Fe(III)/peroxymonosulfate oxidation system for the degradation of rhein, a toxic component abundance in rhubarb residue.

Rhubarb is widely used in health care, but causing a great amount of rhein-containing herbal residue. Rhein with several toxicities might pollute environment, damage ecology and even hazard human health if left untreated. In this study, the degradation effects of bisulfite- (BS) and peroxymonosulfate- (PMS) based oxidation systems on rhein in rhubarb residue were compared and investigated. The effects of BS and PMS with two valence states of ferric ion (Fe) on the degradation of rhein in rhubarb residue were optimized for the selection of optimal oxidation system. The influences of reaction temperature, reaction time and initial pH on the removal of rhein under the optimal oxidation system were evaluated. The chemical profiles of rhubarb residue with and without oxidation process were compared by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and the degradation effects were investigated by PLS-DA and S plot/OPLS-DA analysis. The results manifested that PMS showed relative higher efficiency than BS on the degradation of rhein. Moreover, Fe(III) promoted the degradation effect of PMS, demonstrated that Fe(III)/PMS is the optimal oxidation system to degrade rhein in rhubarb residue. Further studies indicated that the degradation of rhein by the Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system was accelerated with the prolong of reaction time and the elevation of reaction temperature, and also affected by the initial pH. More importantly, Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system could degrade rhein in rhubarb residue completely under the optimal conditions. In conclusion, Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system is a feasible method to treat rhein in rhubarb residue.

[Acupuncture mediated miR-34c-5p regulates the autophagy of hippocampal neurons in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupuncture on the expression of miR-34c-5p, autophagy-related proteins and apoptosis rate in hippocampus of rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI), so as to explore its mechanism in regulating autophagy in hippocampal neurons in CI/RI rats. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation, model, medication and acupuncture groups, with 20 rats in each group. The rat model of CI/RI was established by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. In the acupuncture group, "Dazhui" (GV14), "Baihui" (GV20) and "Shuigou" (GV26) were punctured with filiform needles and stimulated manually once every 15 min, for 30 min. The rats of the medication group were intraperito-neally injected with edaravone (5 mg/kg). The treatment was conducted once every 12 h for a total of 7 times. The neurological de-ficit score of all the rats were evaluated according to Garcia's methods, and TTC staining was employed to assess the cerebral ischemic area (percentage of cerebral infarct area, CIA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the ultrastructural changes of hippocampal neurons. The expression of hippocampal miR-34c-5p was measured by real-time PCR, and the protein expressions of hippocampal LC3B, Beclin1 and p62 were measured by Western blot. The apoptosis rate of ischemic brain tissue was observed by TUNEL staining. RESULTS: Compared with the sham operation group, the neurological deficit score, the expressions of miR-34c-5p, Beclin1, p62 and LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ were significantly decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the CIA and the apoptosis rate significantly increased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the neurological deficit scores, the expressions of miR-34c-5p, Beclin1, p62 and LC3B-Ⅱ/LC3B-Ⅰ were significantly increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the CIA and the apoptosis rate significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the medication and acupuncture groups. Compared with the medication group, the expression of miR-34c-5p was significantly increased (P<0.01). The results of electron microscope showed that the neurons in the acupuncture and medication groups were less damaged than those in the model group, the cells showed mild edema, and the structures were relatively complete. Some normal organelles could be seen, and autophagy bodies, autophagy lysosomes and their encapsulated organelles could still be observed. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture can improve the neurological deficit and reduce the area of cerebral infarction in CI/RI rats, which is closely with its effect in promoting hippocampal neuronal autophagy and anti-apoptosis via up-regulating the expression of miR-34c-5p.

A Preliminary Study of Adjunctive Nonconvulsive Electrotherapy for Treatment-Refractory Depression.

Nonconvulsive electrotherapy (NET) defined as electrical brain stimulation administered like standard electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), but below seizure threshold, could be effective for patients with treatment-refractory depression (TRD) with fewer adverse neurocognitive outcomes. However, there is a lack of studies in Chinese patients with TRD. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of adjunctive NET for Chinese patients with TRD. Twenty TRD patients were enrolled and underwent six NET treatments. Depressive symptoms, response, and remission were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 NET treatments. Neurocognitive function was assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) at baseline and after the completion of six NET treatments. Mean HAMD-17 scores declined significantly from 26.2 to 10.4 (p < 0.001) after post-NET. The rates of response and remission were 60.0% (95% CI: 36.5-83.5) and 10.0% (95% CI: 0-24.4), respectively. Neurocognitive performance improved following a course of NET. No significant association was found between changes in depressive symptoms and baseline neurocognitive function. Adjunctive NET appeared to be effective for patients with TRD, without adverse neurocognitive effects. Randomized controlled studies were warranted to confirm these findings.

Serum BDNF Levels are Not Associated with the Antidepressant Effects of Nonconvulsive Electrotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and in the antidepressant response. This study examined whether changes in serum BDNF levels are associated with the antidepressant effects of nonconvulsive electrotherapy (NET). METHODS: For BDNF analyses, serum samples were collected from 20 patients with treatment-refractory depression (TRD) and from 20 healthy controls. Serum samples were also collected from patients following a course of NET. RESULTS: Although significantly lower baseline serum BDNF levels were observed in TRD patients than in healthy controls, no changes in serum BDNF levels were found in TRD patients after a course of NET compared to baseline. No significant association was found between serum BDNF levels and depression severity. CONCLUSION: Serum BDNF levels appear to have no clinical utility in the prediction of the antidepressant effects of NET in patients with TRD. Future studies of higher quality and with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these findings.

Possible clues for camptothecin biosynthesis from the metabolites in camptothecin-producing plants.

The plant derived camptothecin (CPT) is a pentacyclic pyrroloquinoline alkaloid with unique antitumor activity. Successive discoveries of new CPT-producing plants occurred in recent years due to market demands. The scattered distribution among angiosperms drew researchers' attention. The aim of this review is to appraise the literature available to date for CPT distribution and the phytochemistry of these CPT-producing plants. Metabolite comparative analyses between the plants were also conducted for tracking of possible clues for CPT biosynthesis. Forty-three plant species in total were reported to possess CPT-producing capability, and one hundred twenty-five alkaloids classified into three major categories are summarized herein. Metabolite comparative analysis between these plants suggests the probability that the formation of the central intermediate for CPT biosynthesis has multiple origins. A more complete biogenetic reasoning for CPT and its structural homolog was delineated based on this fragmentary phytochemical evidence from a chemical point of view. Furthermore, an in-house compound database was constructed for further metabolomic analysis.

Cost-Effectiveness between Double and Single Fecal Immunochemical Test(s) in a Mass Colorectal Cancer Screening.

This study investigated the cost-effectiveness between double and single Fecal Immunochemical Test(s) (FIT) in a mass CRC screening. A two-stage sequential screening was conducted. FIT was used as a primary screening test and recommended twice by an interval of one week at the first screening stage. We defined the first-time FIT as FIT1 and the second-time FIT as FIT2. If either FIT1 or FIT2 was positive (+), then a colonoscopy was recommended at the second stage. Costs were recorded and analyzed. A total of 24,419 participants completed either FIT1 or FIT2. The detection rate of advanced neoplasm was 19.2% among both FIT1+ and FIT2+, especially high among men with age ≥55 (27.4%). About 15.4% CRC, 18.9% advanced neoplasm, and 29.9% adenoma missed by FIT1 were detected by FIT2 alone. Average cost was $2,935 for double FITs and $2,121 for FIT1 to detect each CRC and $901 for double FITs and $680 for FIT1 to detect each advanced neoplasm. Double FITs are overall more cost-effective, having significantly higher positive and detection rates with an acceptable higher cost, than single FIT. Double FITs should be encouraged for the first screening in a mass CRC screening, especially in economically and medically underserved populations/areas/countries.

Analysis of cancer incidence in Zhejiang cancer registry in China during 2000 to 2009.

OBJECTIVE: The Zhejiang Provincial Cancer Prevention and Control Office collected cancer registration data during 2000 to 2009 from 6 cancer registries in Zhejiang province of China in order to analyze the cancer incidence. METHODS: Descriptive analysis included cancer incidence stratified by sex, age and cancer site group. The proportions and cumulative rates of 10 common cancers in different groups were also calculated. Chinese population census in 1982 and Segi's population were used for calculating age-standardized incidence rates. The log-linear model was used for fitting to calculate the incidence trends. RESULTS: The 6 cancer registries in Zhejiang province in China covered a total of 60,087,888 person-years during 2000 to 2009 (males 30,445,904, females 29,641,984). The total number of new cancer cases were 163,104 (males 92,982, females 70,122). The morphology verified cases accounted for 69.7%, and the new cases verified only by information from death certification accounted for 1.23%. The crude incidence rate in Zhejiang cancer registration areas was 271.5/105 during 2000 to 2009 (male 305.41/105, female 236.58/105), age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) were 147.1/105 and 188.2/105, the cumulative incidence rate (aged from 0 to 74) being 21.7%. The crude incidence rate was 209.6/105 in 2000, and it increased to 320.20/105 in 2009 (52.8%), with an annual percent change (APC) of 4.51% (95% confidence interval, 3.25%-5.79%). Age-specific incidence rate of 80-84 age group was achieved at the highest point of the incidence curve. Overall with different age groups, the cancer incidences differed, the incidence of liver cancer being highest in 15-44 age group in males; the incidence of breast cancer was the highest in 15-64 age group in females; the incidences of lung cancer were the highest in both males and females over the age of 65 years. CONCLUSIONS: Lung cancer, digestive system malignancies and breast cancer are the most common cancers in Zhejiang province in China requiring an especial focus. The incidences of thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer and lymphoma have increased rapidly. Prevention and control measures should be implemented for these cancers.

[Age-specific detection rates of colorectal neoplasms by colonoscopic screening in high-incidence rural area].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the age-specific detection rates of colorectal neoplasms by colonoscopic screening among high-risk population in rural area and to provide evidence for determining the initial age in the colorectal cancer screening. METHODS: The age-specific detection rates of colorectal cancers and adenomas, and the proportion of detected cases in each age group after screening by the optimized sequential colorectal cancer screening program in Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province, were analyzed. RESULTS: Mass screening with the optimized sequential colorectal cancer screening program in Jiashan was conducted and 8867 colonoscopic examinations were performed. A total of 1811 individuals with at least one colorectal neoplastic lesion were found. Among them, there were 92 (1.04%) colorectal cancer patients, 1164 (13.13%) patients with at least one adenoma and 377 (4.25%) patients with at least one advanced adenoma. The detection rate of colorectal neoplastic lesions for the age group 40 - 44 was considerably lower than that in the age group 45 - 49. Hypothetically, to increase the initial age to 45-years for the optimized sequential colorectal cancer screening program would yield a 7.84% increase in the detection rate of total colorectal neoplastic lesions, 13.46% increase in the detection rate of colorectal cancer, 8.76% increase in the detection rate of adenoma, 12.24% increase in the detection rate of advanced adenoma and 19.64% lower in the cost of initial screening, 13.30% lower in the cost of colonoscopic screening. CONCLUSIONS: Among the high-risk population aged 40 to 74, the detection rates of colorectal cancer and adenoma are increasing with the increase of age, the detection rates of colorectal cancer and adenoma as well as proportion of detected cases in the 40 - 44 age group are considerably lower. To increase the initial age to 45 for colorectal cancer screening in rural area of China is reasonable.

Association of CASP9, CASP10 gene polymorphisms and tea drinking with colorectal cancer risk in the Han Chinese population.

The initiators caspase-9 (CASP9) and caspase-10 (CASP10) are two key controllers of apoptosis and play important roles in carcinogenesis. This study aims to explore the association between CASPs gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility in a population-based study. A two-stage designed population-based case-control study was carried out, including a testing set with 300 cases and 296 controls and a validation set with 206 cases and 845 controls. A total of eight tag selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CASP9 and CASP10 were chosen based on HapMap and the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) datasets and genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association of SNPs with CRC risk. In the first stage, from eight tag SNPs, three polymorphisms rs4646077 (odds ratio (OR)(AA+AG): 0.654, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.406-1.055; P=0.082), rs4233532 (OR(CC): 1.667, 95% CI: 0.967-2.876; OR(CT): 1.435, 95% CI: 0.998-2.063; P=0.077), and rs2881930 (OR(CC): 0.263, 95% CI: 0.095-0.728, P=0.036) showed possible association with CRC risk. However, none of the three SNPs, rs4646077 (OR(AA+AG): 1.233, 95% CI: 0.903-1.683), rs4233532 (OR(CC): 0.892, 95% CI: 0.640-1.243; OR(CT): 1.134, 95% CI: 0.897-1.433), and rs2881930 (OR(CC): 1.096, 95% CI: 0.620-1.938; OR(CT): 1.009, 95% CI: 0.801-1.271), remained significant with CRC risk in the validation set, even after stratification for different tumor locations (colon or rectum). In addition, never tea drinking was associated with a significantly increased risk of CRC in testing set together with validation set (OR: 1.755, 95% CI: 1.319-2.334). Our results found that polymorphisms of CASP9 and CASP10 genes may not contribute to CRC risk in Chinese population and thereby the large-scale case-control studies might be in consideration. In addition, tea drinking was a protective factor for CRC.

[Association between H-ras and L-myc gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to colorectal cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between the polymorphisms of oncogenes H-ras and L-myc and colorectal cancer risk, and the interaction of those genes. METHODS: The genotypes of H-ras and L-myc genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Stratified analysis and logistic model were used to detect the gene-gene interaction. The gene-gene interaction was validated by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis. RESULTS: The single SNP model showed that the polymorphisms of H-ras and L-myc genes were not significantly related with colorectal cancer risk (P > 0.05). Stratified analysis revealed that among the L-myc LS + SS genotype carriers, those with H-ras TC + CC genotype showed significantly increased risk of rectal cancer than those with TT genotype (OR = 1.81, P = 0.005). The positive interaction between L-myc and H-ras was detected by logistic regression model. The OR of the interaction effect was 2.74 (P = 0.024). This result was confirmed in the MDR model, with 54.83% testing balanced accuracy and 10/10 cross-validation consistency, and the model was still significant after the 1000 times permutation test (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the polymorphism of H-ras and L-myc genes is not related to colorectal cancer risk, but there is a synergy between H-ras and L-myc polymorphisms in the development of rectal cancer.

[Primary evaluation of a mass screening program for colorectal tumor in China].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a colorectal cancer screening program by tumor detection rate and discussing its application values. METHOD: In total, 43 713 subjects were recruited in the screening program who were the registered people aged 40 - 74 in Xiacheng and Jiashan during year 2007 - 2009. The first screening involved questionnaire survey of colorectal cancer related risk factors and fecal occult blood test (FOBT), colonoscopy was performed when a positive result was observed in the first screening. If polyps were found during colonoscopy, biopsy and pathological diagnosis were carried out. The screening data were analyzed and the tumor detection rate was calculated according to age or sex. RESULTS: 6489 subjects (14.85%) belonged to the high risk group of colorectal cancer in the first screening, in which 4701 subjects finished complete colonoscopy. Finally, 569 colorectal neoplasm were diagnosed, the detection rate was 12.10% (95%CI: 11.17% - 13.04%). It included 52 colorectal cancer (1.11%, 95%CI: 0.81% - 1.41%), 183 advanced adenoma (3.89%, 95%CI: 3.34% - 4.45%), 334 non-advanced adenoma (7.10%, 95%CI: 6.37% - 7.84%). The highest detective rate was observed in male group that aged 70 - 74 (22.81%, 95%CI: 16.98% - 28.70%), the lowest detective rate was observed in female group aged 40 - 44 (2.49%, 95%CI: 0.79% - 4.20%). CONCLUSION: The current colorectal cancer screening program in China works well, but the revision of the program is necessary.

[Expression of caspase apoptosis pathway genes mRNA in colorectal cancer and polyps].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate mRNA expression of caspase apoptosis pathway genes in colorectal cancer, polyps and normal mucosa. METHODS: Nineteen patients with colorectal cancer, 86 patients with polyps and 10 normal controls were enrolled from 2008 to 2010. Fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of caspase apoptosis pathway genes (caspase-2,-3,-6,-7,-8,-9 and -10) in colorectal cancer, polyps and normal mucosa. RESULT: There were no statistically significant differences of demographic characteristics between patients with colorectal cancer, patients with polyps and normal controls. Compared with normal control group, the mRNA expression of all selected genes except for caspase-3 were lower; however, the P values did not reach statistic significance. Highly positive correlations were observed between mRNA expression of all selected genes except caspase-9. CONCLUSION: There are no significant changes in mRNA expression levels of caspase apoptosis pathway genes from normal mucosa to polyps to cancer. The mRNA expressions of most caspase pathway genes are highly correlated with each other.

[Association of XPC gene polymorphisms with breast cancer risk].

OBJECTIVE: To access the association of xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) Lys939Gln (A/C) and Ala499Val (C/T) polymorphisms with breast cancer risk in a Chinese Han population. METHODS: 173 patients with breast cancer and 171 matched controls in terms of habitation and age (±5 years) were included in this population-based case-control study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was employed to genotyping the Lys939Gln and Ala499Val polymorphisms. Associations of genotypes of Lys939Gln and Ala499Val with breast cancer risk were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression model. Associations between XPC haplotypes and breast cancer risk were estimated by Haplo. Stats package. RESULT: No significant associations were observed both in individual SNPs and haplotype analyses. However, there was a significant interaction between XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism and menopausal status (P=0.032). CONCLUSION: The XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism may modulate breast cancer susceptibility jointly with the menopausal status.

[Association of CASP3 polymorphisms and its haplotypes with susceptibility of breast cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of Caspase3 (CASP3) polymorphisms with susceptibility of breast cancer in Chinese Han population. METHODS: In this population-based case-control study, 251 cases with breast cancers and 251 matched controls in terms of habitation and age (±5 years) were recruited. Rs4647693, rs2696056, rs4647610 were selected as TagSNPs in CASP3 gene and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The haplotype distribution was estimated and compared by PHASE software. RESULT: There was significant association between menarche age and breast cancer (P=0.007), as well as the early pregnancy age and breast cancer (P=0.002). No significant differences were detected in the distribution of CASP3 genotype and haplotype frequencies between breast cancer patients and controls. The GGA was the most common haplotype both in cases and controls. CONCLUSION: CASP3 polymorphisms and its haplotypes were not related to the susceptibility of breast cancer.

[Association of miR-605 and miR-149 genetic polymorphisms with related risk factors of lung cancer susceptibility].

OBJECTIVE: To explore association of miR-149 and miR-605 polymorphisms with other risk factors of lung cancer susceptibility among Chinese population. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-four patients with lung cancer and 243 cancer-free controls matched by age and sex were enrolled from 2002 to 2008. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from all subjects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of miR-149 and miR-605 were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Multiple-variable logistic regression model was used to assess the association of SNPs and cancer related risk factors for lung cancer. RESULT: There was not significant association of SNPs of miR-149 and miR-605 with lung cancer. A marginal significance was observed while the males with at least one G allele of miR-605 had higher risk of lung cancer (OR=1.5, 95% CI:1.0-2.3) than those with AA genotype. Increased frequency of smoking was associated with lung cancer risk. Compared with no-smoker, the subjects with <20 and >20 cigarettes/day had higher risk of lung cancer: OR (95%CI)=1.7(1.0-3.0) for <20 cigarettes, OR (95%CI)=4.2(2.3-7.6) for >20 cigarettes. There was no interaction between two genes and smoking on lung cancer. CONCLUSION: miR-149 polymorphisms may not affect lung cancer susceptibility. miR-605 gene mutant might be increase the risk of lung cancer among males. Cigarette smoking increased a risk of lung cancer, but there were not interactive effects between two gene and smoking on lung cancer.

[Optimization of sequential screening scheme in prevention of colorectal neoplasm].

OBJECTIVE: To improve early diagnosis rate and reduce the incidence rate of colorectal cancer, through the application of optimized sequential screening scheme for colorectal neoplasm in general population. METHODS: Quantitative risk assessment by questionnaires survey and fecal occult blood test (FOBT) were used to proceed preliminary screening among people aged 40 to 74. Electronic colonoscopy was applied to examine the whole colon and rectum among identified high-risk subjects. The detected cases received treatment for colorectal cancer, adenomatous polyps or non-adenomatous polyps. The early diagnosis rate and incidence rate of colorectal cancer were evaluated and compared with those before screening. RESULT: With application of optimized sequential screening schemes, various types of colorectal lesions were detected in 1 117 subjects, including 69 cases of colorectal cancer, 701 cases of colorectal adenoma and 211 cases of advanced adenoma. The early diagnosis rate of colorectal cancer was increased by 58.19%, and its incidence rate also decreased significantly. CONCLUSION: The optimized sequential screening scheme is simple, economical, efficient in colorectal cancer screening of general population.

[Association between HRE-2 gene polymorphism at codon 655 and genetic susceptibility of colorectal cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the distribution of HER-2 genetic polymorphism at codon 655 and its association with susceptibility of colorectal cancer in Chinese. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was carried out. 292 patients with colorectal cancer and 842 healthy controls were interviewed. Meanwhile, the genetic polymorphism of HRE-2 was detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: The frequencies of Ile/Val+Val/Val genotypes and Val allele were both higher in cases (25.34% and 13.36%) than those in controls (18.41% and 9.74%) (P<0.05). Compared with Ile/Ile genotype, Ile/Val+Val/Val genotypes were significantly associated with colorectal cancer [ORadjusted=1.54, 95% CI: 1.11-2.14]. The adjusted odds ratio of interactions between this polymorphism and smoking, alcohol drinking were 1.43 (95%CI: 0.88-2.30) and 1.29 (95%CI: 0.73-2.29), respectively. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that HER-2 genetic polymorphism at codon 655 may be associated with the risk of colorectal cancer in Chinese. In addition, there are no interactions between this polymorphism and smoking, alcohol drinking, respectively.

[Electrochemical behaviour of the adriamycin on the cobalt nanoparticles modified ITO electrode].

A cobalt nanoparticles modified ITO electrode (NpCo/ITO) was prepared by casting cobalt nanoparticles onto ITO electrode and the cobalt nanoparticles were synthesized by NaHB4 reduction. The electrochemical behaviors of adriamycin (ADM) on NpCo/ITO were studied. The modified ITO electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In a 0.01 mol L(-1) PBS (pH 8.0) buffer solution, a sensitive reduction peak of ADM was obtained. A linear relationship is held between the peak current and ADM concentration in the range of 1.0 x 10(-8) - 2.0 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) with detection of 5.0 x 10(-9) mol L(-1)- by cyclic voltammetry (CV) response. The reduction process was irreversible with adsorption at the NpCo/ITO electrode. The modified electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the ADM electrochemical reduction.

[Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in DNA repair gene XRCC1 with susceptibility of breast cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the contribution of the three most common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in XRCC1 gene, C26304T, G27466A and G28152A, to susceptibility of breast cancer in Chinese Han population. METHODS: In this population-based case control study, 84 cases with breast cancer and 252 controls, matched to the cases in terms of habitation and age (5 years), were genotyped for the XRCC1 C26304T, G27466A and G28152A polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. The haplotype distribution was estimated and compared by EH linkage software 1. 2. RESULT: The distribution of basic characteristics, such as age, alcohol drinking, the family history of malignancy in first and second relatives except cigarette smoking, were not significantly different between cases and controls. However, the percentage of ever or current smokers was significantly higher in cases (7.1%) than that in controls (2.0%). The distributions of allelotype and genotype of C26304T, G27466A and G28152A polymorphisms were also not significantly different between cases and controls. There was no significant association between the risk of breast cancer and these three SNPs of XRCC1 gene. The genetic linkage disequilibrium existed in these three polymorphic sites both in cases and controls, in which the CGG, CGA, CAG and TGG haplotypes were the most common. There was also no significant association of XRCC1 haplotype with risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSION: XRCC1 C26304T, G27466A and G28152A SNPs may not be associated with the susceptibility of breast cancer. The CGG, CGA, CAG and TGG haplotypes might be the most common haplotypes in Chinese Han population.

[Electrochemical behavior of daunorubicin at Co/GC ion implantation modified electrode and the application of the electrode].

AIM: To study the electrochemical behavior of daunorubicin at Co/GC ion implantation modified electrode. METHODS: With Co/GC ion implantation modified electrode as working electrode, daunorubicin was determined by voltammetry in 0.05 mol x L(-1) Na2HPO4-KH2PO4 (pH 6.82) solution. RESULTS: A sensitive reductive peak of daunorubicin was obtained by linear sweep voltammetry. The peak potential was -0.60 V (vs SCE). The peak current was proportional to the concentration of daunorubicin over the range of 2.84 x 10(-8) - 1.42 x 10(-6) mol x L(-1) and 1.42 x 10(-6) - 1.28 x 10(-5) mol x L(-1) with the detection limit of 1.42 x 10(-8) mol x L(-1). The reduction wave was applied to the determination of daunorubicin. The electrochemical behavior and reaction mechanism were studied by linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry. CONCLUSION: The reduction process was quasi-reversible with adsorption characteristics.