × 2 cm2) continuously produces H2 from flowing seawater with a rate of 7.5 mL min-1 at an industrially relevant current of 1.0 A over 100 h. More importantly, the energy consumption can be further reduced by coupling more efficient NiMo/NiFe foams (≈6.2 kWh Nm-3 H2 at 1.0 A), demonstrating the potential to further optimize the continuous DSS electrolyzer for practical applications.

A Highly-Fluorinated Lithium Borate Main Salt Empowering Stable Lithium Metal Batteries.

Traditional lithium salts are difficult to meet practical application demand of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) under high voltages and temperatures. LiPF6, as the most commonly used lithium salt, still suffers from notorious moisture sensitivity and inferior thermal stability under those conditions. Here, we synthesize a lithium salt of lithium perfluoropinacolatoborate (LiFPB) comprising highly-fluorinated and borate functional groups to address the above issues. It is demonstrated that the LiFPB shows superior thermal and electrochemical stability without any HF generation under high temperatures and voltages. In addition, the LiFPB can form a protective outer-organic and inner-inorganic rich cathode electrolyte interphase on LiCoO2 (LCO) surface. Simultaneously, the FPB- anions tend to integrate into lithium ion solvation structure to form a favorable fast-ion conductive LiBxOy based solid electrolyte interphase on lithium (Li) anode. All these fantastic features of LiFPB endow LCO (1.9 mAh cm-2)/Li metal cells excellent cycling under both high voltages and temperatures (e.g., 80 % capacity retention after 260 cycles at 60 °C and 4.45 V), and even at an extremely elevated temperature of 100 °C. This work emphasizes the important role of salt anions in determining the electrochemical performance of LMBs at both high temperature and voltage conditions.

Evaluation of Oil-Absorbing Film for Imprint Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (IDESI-MSI) on Biological Samples.

Imprint Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (IDESI-MSI) has proven to be a robust and reliable tool for chemically imaging biological samples such as fungi, animal tissues, and plants, but the choice of the imprint substrate is crucial. It must effectively transfer maximum amounts of species from the sample while preserving the original spatial distribution of detected molecules. In this study, we explored the potential of utilizing an oil-absorbing film, known for its soft nature and excellent lipophilicity, as an imprint substrate for IDESI-MSI on biological samples. To assess the transfer efficiency of the amounts of molecules and molecular patterns, we conducted experiments using mouse brain tissue. The result shows that more than 90% of the analytes can be transferred to the oil-absorbing film from the original tissue. A comparison of IDESI-MSI results between the oil-absorbing film and the original tissue demonstrates the material's capability to transfer most molecules from the original tissue and retain images of different analytes with high spatial fidelity. We extended our investigation to plant imaging, where we applied IDESI-MSI to a cross-section of okra. The oil-absorbing film exhibited promise in this context as well. These findings suggest that IDESI-MSI utilizing the oil-absorbing film holds potential across various research fields, including biological metabolism, chemistry, and clinical research, making this technique widely applicable.

Interphase Regulation by Multifunctional Additive Empowering High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries with Enhanced Cycle Life and Thermal Safety.

High energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) adopting high-nickel layered oxide cathodes and silicon-based composite anodes always suffer from unsatisfied cycle life and poor safety performance, especially at elevated temperatures. Electrode /electrolyte interphase regulation by functional additives is one of the most economic and efficacious strategies to overcome this shortcoming. Herein, cyano-groups (-CN) are introduced into lithium fluorinated phosphate to synthesize a novel multifunctional additive of lithium tetrafluoro (1,2-dihydroxyethane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitrile) phosphate (LiTFTCP), which endows high nickel LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 /SiOx -graphite composite full cell with an ultrahigh cycle life and superior safety characteristics, by adding only 0.5 wt % LiTFTCP into a LiPF6 -carbonate baseline electrolyte. It is revealed that LiTFTCP additive effectively suppresses the HF generation and facilitates the formation of a robust and heat-resistant cyano-enriched CEI layer as well as a stable LiF-enriched SEI layer. The favorable SEI/CEI layers greatly lessen the electrode degradation, electrolyte consumption, thermal-induced gassing and total heat-releasing. This work illuminates the importance of additive molecular engineering and interphase regulation in simultaneously promoting the cycling and thermal safety of LIBs with high-nickel NCMxyz cathode and silicon-based composite anode.

A Spidroin-Inspired Hierarchical-Structure Binder Achieves Highly Integrated Silicon-Based Electrodes.

As a promising component for next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries, silicon-based electrodes have attracted increasing attention by virtue of their ultrahigh theoretical specific capacities. Nevertheless, fast capacity fading posed by tremendous silicon-based electrode volume changes during cycling remains a huge challenge before large-scale applications. In this work, an aqueous-oil binary solution based blend (AOB) binder characterized by a spidroin-like hierarchical structure for tolerating the huge volume changes of silicon-based electrodes is developed. In the AOB binder, the polymer, containing hydrophobic tetrazole groups, denoted as PPB, and the water-soluble amorphous poly(acrylic acid), mimick the ß-sheet and α-helix structure of spidroin, respectively. Benefitting from such biomimetic design, the AOB binder enables both high tensile strength and elasticity, and strong electrode adhesion, therefore apparently stabilizing the silicon-based electrode structure and rendering prolonged electrode cycle life. Such a strategy endows 3.3 Ah soft package cells assembled with Si/C composite anode and NCM811 cathode with a discharge specific capacity of 2.92 Ah after 700 cycles. This work marks a milestone in developing state-of-the-art silicon-based electrodes toward high-energy-density lithium-battery applications.

Revealing Capacity Degradation of Ge Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries Triggered by Interfacial LiH.

The Germanium (Ge), as a fast-charging and high specific capacity (1568 mAh g-1 ) alloy anode, is greatly hampered in practical application by poor cyclability. To date, the understanding of cycling performance degradation remains elusive. This study illustrates that, contrary to conventional beliefs, most of the Ge material in failed anodes still retains good integrity and does not undergo severe pulverization. It is revealed that capacity degradation is clearly correlated to the interfacial evolution of lithium hydride (LiH). Tetralithium germanium hydride (Li4 Ge2 H), as a new species derived from LiH, is identified as the culprit of Ge anode degradation, which is the dominant crystalized component in an ever-growing and ever-insulating interphase. The significantly increased thickness of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is accompanied by the accumulation of insulating Li4 Ge2 H upon cycling, which severely retards the charge transport process and ultimately triggers the anode failure. We believe that the comprehensive understanding of the failure mechanism presented in this study is of great significance to promoting the design and development of alloy anode for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries.

Highly Oxidative-Resistant Cyano-Functionalized Lithium Borate Salt for Enhanced Cycling Performance of Practical Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Lithium difluoro(oxalato) borate (LiDFOB) has been widely investigated in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its advantageous thermal stability and excellent aluminum passivation property. However, LiDFOB tends to suffer from severe decomposition and generate a lot of gas species (e.g., CO2 ). Herein, a novel cyano-functionalized lithium borate salt, namely lithium difluoro(1,2-dihydroxyethane-1,1,2,2-tetracarbonitrile) borate (LiDFTCB), is innovatively synthesized as a highly oxidative-resistant salt to alleviate above dilemma. It is revealed that the LiDFTCB-based electrolyte enables LiCoO2 /graphite cells with superior capacity retention at both room and elevated temperatures (e.g., 80 % after 600 cycles) with barely any CO2 gas evolution. Systematic studies reveal that LiDFTCB tends to form thin and robust interfacial layers at both electrodes. This work emphasizes the crucial role of cyano-functionalized anions in improving cycle lifespan and safety of practical LIBs.

A Novel Potassium Salt Regulated Solvation Chemistry Enabling Excellent Li-Anode Protection in Carbonate Electrolytes.

In lithium-metal batteries (LMBs), the compatibility of Li anode and conventional lithium hexafluorophosphate-(LiPF6 ) carbonate electrolyte is poor owing to the severe parasitic reactions. Herein, to resolve this issue, a delicately designed additive of potassium perfluoropinacolatoborate (KFPB) is unprecedentedly synthesized. On the one hand, KFPB additive can regulate the solvation structure of the carbonate electrolyte, promoting the formation of Li+ FPB- and K+ PF6 - ion pairs with lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels. On the other hand, FPB- anion possesses strong adsorption ability on Li anode. Thus, anions can preferentially adsorb and decompose on the Li-anode surface to form a conductive and robust solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Only with a trace amount of KFPB additive (0.03 m) in the carbonate electrolyte, Li dendrites' growth can be totally suppressed, and Li||Cu and Li||Li half cells exhibit excellent Li-plating/stripping stability upon cycling. Encouragingly, KFPB-assisted carbonate electrolyte enables high areal capacity LiCoO2 ||Li, LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 (NCM811)||Li, and LiNi0.8 Co0.05 Al0.15 O2 (NCA)||Li LMBs with superior cycling stability, showing its excellent universality. This work reveals the importance of designing novel additives to regulate the solvation structure of carbonate electrolytes in improving its interface compatibility with the Li anode.

Self-organized hetero-nanodomains actuating super Li+ conduction in glass ceramics.

Easy-to-manufacture Li2S-P2S5 glass ceramics are the key to large-scale all-solid-state lithium batteries from an industrial point of view, while their commercialization is greatly hampered by the low room temperature Li+ conductivity, especially due to the lack of solutions. Herein, we propose a nanocrystallization strategy to fabricate super Li+-conductive glass ceramics. Through regulating the nucleation energy, the crystallites within glass ceramics can self-organize into hetero-nanodomains during the solid-state reaction. Cryogenic transmission electron microscope and electron holography directly demonstrate the numerous closely spaced grain boundaries with enriched charge carriers, which actuate superior Li+-conduction as confirmed by variable-temperature solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Glass ceramics with a record Li+ conductivity of 13.2 mS cm-1 are prepared. The high Li+ conductivity ensures stable operation of a 220 µm thick LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 composite cathode (8 mAh cm-2), with which the all-solid-state lithium battery reaches a high energy density of 420 Wh kg-1 by cell mass and 834 Wh L-1 by cell volume at room temperature. These findings bring about powerful new degrees of freedom for engineering super ionic conductors.

Unveiling the dynamic Li+-solvent interaction evolution in lithium metal batteries.

The interfacial chemistry during plating/stripping between electrolytes with different concentrations and Li metal is firstly in situ visualized by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and simulated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is verified that different Li+-solvent interaction evolutions at interfaces during the Li+ stripping and plating processes result in different interfacial stability. This work uncovers the critical role of Li+-solvent interaction evolution for the stability of the interface between the solvent and Li metal anode.

Robust Transport: An Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase Design for Anode-Free Lithium-Metal Batteries.

One of the most challenging issues in the practical implementation of high-energy-density anode-free lithium-metal batteries (AFLMBs) is the sharp capacity attenuation caused by the mechanical degradation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). However, developing an artificial SEI to address this issue remains a challenge due to the trade-off between ionic conductivity and mechanical robustness for general ionic conducting films. In this study, a tenacious composite artificial SEI with integrated heterostructure of lithium fluoride (LiF) and lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is prepared using a co-sputtering approach to achieve both high ionic conductivity and fracture toughness. The embedded LiF domain has an extremely high Young's modulus and surface energy compared with those of bulk LiPON film, enabling a significant increase in fracture toughness by an order of magnitude. Most importantly, the interface between LiPON and LiF in the integrated structure generates additional fast Li+ -transport pathways, providing the artificial SEI with a conductivity higher than 10-6 S cm-1 . Consequently, the artificial SEI implementation significantly increases the cycling lifetime of the corresponding AFLMBs by >250%. This study highlights the importance of fracture toughness for the structural integrity of batteries and provides suggestions for designing viable SEI materials for high-performance AFLMBs.

Bioinspired Antiaging Binder Additive Addressing the Challenge of Chemical Degradation of Electrolyte at Cathode/Electrolyte Interphase.

For layered transition metal oxides cathode-based lithium batteries, the chemical degradation of electrolytes leads to fast battery capacity decay, severely challenging their practical applications. This kind of chemical degradation of electrolytes is caused by the oxidation of reactive oxygen (e.g., singlet oxygen) and the attack of free radicals during cycling. To address this, we first report a biologically inspired antiaging strategy of developing the photostabilizer with singlet oxygen- and free radicals-scavenging abilities as a cathode binder additive. It is fully evidenced that this binder system consisting of the binder additive and a commercially available polyvinylidene difluoride can scavenge singlet oxygen and free radicals generated during high-voltage cycling, thus significantly restraining electrolyte decomposition. As a result, high-voltage layered transition metal oxides-based lithium batteries with reproducibly superior electrochemical performance, even under elevated temperatures, can be achieved. This bioinspired strategy to scavenge reactive oxygen and free radicals heralds a new paradigm for manipulating the cathode/electrolyte interphase chemistry of various rechargeable batteries involving layered transition metal oxides-based cathodes.

Uncovering LiH Triggered Thermal Runaway Mechanism of a High-Energy LiNi0.5 Co0.2 Mn0.3 O2 /Graphite Pouch Cell.

The continuous energy density increase of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) inevitably accompanies with the rising of safety concerns. Here, the thermal runaway characteristics of a high-energy 5 Ah LiNi0.5 Co0.2 Mn0.3 O2 /graphite pouch cell using a thermally stable dual-salt electrolyte are analyzed. The existence of LiH in the graphite anode side is innovatively identified in this study, and the LiH/electrolyte exothermic reactions and H2 migration from anode to cathode side are proved to contribute on triggering the thermal runaway of the pouch cell, while the phase transformation of lithiated graphite anode and the O2 -releasing from cathode are just accelerating factors for thermal runaway. In addition, heat determination during cycling at two boundary scenarios of adiabatic and isothermal environment clearly states the necessity of designing an efficient and smart battery thermal management system for avoiding heat accumulation. These findings will shed promising lights on thermal runaway route map depiction and thermal runaway prevention, as well as formulation of electrolyte for high energy safer LIBs.

The Formation/Decomposition Equilibrium of LiH and its Contribution on Anode Failure in Practical Lithium Metal Batteries.

Discovering the underlying reason for Li anode failure is a critical step towards applications of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). In this work, we conduct deuterium-oxide (D2 O) titration experiments in a novel on-line gas analysis mass spectrometry (MS) system, to determine the content of metallic Li and lithium hydride (LiH) in cycled Li anodes disassembled from practical LiCoO2 /Li LMBs. The practical cell is comprised of ultrathin Li anode (50 µm), high loading LiCoO2 (17 mg cm-2 , 2.805 mAh cm-2 ) and different formulated electrolytes. Our results suggest that the amount of LiH accumulation is negatively correlated with cyclability of practical LMBs. More importantly, we reveal a temperature sensitive equilibrium (Li + 1/2 H2 ⇌ LiH) governing formation and decomposition process of LiH at Li anode. We believe that the unusual understanding provided by this study will draw forth more insightful efforts to realize efficient Li protection and the ultimate applications of "holy grail" LMBs.

Investigation of the cathodic interfacial stability of a nitrile electrolyte and its performance with a high-voltage LiCoO2 cathode.

The limited discharge capacity of LiCoO2 can be improved by increasing its working potential, but it suffers from Co4+ dissolution and decomposition of the electrolyte. Nitriles have attracted great interest as high-voltage electrolytes due to their wide electrochemical window. However, the cathodic interfacial stability of nitrile electrolytes with a high-voltage LiCoO2 cathode has yet to be explored. Herein, we adopted an SN-based deep eutectic electrolyte with SN as the only solvent and found that Co4+ could be reduced by the SN solvent on the interface of the LiCoO2 electrode, causing a reverse phase change of LiCoO2 and severe self-discharge of the LiCoO2|Li and LiCoO2|Li4Ti5O12 batteries. When LiDFOB was introduced into the electrolyte, the self-discharge behavior of cells could be largely decelerated. The series of characterizations performed in our work revealed that the cathode/electrolyte interface generated from the LiDFOB salt could stabilize the interface of LiCoO2 and suppress the dissolution of the ions of the transition metal Co.

Differentiated Lithium Salt Design for Multilayered PEO Electrolyte Enables a High-Voltage Solid-State Lithium Metal Battery.

Low ionic conductivity at room temperature and limited electrochemical window of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) are the bottlenecks restricting its further application in high-energy density lithium metal battery. Herein, a differentiated salt designed multilayered PEO-based solid polymer electrolyte (DSM-SPE) is exploited to achieve excellent electrochemical performance toward both the high-voltage LiCoO2 cathode and the lithium metal anode. The LiCoO2/Li metal battery with DSM-SPE displays a capacity retention of 83.3% after 100 cycles at 60 °C with challenging voltage range of 2.5 to 4.3 V, which is the best cycling performance for high-voltage (≥4.3 V) LiCoO2/Li metal battery with PEO-based electrolytes up to now. Moreover, the Li/Li symmetrical cells present stable and low polarization plating/stripping behavior (less than 80 mV over 600 h) at current density of 0.25 mA cm-2 (0.25 mAh cm-2). Even under a high-area capacity of 2 mAh cm-2, the profiles still maintain stable. The pouch cell with DSM-SPE exhibits no volume expansion, voltage decline, ignition or explosion after being impaled and cut at a fully charged state, proving the excellent safety characteristic of the DSM-SPE-based lithium metal battery.

Deoxy-liquefaction of three different species of macroalgae to high-quality liquid oil.

Three species of macroalgae (Ulva lactuca, Laminaria japonica and Gelidium amansii) were converted into liquid oils via deoxy-liquefaction. The elemental analysis, FTIR and GC-MS results showed that the three liquid oils were all mainly composed of aromatics, phenols, alkanes and alkenes, other oxygen-containing compounds, and some nitrogen-containing compounds though there were some differences in terms of their types or contents due to the different constituents in the macroalgae feedstocks. The oxygen content was only 5.15-7.30% and the H/C molar ratio was up to 1.57-1.73. Accordingly, the HHV of the three oils were 42.50, 41.76 and 40.00 MJ/kg, respectively. The results suggested that U. lactuca, L. japonica and G. amansii have potential as biomass feedstock for fuel and chemicals and that deoxy-liquefaction technique may be an effective way to convert macroalgae into high-quality liquid oil.