2D Hybrid Perovskites: From Static and Dynamic Structures to Potential Applications.

2D perovskites have received great attention recently due to their structural tunability and environmental stability, making them highly promising candidates for various applications by breaking property bottlenecks that affect established materials. However, in 2D perovskites, the complicated interplay between organic spacers and inorganic slabs makes structural analysis challenging to interpret. A deeper understanding of the structure-property relationship in these systems is urgently needed to enable high-performance tunable optoelectronic devices. Herein, this study examines how structural changes, from constant lattice distortion and variable structural evolution, modeled with both static and dynamic structural descriptors, affect macroscopic properties and ultimately device performance. The effect of chemical composition, crystallographic inhomogeneity, and mechanical-stress-induced static structural changes and corresponding electronic band variations is reported. In addition, the structure dynamics are described from the viewpoint of anharmonic vibrations, which impact electron-phonon coupling and the carriers' dynamic processes. Correlated carrier-matter interactions, known as polarons and acting on fine electronic structures, are then discussed. Finally, reliable guidelines to facilitate design to exploit structural features and rationally achieve breakthroughs in 2D perovskite applications are proposed. This review provides a global structural landscape of 2D perovskites, expected to promote the prosperity of these materials in emerging device applications.

Long, short, and medium terms wind speed prediction model based on LSTM optimized by improved moth flame optimization algorithm.

Time series prediction of wind speed has been widely used in wind power generation. The volatility and instability of wind speed have a large negative impact on wind turbines and power systems, which can lead to grid collapse in severe cases. Therefore, accurate wind speed prediction is crucial for wind power generation. In this paper, considering the influence of different parameters on algorithm training and prediction, an improved moth flame optimization algorithm is constructed to optimize the LSTM wind energy prediction system to obtain better performance. The system consists of three modules: data preprocessing, optimization, and prediction. The data preprocessing module uses fuzzy information granulation to blur the input data. On this basis, the combination of swarm intelligent optimization algorithm and prediction model can effectively predict wind speed time series. Taking the California wind farm as an example, the MAPE of the experiment in the short-term forecast is 3.15%, the MAPE of the medium-term forecast is 4.38%, and the MAPE of the long-term forecast is 18.28%. The experimental results show that the proposed model has obvious advantages over the previous model.

LaMYC7, a positive regulator of linalool and caryophyllene biosynthesis, confers plant resistance to Pseudomonas syringae.

Linalool and caryophyllene are the main monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds in lavender; however, the genes regulating their biosynthesis still remain many unknowns. Here, we identified LaMYC7, a positive regulator of linalool and caryophyllene biosynthesis, confers plant resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. LaMYC7 was highly expressed in glandular trichomes, and LaMYC7 overexpression could significantly increase the linalool and caryophyllene contents and reduce susceptibility to P. syringae in Nicotiana. In addition, the linalool possessed antimicrobial activity against P. syringae growth and acted dose-dependently. Further analysis demonstrated that LaMYC7 directly bound to the promoter region of LaTPS76, which encodes the terpene synthase (TPS) for caryophyllene biosynthesis, and that LaTPS76 was highly expressed in glandular trichomes. Notably, the LaMYC7 promoter contained hormone and stress-responsive regulatory elements and responded to various treatments, including ultraviolet, low temperature, salt, drought, methyl jasmonate, and P. syringae infection treatments. Under these treatments, the changes in the linalool and caryophyllene contents were similar to those in LaMYC7 transcript abundance. Based on the results, LaMYC7 could respond to P. syringae infection in addition to being involved in linalool and caryophyllene biosynthesis. Thus, the MYC transcription factor gene LaMYC7 can be used in the breeding of high-yielding linalool and caryophyllene lavender varieties with pathogen resistance.

Manganese-Doped Potassium Chloride Nanoelectrodes to Potentiate Electrochemical Immunotherapy.

Hypochlorous acid (HClO), as a powerful oxidizer, is obtained from the oxidation of Cl- ions during the electrochemical therapy (EChT) process for cancer therapy. However, the extracellular generated HClO is inadequate to inhibit effective tumor cell death. Herein, manganese-doped potassium chloride nanocubes (MPC NCs) fabricated and modified with amphipathic polymer PEG (PMPC NCs) to function as massive three-dimensional nanoelectrodes (NEs) were developed to enhance the generation of HClO for electrochemical immunotherapy under an alternating electric field. Under an square-wave alternating current (AC) electric field, the generation of HClO was boosted by PMPC NEs due to the enlarged active surface area, enhanced mass transfer rate, and improved electrocatalytic activity. Notably, PMPC NEs upregulated the intracellular HClO concentration to induce robust immunogenic cell death (ICD) under an AC electric field. Meanwhile, the electric-triggered release of Mn2+ effectively stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) maturation. In vivo results illustrated that PMPC-mediated EChT inhibited tumor growth and triggered the promotion of the immune response to regulate the tumor immune microenvironment. Based on the potent antitumor immunity, PMPC-mediated EChT was further combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (αCTLA-4) to realize combined EChT-immunotherapy, which demonstrated enhanced tumor inhibition of the primary tumors and an abscopal effect on distant tumors. To summarize, our work highlights the application of electrochemical-immunotherapy technology in tumor therapy.

A Modified Tridecapeptide Probe for Imaging Cell Junction.

Cell junctions, which are typically associated with dynamic cytoskeletons, are essential for a wide range of cellular activities, including cell migration, cell communication, barrier function and signal transduction. Observing cell junctions in real-time can help us understand the mechanisms by which they regulate these cellular activities. This study examined the binding capacity of a modified tridecapeptide from Connexin 43 (Cx43) to the cell junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). The goal was to create a fluorescent peptide that can label cell junctions. A cell-penetrating peptide was linked to the modified tridecapeptide. The heterotrimeric peptide molecule was then synthesized. The binding of the modified tridecapeptide was tested using pulldown and immunoprecipitation assays. The ability of the peptide to label cell junctions was assessed by adding it to fixed or live Caco-2 cells. The testing assays revealed that the Cx43-derived peptide can bind to ZO-1. Additionally, the peptide was able to label cell junctions of fixed cells, although no obvious cell junction labeling was observed clearly in live cells, probably due to the inadequate affinity. These findings suggest that labeling cell junctions using a peptide-based strategy is feasible. Further efforts to improve its affinity are warranted in the future.

Research progress of procyanidins in repairing cartilage injury after anterior cruciate ligament tear.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common sports-related injury, and cartilage injury always emerges as a serious complication following ACL tear, significantly impacting the physical and psychological well-being of affected individuals. Over the years, efforts have been directed toward finding strategies to repair cartilage injury after ACL tear. In recent times, procyanidins, known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, have emerged as potential key players in addressing this concern. This article focuses on summarizing the research progress of procyanidins in repairing cartilage injury after ACL tear. It covers the roles, mechanisms, and clinical significance of procyanidins in repairing cartilage injury following ACL tear and explores the future prospects of procyanidins in this domain. This review provides novel insights and hope for the repair of cartilage injury following ACL tear.

Antimicrobial Nonisocyanate Polyurethane Foam Derived from Lignin for Wound Healing.

Medical dressings, as a cover for wounds, can replace damaged skin in the wound healing process to play a temporary barrier role, avoid or control wound infection, and provide a favorable environment for wound healing. Therefore, there is an urgent need for medical antimicrobial dressings for the treatment of chronic wounds. Although traditional polyurethane foam has been widely used in medical dressings, conventional polyurethane foams are primarily prepared using nonbiocompatible isocyanate-based compounds, which are potentially hazardous for both operators and applications in the medical field. Here, we propose nonisocyanate polyurethane foams naturally derived from lignin by enzymatic lignin alkylation, cyclic carbonation modification, and polymerization with diamine and the addition of a blowing agent. Silver nanoparticle solution was added during foaming to confer antimicrobial properties. This lignin-based nonisocyanate polyurethane/silver composite foam (named NIPU foam-silver) using a green synthesis method has good mechanical properties, which can be used to manufacture polyurethane/silver foams, and thermal and antimicrobial properties. Notably, NIPU foam-Ag showed more than 95% bactericidal efficacy against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus within 4 h. Evaluation of in vitro wounds in mice showed that this antimicrobial composite foam rapidly promotes wound healing and repairs damaged tissue. This suggests that this biobased biodegradable antimicrobial foam has significant scope for clinical applications in wound management.

Genome-wide identification and expression of BAHD acyltransferase gene family shed novel insights into the regulation of linalyl acetate and lavandulyl acetate in lavender.

The BAHD acyltransferase superfamily has a variety of biological functions, especially in catalyzing the synthesis of ester compounds and improving plant stress resistance. Linalyl acetate and lavandulyl acetate, the most important volatile esters in lavender, are generated by LaBAHDs. However, the systematic identification, expression characteristics of LaBAHD genes and their correlations with ester formation remain elusive. Here, 166 LaBAHD genes were identified from the lavender genome. Based on detailed phylogenetic analysis, the LaBAHD family genes were divided into five groups, among which the LaBAHDs involved in volatile ester biosynthesis belong to the IIIa and Va clades. Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) and tandem duplications (TDs) jointly drive the expansion of LaBAHD superfamily. The promoter regions of LaBAHDs contained a variety of stress- and hormone-related motifs, as well as binding sites with five types of transcription factors (TFs). Then, linalyl acetate- and lavandulyl acetate-regulated coexpression modules were established and some candidate TFs that may function in inducing ester formation were identified. Based on the correlation analysis between the ester contents and expression profiles of BAHD genes in different tissues, five candidate genes were screened for further examination. Drought, salt and MeJA treatments increased the accumulation of linalyl acetate and lavandulyl acetate, and induced the expression of LaBAHDs. Our results indicated that LaBAHD57, LaBAHD63, LaBAHD104, LaBAHD105 and LaBAHD119 are crucial candidate genes involved in linalyl acetate and lavandulyl acetate biosynthesis. Our findings offer a theoretical foundation for further studying the specific biological functions of LaBAHD family and improving the quality of lavender essential oil.

The SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2-CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 module coordinates plant growth and salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.

High salinity stress promotes plant ethylene biosynthesis and triggers the ethylene signalling response. However, the precise mechanism underlying how plants transduce ethylene signalling in response to salt stress remains largely unknown. In this study, we discovered that SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 2 (SOS2) inhibits the kinase activity of CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) by phosphorylating the 87th serine (S87). This phosphorylation event activates the ethylene signalling response, leading to enhanced plant salt resistance. Furthermore, through genetic analysis, we determined that the loss of CTR1 or the gain of SOS2-mediated CTR1 phosphorylation both contribute to improved plant salt tolerance. Additionally, in the sos2 mutant, we observed compromised proteolytic processing of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2) and reduced nuclear localization of EIN2 C-terminal fragments (EIN2-C), which correlate with decreased accumulation of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3). Collectively, our findings unveil the role of the SOS2-CTR1 regulatory module in promoting the activation of the ethylene signalling pathway and enhancing plant salt tolerance.

Optimizing the Buried Interface in Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells to Achieve Over 24% Efficiency and Long-Term Stability.

The buried interface of the perovskite layer has a profound influence on its film morphology, defect formation, and aging resistance from the outset, therefore, significantly affects the film quality and device performance of derived perovskite solar cells. Especially for FAPbI3 , although it has excellent optoelectronic properties, the spontaneous transition from the black perovskite phase to nonperovskite phase tends to start from the buried interface at the early stage of film formation then further propagate to degrade the whole perovskite. In this work, by introducing ─NH3 + rich proline hydrochloride (PF) with a conjugated rigid structure as a versatile medium for buried interface, it not only provides a solid α-phase FAPbI3 template, but also prevents the phase transition induced degradation. PF also acts as an effective interfacial stress reliever to enhance both efficiency and stability of flexible solar cells. Consequently, a champion efficiency of 24.61% (certified 23.51%) can be achieved, which is the highest efficiency among all reported values for flexible perovskite solar cells. Besides, devices demonstrate excellent shelf-life/light soaking stability (advanced level of ISOS stability protocols) and mechanical stability.

ZmELP1, an Elongator complex subunit, is required for the maintenance of histone acetylation and RNA Pol II phosphorylation in maize kernels.

The Elongator complex was originally identified as an interactor of hyperphosphorylated RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in yeast and has histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. However, the genome-wide regulatory roles of Elongator on transcriptional elongation and histone acetylation remain unclear. We characterized a maize miniature seed mutant, mn7 and map-based cloning revealed that Mn7 encodes one of the subunits of the Elongator complex, ZmELP1. ZmELP1 deficiency causes marked reductions in the kernel size and weight. Molecular analyses showed that ZmELP1 interacts with ZmELP3, which is required for H3K14 acetylation (H3K14ac), and Elongator complex subunits interact with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain (CTD). Genome-wide analyses indicated that loss of ZmELP1 leads to a significant decrease in the deposition of H3K14ac and the CTD of phosphorylated RNAPII on Ser2 (Ser2P). These chromatin changes positively correlate with global transcriptomic changes. ZmELP1 mutation alters the expression of genes involved in transcriptional regulation and kernel development. We also showed that the decrease of Ser2P depends on the deposition of Elongator complex-mediated H3K14ac. Taken together, our results reveal an important role of ZmELP1 in the H3K14ac-dependent transcriptional elongation, which is critical for kernel development.

Correction to "Screening Mixed-Metal Sn2M(III)Ch2X3 Chalcohalides for Photovoltaic Applications".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01629.].

Drought resistance index screening and evaluation of lettuce under water deficit conditions on the basis of morphological and physiological differences.

Introduction: Water is one of the important factors affecting the yield of leafy vegetables. Lettuce, as a widely planted vegetable, requires frequent irrigation due to its shallow taproot and high leaf evaporation rate. Therefore, screening drought-resistant genotypes is of great significance for lettuce production. Methods: In the present study, significant variations were observed among 13 morphological and physiological traits of 42 lettuce genotypes under normal irrigation and water-deficient conditions. Results: Frequency analysis showed that soluble protein (SP) was evenly distributed across six intervals. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to transform the 13 indexes into four independent comprehensive indicators with a cumulative contribution ratio of 94.83%. The stepwise regression analysis showed that root surface area (RSA), root volume (RV), belowground dry weight (BDW), soluble sugar (SS), SP, and leaf relative water content (RWC) could be used to evaluate and predict the drought resistance of lettuce genotypes. Furthermore, the drought resistance ranks of the genotypes were similar according to the drought resistance comprehensive evaluation value (D value), comprehensive drought resistance coefficient (CDC), and weight drought resistance coefficient (WDC). The cluster analysis enabled the division of the 42 genotypes into five drought resistance groups; among them, variety Yidali151 was divided into group I as a strongly drought-resistant variety, group II included 6 drought-resistant genotypes, group III included 16 moderately drought-resistant genotypes, group IV included 12 drought-sensitive genotypes, and group V included 7 highly drought-sensitive genotypes. Moreover, a representative lettuce variety was selected from each of the five groups to verify its water resistance ability under water deficit conditions. In the drought-resistant variety, it was observed that stomatal density, superoxide anion (O2.-wfi2) production rate, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content exhibited a low increase rate, while catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and that peroxidase (POD) activity exhibited a higher increase than in the drought-sensitive variety. Discussion: In summary, the identified genotypes are important because their drought-resistant traits can be used in future drought-resistant lettuce breeding programs and water-efficient cultivation.

Terpene produced by coexpression of the TPS and P450 genes from Lavandula angustifolia protects plants from herbivore attacks during budding stages.

To deter herbivore attacks, plants employ a diverse array of volatile compounds, particularly during the early developmental stages. The highly expressed genes LaTPS7, LaTPS8, and LaCYP71D582 were identified during the budding phases of Lavandula angustifolia. In vitro studies revealed that LaTPS7 generated nine distinct compounds, including camphene, myrcene, and limonene. LaTPS8 enzymatically converted eight volatiles by utilizing geranyl diphosphate and nerolidyl diphosphate as substrates. Overexpression of plastid-localized LaTPS7 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in the production of limonene. Furthermore, the endoplasmic reticulum-associated enzyme LaCYP71D582 potentially converted limonene into carveol. In N. benthamiana, LaTPS8 is responsible for the synthesis of α-pinene and sylvestrene. Furthermore, leaves transfected with LaTPS7 and leaves cotransfected with LaTPS7 and LaCYP71D582 exhibited a repellent effect on aphids, with an approximate rate of 70%. In comparison, leaves with an empty vector displayed a repellent rate of approximately 20%. Conversely, tobacco leaves expressing LaTPS7 attracted ladybugs at a rate of 48.33%, while leaves coexpressing LaTPS7 and LaCYP71D582 attracted ladybugs at a slightly higher rate of 58.33%. Subsequent authentic standard tests confirmed that limonene and carveol repel Myzus persicae while attracting Harmonia axyridis. The promoter activity of LaTPS7 and LaCYP71D582 was evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana using GUS staining, and it was observed that wounding stimulated the expression of LaTPS7. The volatile compounds produced by LaTPS7, LaTPS8, and LaCYP71D582 play a crucial role in plant defence mechanisms. In practical applications, employing biological control measures based on plant-based approaches can promote human and environmental health.

Persistent Hypoxia with Intermittent Aggravation Causes Imbalance in Smad3/Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor Signaling with Consequent Endothelial Senescence and Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling.

Loss of Smad3 and the consequent activation of myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) are associated with vascular pathologies. This study aimed to examine the impact of persistent hypoxia with intermittent aggravation (PI hypoxia) on cellular senescence and pulmonary arterial remodeling mediated by the Smad3/MRTF imbalance. We examined the effects of PI hypoxia on the Smad3/MRTF pathway and cellular senescence using human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) and in vivo studies in rats. The senescent degree was evaluated using ß-galactosidase staining, p16 quantitation and the measurement of senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Structural data in the pathological analysis of pulmonary artery remodeling were collected. Compared to the control, HPAECs and pulmonary tissue from rats exposed to PI hypoxia showed a significantly higher senescent degree, lower expression of Smad3, and higher MRTF levels. The overexpression of Smad3 significantly mitigated HPAECs senescence in vitro. Further, treatment with CCG-203971, which inhibits MRTF, increased Smad3 levels and reduced ß-galactosidase positive cells in rat lung tissue. This intervention also alleviated PI hypoxia-induced pathological changes, including remodeling indices of pulmonary arterial thickening, muscularization, and collagen formation. In conclusion, imbalanced Smad3/MRTF signaling is linked to PI hypoxia-induced senescence and pulmonary arterial remodeling, making it a potential therapeutic target for patients with sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Drought Stress Tolerance in Vegetables: The Functional Role of Structural Features, Key Gene Pathways, and Exogenous Hormones.

The deleterious effects of drought stress have led to a significant decline in vegetable production, ultimately affecting food security. After sensing drought stress signals, vegetables prompt multifaceted response measures, eventually leading to changes in internal cell structure and external morphology. Among them, it is important to highlight that the changes, including changes in physiological metabolism, signal transduction, key genes, and hormone regulation, significantly influence drought stress tolerance in vegetables. This article elaborates on vegetable stress tolerance, focusing on structural adaptations, key genes, drought stress signaling transduction pathways, osmotic adjustments, and antioxidants. At the same time, the mechanisms of exogenous hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET) toward improving the adaptive drought tolerance of vegetables were also reviewed. These insights can enhance the understanding of vegetable drought tolerance, supporting vegetable tolerance enhancement by cultivation technology improvements under changing climatic conditions, which provides theoretical support and technical reference for innovative vegetable stress tolerance breeding and food security.

Identification of Molecular Markers Predicting the Outcome of Anti-thrombotic Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Atrial fibrillation: Evidence from a Meta-analysis and Experimental Study.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist in clinical practice, and patients with these conditions often have a critical illness with high risk of both ischemia and bleeding. This study aims to report potential molecular markers for predicting the efficacy based on a meta-analysis of microarray data from the GEO database. In 40 patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and atrial fibrillation (AF) treated with PCI, P2RX1's effects on platelet aggregation, medication resistance, and predictive value were examined. Twenty up-regulated genes in peripheral blood samples of ACS and AF patients were down-regulated after PCI, while 7 down-regulated genes were up-regulated. ACS affected eight potential genes. P2RX1, one of the four LASSO analysis-retrieved disease characteristic genes, accurately predicted AF patients' thrombosis risk and PCI's anti-thrombotic impact. Therefore, P2RX1 may be a molecular marker to predict the effect of anti-thrombotic therapy in patients with ACS and AF after PCI.

Decoupling subgenomes within hybrid lavandin provide new insights into speciation and monoterpenoid diversification of Lavandula.

Polyploidization and transposon elements contribute to shape plant genome diversity and secondary metabolic variation in some edible crops. However, the specific contribution of these variations to the chemo-diversity of Lamiaceae, particularly in economic shrubs, is still poorly documented. The rich essential oils (EOs) of Lavandula plants are distinguished by monoterpenoids among the main EO-producing species, L. angustifolia (LA), L. × intermedia (LX) and L. latifolia (LL). Herein, the first allele-aware chromosome-level genome was assembled using a lavandin cultivar 'Super' and its hybrid origin was verified by two complete subgenomes (LX-LA and LX-LL). Genome-wide phylogenetics confirmed that LL, like LA, underwent two lineage-specific WGDs after the γ triplication event, and their speciation occurred after the last WGD. Chloroplast phylogenetic analysis indicated LA was the maternal source of 'Super', which produced premium EO (higher linalyl/lavandulyl acetate and lower 1,8-cineole and camphor) close to LA. Gene expression, especially the monoterpenoid biosynthetic genes, showed bias to LX-LA alleles. Asymmetric transposon insertions in two decoupling 'Super' subgenomes were responsible for speciation and monoterpenoid divergence of the progenitors. Both hybrid and parental evolutionary analysis revealed that LTR (long terminal repeat) retrotransposon associated with AAT gene loss cause no linalyl/lavandulyl acetate production in LL, and multi-BDH copies retained by tandem duplication and DNA transposon resulted in higher camphor accumulation of LL. Advances in allelic variations of monoterpenoids have the potential to revolutionize future lavandin breeding and EO production.

Ligand Engineering in Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted aggressive attention in the photovoltaic field in light of the rapid increasing power conversion efficiency. However, their large-scale application and commercialization are limited by the toxicity issue of lead (Pb). Among all the lead-free perovskites, tin (Sn)-based perovskites have shown potential due to their low toxicity, ideal bandgap structure, high carrier mobility, and long hot carrier lifetime. Great progress of Sn-based PSCs has been realized in recent years, and the certified efficiency has now reached over 14%. Nevertheless, this record still falls far behind the theoretical calculations. This is likely due to the uncontrolled nucleation states and pronounced Sn (IV) vacancies. With insights into the methodologies resolving both issues, ligand engineering-assisted perovskite film fabrication dictates the state-of-the-art Sn-based PSCs. Herein, we summarize the role of ligand engineering during each state of film fabrication, ranging from the starting precursors to the ending fabricated bulks. The incorporation of ligands to suppress Sn2+ oxidation, passivate bulk defects, optimize crystal orientation, and improve stability is discussed, respectively. Finally, the remained challenges and perspectives toward advancing the performance of Sn-based PSCs are presented. We expect this review can draw a clear roadmap to facilitate Sn-based PSCs via ligand engineering.

Full-length transcriptome profiling of Aphidius gifuensis mitochondrial genome with gene rearrangement and control region duplication.

Although mitochondrial gene rearrangement has been observed in many insect lineages, little is known about how it affects mitochondrial gene transcription. To address this question, we first constructed a quantitative transcription map for Aphidius gifuensis, a species of parasitoid wasp known to have a highly rearranged mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) and two potential control regions (CRs). Based on this transcription map, we assessed the models of the mitochondrial transcription and post-transcription cleavage. We found that the J and N strand of this mitogenome differ significantly in transcriptional regulation. On the J strand, we found two transcription initiation sites (TISs), five transcription termination sites (TTSs), and six polycistronic primary transcripts whereas only one TIS, one TTS and one polycistronic primary transcript can be found on the N strand. Most of the non-coding regions of both strands were transcribed into primary transcripts and cleaved after transcription. The proposed mode of transcription of A. gifuensis was similar to that of Drosophila, a model organism with no gene rearrangement. And two rearranged gene clusters (trnI-CR1-trnM-CR2-trnQ and trnW-trnY-trnC) seemed to have little effects on the mode of transcription. In addition, our results revealed the presence of TISs in CR1 and CR2, implying that both CRs maybe required for transcriptional regulation. Analysis of the post-transcriptional cleavage process showed that there were both "forward cleavage" and "reverse cleavage" models in A. gifuensis, and more than one way of cleavages were found in three regions. The incomplete transcripts suggested that the direction of mitochondrial RNA degradation was from 5' to 3' end and supported the view of polyadenylation-dependent RNA degradation. Our study provides insights into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation processes of highly rearranged insect mitogenomes.