MPLC-based low-modal-crosstalk nine-mode-group demultiplexer for DSP-free IM/DD MDM transmission over MMF.

Weakly coupled mode-division multiplexing (MDM) transmission over legacy laid multimode fiber (MMF) has great economic efficiency and can enormously enhance the capacity of short-reach optical interconnections. In order to be compatible with cost-efficient intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) transceivers, weakly coupled mode-group demultiplexers that can simultaneously receive each mode group of MMFs are highly desired. In this paper, we propose a scalable low-modal-crosstalk mode-group demultiplexer over MMF based on multiplane light conversion (MPLC). Multiple input Hermite-Gaussian (HG) modes of MMF are first converted to bridging modes that are composed of H G 00 modes distributed as a right-angle triangle in Cartesian coordinates, and then each H G 00 mode belonging to a degenerate mode group is mapped to different overlapped H G n0 modes with vertical orientation for simultaneous detection. With the help of bridging modes, the MPLC-based mode-group demultiplexer can efficiently demultiplex all mode groups in standard MMFs with less than 20 phase masks. A nine-mode-group demultiplexer is further designed for demonstration, and simulation results show that the MPLC-based demultiplexer achieves low modal crosstalk of lower than -22.3d B at 1550 nm and lower than -17.9d B over the C-band for all the nine mode groups with only 16 phase masks.

Mode-selective power splitters for mode-division multiplexing optical networks.

We propose an all-fiber mode-selective power splitter (MSPS) for non-circular-symmetric LPlm (l = 1, 2, …) modes, which is suitable for multicasting and optical performance monitoring in mode-division multiplexing optical fiber networks. The MSPSs are asymmetric two-core few-mode directional couplers composed of a few-mode fiber and a two-mode fiber. We theoretically studied the three conditions required by the MSPSs. By carefully choosing the core-to-core distance and coupling length, the MSPS can achieve arbitrary splitting ratio regardless of the modal field orientation of the input non-circular-symmetric LP mode. By using an asymmetric structure, the MSPS can ensure the power splitting only happens on the target non-circular-symmetric LP mode when the phase matching condition is satisfied. In addition, we designed and numerically simulated LP31 MSPSs with four kinds of splitting ratios, among which the one with 90/10 splitting ratio was fabricated based on tapering and polishing method. The fabricated LP31 MSPS is characterized and the results show that its splitting ratio is much more stable than regular LP31 mode-selective coupler.

Mode-division-multiplexing self-homodyne coherent transmission over a weakly coupled few-mode fiber for optical interconnections.

Self-homodyne coherent transmission has recently received extensive investigation as a coherent lite candidate for high-speed short-reach optical networks. In this Letter, we propose a weakly coupled mode-division-multiplexing (MDM) self-homodyne coherent scheme using a multiple-ring-core few-mode fiber, in which one of the modes transmits a self-homodyne local oscillator (LO) and the rest are utilized for carrying signals. Multiple rings of index perturbations in the fiber core are applied to achieve low modal crosstalk, allowing the signals and the remote LO to be transmitted independently. We experimentally demonstrate a 7.2-Tb/s (5.64-Tb/s net rate) self-homodyne coherent transmission with an 800-Gb/s data rate for each of the nine information-bearing modes formatted in 80-GBaud probabilistic constellation-shaped 64-quadrature-amplitude modulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of an MDM self-homodyne coherent transmission with up to 10 spatial modes. The proposed scheme may pave the way for future high-capacity data center interconnections.

Low-CD weakly-coupled FMF for short-reach IM/DD MDM transmission.

Weakly-coupled mode division multiplexing (MDM) technique is a promising candidate for capacity enhancement of short-reach optical interconnections, for which the multiple-ring-core few-mode fiber (MRC-FMF) has been proven to be an effective design method to suppress distributed modal crosstalk. Similar to low chromatic-dispersion (CD) O-band transmission based on single-mode fibers (SMF), all the mode channels in a weakly-coupled FMF for short-reach applications should achieve low CD to support intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) transmission. In this paper, we propose, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, an index perturbation method to adjust both effective index and CD of each mode in an MRC-FMF. Firstly, an accurate modeling method to model the relationship between SiO2-GeO2 material index and the germanium concentration at different wavelengths is proposed by analyzing the index characteristics of 4 kinds of germanium-doped fused silica SMFs at the same fabrication processing, which could be utilized to calculate the CD characteristics for an MRC-FMF with perturbed index profile. Then, based on the perturbation method considering the influences on both effective index and CD, a weakly-coupled low-CD MRC-FMF supporting 4 linearly-polarized (LP) modes is designed and fabricated. The measured minimum effective index difference min|Δneff| among all modes is larger than 1.3 × 10-3, and the CD values of all the modes lie between -6 and +6 ps/km/nm ranging from 1280 to 1320 nm, which agree well with the design. The 2-km transmission experiment indicates that the fabricated MRC-FMF could support stable digital-signal-processing (DSP)-free IM/DD transmission for all the 4 LP modes. This work is beneficial to the application of short-reach weakly-coupled MDM systems.

Coexistence of 1 Tbps classical optical communication and quantum key distribution over a 100.96 km few-mode fiber.

The integration of quantum key distribution (QKD) and classical optical communication has attracted widespread attention. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate a real-time co-propagation of 1 Tbps for 10 classical channels with one discrete-variable QKD channel in the weakly coupled few-mode fiber (FMF). Based on the selection of optimal device parameters and wavelength assignment of classical channels, as well as the optimization of equipment performance, a secure key rate of as high as 2.7 kbps of coexistence transmission of QKD and classical optical communication can be achieved using a 100.96 km weakly coupled FMF. Therefore, this study is a step toward realizing long-distance quantum-classical coexistence transmission.

Low-modal-crosstalk orthogonal combine reception for degenerate modes in IM/DD MDM transmission.

Weakly-coupled mode division multiplexing (MDM) techniques supporting intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) transmission is a promising candidate to enhance the capacity of short-reach applications such as optical interconnections, in which low-modal-crosstalk mode multiplexers/demultiplexers (MMUX/MDEMUX) are highly desired. In this paper, we firstly propose an all-fiber low-modal-crosstalk orthogonal combine reception scheme for degenerate linearly-polarized (LP) modes, in which signals in both degenerate modes are firstly demultiplexed into the LP01 mode of single-mode fibers, and then are multiplexed into mutually orthogonal LP01 and LP11 modes of a two-mode fiber for simultaneous detection. Then a pair of 4-LP-mode MMUX/MDEMUX consisting of cascaded mode-selective couplers and orthogonal combiners are fabricated with side-polishing processing, which achieve low back-to-back modal crosstalk of lower than -18.51 dB and insertion loss of lower than 3.81 dB for all the 4 modes. Finally, a stable real-time 4 modes × 4λ × 10 Gb/s MDM-wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission over 20-km few-mode fiber is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed scheme is scalable to support more modes and can pave the way to practical implementation of IM/DD MDM transmission applications.

Mitigating nonlinear penalty induced from a low-speed optical supervisory channel on coherent signals.

With the increasing signal rates of a long-haul backbone dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) transmission system, e.g., from 100 Gb/s to 400 Gb/s and even to 800 Gb/s, optical path impairments simultaneously become more severe. Harmful factors being formerly insignificant become noticeable, e.g., nonlinear phase noise (NPN) on main DWDM channels induced by the cross-phase modulation (XPM) from the low-speed optical supervisory channel (OSC). Field trials show that a greater than 5.13-dB penalty can be observed on the shortest channel of 400G DP-16QAM-PCS over G.654.E links, which greatly degrades the overall transmission performance and limits the maximum reach. In this paper, we propose a dual-OSC structure with opposite signals to compensate for performance degradation caused by OSC-induced NPN. This method involves no extra digital signal processing (DSP), which is not only simple but also applicable for universal signal rates. By experimental demonstration, a 1.32-dB gain in Q (dB) for 200G DP-16QAM transmission over 1618-km G.652.D can be done, almost achieving the same performance as the no OSC case.

Distributed vibration sensor based on mode coupling in weakly coupled few-mode fibers.

In recent years, optical fiber distributed vibration sensors (DVSs) have received extensive investigation and play a significant role in different applications, such as structural health monitoring. In this Letter, we propose for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a DVS mechanism based on linearly polarized mode coupling in weakly coupled few-mode fibers (FMFs), in which dynamic transverse stress induced by external vibration is measured with quantifiable and spatially resolvable mode coupling along the sensing FMF with ultralow inherent modal crosstalk. A swept-wavelength interferometer method is implemented and the involved data processing method is designed. A proof-of-concept DVS system is established and 5 Hz to 49 kHz frequency response, -50 dB detection sensitivity, and 22 m spatial resolution are successfully demonstrated based on a 9.6 km weakly coupled two-mode fiber. The wide frequency response over a long sensing length for the proposed scheme may extend the application range of DVS systems.

Low-crosstalk laser-direct-writing FI/FO device for 8×100-Gbps optical interconnection.

Fan-in/fan-out (FI/FO) device with low crosstalk is essential for weakly coupled short-reach optical interconnect based on multicore fibers (MCF), for which the laser-direct-writing (LDW) technique is one of the preferred fabrication schemes. In this paper, the influence of FI/FO crosstalk on short-reach intensity-modulation/direction-detection MCF optical interconnection is firstly evaluated, and the crosstalk related to different refractive-index profiles of waveguides and misalignment is analyzed for LDW-FI/FO devices. Then low-crosstalk compact LDW-FI/FO devices matching 8-core MCF are fabricated, adopting multiple-scan method for waveguides with a flat-top refractive-index profile and aberration correction method for precise alignment. Owing to the low crosstalk, 8×100-Gbps optical interconnection over 10-km MCF is experimentally demonstrated with only 0.5-dB penalty compared to 10-km G.652D single-mode fiber transmission. Simulation results indicate that the transmission reach can be further extended to over 40 km. The proposed prototype system with low crosstalk is promising for high-speed optical interconnection applications.

Long-haul intermodal-MIMO-free MDM transmission based on a weakly coupled multiple-ring-core few-mode fiber.

Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) technique based on few-mode fibers (FMFs) can achieve multiplicative growth in single-fiber capacity by using different linearly polarized (LP) modes or mode groups as spatial channels. However, its deployment is seriously impeded because multiple-input multiple-output digital signal processing (MIMO-DSP) with huge computational load must be adopted to combat intermodal crosstalk for long-haul FMF transmission. In this paper, we present an intermodal-MIMO-free MDM transmission scheme based on weakly coupled multiple-ring-core FMF, which achieves ultralow distributed modal crosstalk (DMC) so that the signal in each LP mode can be independently received by single-LP-mode MIMO-DSP even after hundreds-of-kilometer transmission. Evaluation method for the required DMC levels is proposed and different transmission reaches are investigated by simulation. By adopting an improved method for quantitative DMC measurement, we show that the required DMC level for long-haul transmission is feasible. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate 1800-km LP01/LP02 multiplexed transmission and 525-km LP01/LP21/LP02 multiplexed transmission only adopting 2×2 or 4×4 MIMO-DSP. The proposed scheme may pave the way to practical applications of long-haul MDM techniques for the first time.

Long-distance transmission of quantum key distribution coexisting with classical optical communication over a weakly-coupled few-mode fiber.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is one of the most practical applications in quantum information processing, which can generate information-theoretical secure keys between remote parties. With the help of the wavelength-division multiplexing technique, QKD has been integrated with the classical optical communication networks. The wavelength-division multiplexing can be further improved by the mode-wavelength dual multiplexing technique with few-mode fiber (FMF), which has additional modal isolation and large effective core area of mode, and particularly is practical in fabrication and splicing technology compared with the multi-core fiber. Here, we present for the first time a QKD implementation coexisting with classical optical communication over weakly-coupled FMF using all-fiber mode-selective couplers. The co-propagation of QKD with one 100 Gbps classical data channel at -2.60 dBm launched power is achieved over 86 km FMF with 1.3 kbps real-time secure key generation. Compared with single-mode fiber using wavelength-division multiplexing, given the same fiber-input power, the Raman noise in FMF using the mode-wavelength dual multiplexing is reduced by 86% in average. Our work implements an important approach to the integration between QKD and classical optical communication and previews the compatibility of quantum communications with the next-generation mode division multiplexing networks.

A facile method for preparing Yb3+-doped perovskite nanocrystals with ultra-stable near-infrared light emission.

Colloidal all-inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals (NCs) are very important optoelectronic materials and have been successfully utilized as bright light sources and high efficiency photovoltaics due to their facile solution processability. Recently, rare-earth dopants have opened a new pathway for lead halide perovskite NCs for applications in near-infrared wave bands. However, these materials still suffer from serious environmental instability. In this study, we have successfully developed a facile method for fabricating all-inorganic SiO2-encapsulated Yb3+-doped CsPbBr3 NCs by slowly hydrolyzing the organosilicon precursor in situ. Experimental results showed that the Yb3+ ions were uniformly distributed in the NCs, and the whole NCs were completely encapsulated by a dense SiO2 layer. The as-prepared SiO2-encapsulated NCs can emit a strong near-infrared (985 nm) photoluminescence, which originates from the intrinsic luminescence of Yb3+ in the NCs, pumped by the perovskite host NCs. Meanwhile, the SiO2-encapsulated NCs possessed excellent high PLQYs, narrow FWHM, and excellent environmental stability under a room atmosphere for over 15 days. We anticipate that this work will be helpful for promoting the optical properties and environmental stability of perovskite NCs and expanding their practical applications to near infrared photodetectors and other optoelectronic devices.

Prototype system for real-time IM/DD MDM transmission based on multiple-ring-core FMF and degenerate-mode-selective reception.

Multiple-input-multiple-output digital signal processing (DSP) has become a severe bottleneck for mode division multiplexing (MDM) because of its huge computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme for real-time DSP-free intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) MDM transmission, in which the transmission few-mode fiber (FMF) is characterized by multiple-ring-core structure to suppress modal crosstalk among each LP mode, while each pair of non-circularly-symmetric degenerate modes is simultaneously demultiplexed by a degenerate-mode-selective fiber coupler for DSP-free reception. Based on a 10 km ultralow-modal-crosstalk double-ring-core FMF and a pair of all-fiber 4-LP-mode MUX/DEMUX, we demonstrate the first IM/DD MDM prototype system using commercial single-mode (SM) 10 Gbps SFP + modules and 4K video transceivers without any hardware modifications. The temperature and wavelength dependence are evaluated. The stable Q2-factor performance proves that it can be a smooth evolution scheme from conventional SM IM/DD systems. Moreover, the scheme can be further extended to support more modes with improved FMF design adopting more ring areas.

Reconfigurable beam system for non-line-of-sight free-space optical communication.

In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable beam-shaping system to permit energy-efficient non-line-of-sight (NLOS) free-space optical communication. Light is steered around obstacles blocking the direct communication pathway and reaches a receiver after reflecting off of a diffuse surface. A coherent array optical transmitter (CAO-Tx) is used to spatially shape the wavefront of the light incident on a diffuse surface. Wavefront shaping is used to enhance the amount of diffusely reflected light reaching the optical receiver. Synthetic NLOS experiments for a signal reflected over an angular range of 20° are presented. A record-breaking 30-Gbit/s orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing signal is transmitted over a diffused optical wireless link with a >17-dB gain.

Weakly-coupled 7-core-2-LP-mode transmission using commercial SFP + transceivers enabled by all-fiber spatial multiplexer and demultiplexer.

Spatial division multiplexing transmission over few-mode multicore fiber (FM-MCF) recently attracts great interests by simultaneously exploiting two more dimensions than conventional single mode fibers. In this paper, we propose an all-fiber spatial multiplexer (MUX) by cascading mode-selective fiber couplers (MSCs) with a fiber-bundle-type fan-in device, and spatial demultiplexer (DEMUX) by cascading a fiber-bundle-type fan-out device with degenerate-mode-selective fiber couplers and MSCs. Thanks to the low crosstalk of the FM-MCF, spatial MUX/DEMUX and their coupling, weakly-coupled 7-core-2-LP-mode real-time transmission over 1-km of FM-MCF is successfully demonstrated using 10-Gbps commercial enhanced small form-factor pluggable (SFP + ) transceivers.

Hollow-core conjoined-tube fiber for penalty-free data transmission under offset launch conditions.

Three types of hollow-core fibers, i.e., photonic-bandgap fiber, negative-curvature fiber, and conjoined-tube fiber, are compared in terms of data transmission performance. Their group velocity dispersions and group indices are measured in detail by using low-coherence interferometry. Whilst all three fibers show good performance with an optimized central launch, they behave differently under offset launch for 10 Gbit/s on-off keying transmission. We use a Q2-factor analysis method to gain insight into the data transmission over a hollow-core fiber. The low-loss, low-intermodal crosstalk conjoined-tube fiber shows great resilience to bending and offset launch compared to the other two hollow-core fibers, enabling genuine penalty-free data transmission in realistic environments.

Weakly-coupled 4-mode step-index FMF and demonstration of IM/DD MDM transmission.

Weakly coupled-mode division multiplexing (MDM) over few-mode fibers (FMF) for short-reach transmission has attracted great interest, which can avoid multiple-input-multiple-output digital signal processing (MIMO-DSP) by greatly suppressing modal crosstalk. In this paper, step-index FMF supporting 4 linearity polarization (LP) modes for MIMO-free transmission is designed and fabricated for the first time, to our knowledge. Modal crosstalk of the fiber is suppressed by increasing the mode effective refractive index differences. The same fabrication method as standard single-mode fiber is adopted so that it is practical and cost-effective. The mode multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) consists of cascaded mode-selective couplers (MSCs), which are designed and fabricated by tapering the proposed FMF with single-mode fiber (SMF). The mode MUX and DEMUX achieve very low modal crosstalk not only for the multiplexing/demultiplexing but also for the coupling to/from the FMF. Based on the fabricated FMF and mode MUX/DEMUX, we successfully demonstrate the first simultaneous 4-modes (LP01, LP11, LP21 & LP31) 10-km FMF transmission with 10-Gb/s intensity modulation and MIMO-free direct detection (IM/DD). The modal crosstalk of the whole transmission link is successfully suppressed to less than -16.5 dB. The experimental results indicate that FMF with simple step-index structure supporting 4 weakly-coupled modes is feasible.

Wavelength-interleaved MDM-WDM transmission over weakly-coupled FMF.

Recently mode-division-multiplexing (MDM) has been widely investigated to enhance fiber optics capacity, in which modes or mode groups in few-mode fiber (FMF) or multi-mode fiber (MMF) are exploited as different spatial channels for data transmission. For short-reach applications, significantly reducing inter-spatial-channel crosstalk to avoid coherent detection and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) equalization is preferred. Currently most studies focus on the design of weakly-coupled FMFs and mode (de)multiplexers. Alternatively, in this work, a wavelength-interleaved (WI) scheme is proposed to mitigate inter-spatial-channel crosstalk by optimizing the design of direct detection (DD) MDM and wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) system. In weakly-coupled MDM systems, crosstalk mainly comes from the adjacent spatial channels, and the signal-to-crosstalk beat interference (SCBI) constitutes main crosstalk impairment after square-law detection. The WI scheme interleaves the WDM grids in adjacent spatial channels by half WDM channel spacing and uses an electrical low-pass filtering (ELPF) to remove out-of-band SCBI. The effectiveness of SCBI suppression is theoretically analyzed. The feasibility of WI scheme is experimentally verified by 3-mode 3-wavelength MDM-WDM transmission over 500-m OM3 MMF. Enabled by WI scheme, record 120-km 10G-per-channel MDM-WDM transmission over 2-mode FMF without MIMO equalization is successfully demonstrated. The WI scheme is promising to enhance the performance of short reach or even metro MDM optics.

Cost effective wavelength reused MDM system for bidirectional mobile fronthaul.

In this paper, we propose a cost-effective wavelength-reused mode-division-multiplexing (MDM) system for high speed symmetrical bidirectional mobile fronthaul application. At the base band unit (BBU) pool, one of the spatial modes is used to transmit signal carrier while the others are used for downstream (DS) signal channels. At the remote radio unit (RRU) side, the signal carrier is split and reused as modulation carrier for all the upstream (US) signal channels after mode demultiplexing. Thanks to the low mode crosstalk characteristic of the mode multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) and few-mode fiber (FMF), the signal carrier and each signal channel can be effectively separated. The spectral efficiency (SE) is significantly enhanced when multiple spatial channels are used. Compared with other wavelength reused scheme in which the downstream and upstream be modulated in orthogonal dimension, the modulation format of both directions are independent in the proposed wavelength reused MDM system. Therefore, it can easily achieve symmetrical bidirectional transmission without residual re-modulation crosstalk. The proposed scheme is scalable to multi-wavelength application when wavelength MUX/DEMUX is utilized. With the proposed scheme, we demonstrate a proof of concept intensity modulated 4 × 25-Gb/s 16-QAM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission over 10-km FMF using low modal-crosstalk two-mode FMF and MUX/DEMUX with error free operation. The downstream receiver sensitivity is -21 dBm while the upstream receiver sensitivity is -18 dBm for bidirectional transmission. Due to the Rayleigh backscattering and other spurious reflections, the upstream suffers 2 dB power penalty compared with unidirectional transmission without downstream. To mitigate bidirectional transmission impairments, we propose a simple and effective method to suppress Rayleigh backscattering by shifting the downstream subcarrier frequency. A receiver sensitivity improvement of up to 2.5 dB is achieved for upstream with different downstream power.

Tunable optical multicasting of PDM-OFDM signals by novel polarization-interleaved multi-pump FWM scheme.

Optical multicasting that supports point-to-multipoint traffic replication can be one of the necessary techniques in next-generation all-optical elastic networks. In this paper, we propose an optical multicasting approach for polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals based on a novel polarization-interleaved multi-pump (PIMP) four-wave mixing (FWM) scheme in highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF). Besides format transparency and the support of PDM signals, the scheme further enables wide spectral tunability of generated replicas. The pump frequency arrangement for the scheme is presented, which successfully prevents the replicas from being superimposed by unwanted FWM components during tuning. We experimentally demonstrate multicasting operation of a 3-band 100-Gb/s PDM-OFDM signal. With different input positions, 1.4 and 1.6 Terahertz tuning ranges of four replicas are achieved with Q-factor performance better than the forward error correction threshold. Tunable replica spacing from 100-GHz to 250-GHz are also verified. In addition, the scalability of the scheme is demonstrated via 5-pump multicasting, successfully generating a total of 14 replicas.