ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the progression of myopia in school-age children over the past 12 years and factors influencing myopia progression. METHODS: A total of 4569 cases of 5 to 12-year-old children who had refractive examinations in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University between January 2000 and December 2011 were enrolled in this study. The children had no family history of congenital high myopia or other eye diseases. Myopia progression was evaluated when the children were re-examined. The refractive state of each child was measured with cyclopiegic retinoscopy. RESULTS: The mean spherical equivalent (SE) myopia was-2.0±1.7 D between January 2000 and December 2011. There was no statistical difference in yearly myopia progression between different years. The average age of the myopic children decreased from 10.1 in 2000 to 8.9 years old in 2011 (P<0.05). Mean myopia progression was -0.6±0.7 D per year from 2000 to 2011. Myopia progression reduced gradually in 5 to 8-year-olds (P<0.05), however, it accelerated between ages 9 and 11 years. Myopia progression in 10- and 11-year-olds was significantly greater than in 7- and 8-year-olds (P<0.01). The multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that age and baseline myopic refraction were positively related to myopia progression. CONCLUSIONS: There was no obvious change in the yearly myopia progression of the children over the past 12 years. The mean age of myopia occurrence became younger with time. More preventive measures are needed to ward off high myopia in children with moderate myopia, especially those aged over 10 years.
Subject(s)
Myopia/etiology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Linear Models , Male , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
AIM: To reveal the classification of lymphocytes and expression of cytokines infiltrating in HCC, and investigate the significance of changes of immune microenvironment in HCC. METHODS: 76 tumor and non-tumor tissues of HCC were collected to detect the amount of immune cells in the tissues by FCM and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Th1/Th2 cytokines in tissues were detected by Cytometric bead array (CBA), and TGF-1, VEGF detected by ELISA. RESULTS: There were more CD3(+); T cells, CD4(+); Th cells, Treg cells, and CD45RO(+); memory T cells in tumors than in non-tumor tissues. On the contrary there were less CD8(+); CTLs in tumors. There was negative correlation between Treg and Th or CTL cells. CD69, which is the early activating factor, expressed less on CD3(+); T cells and NK cells in tumors than non-tumor tissues. Whereas HLA-DR, which is the late activating factor, expressed more on CD3(+); T cells in tumors than non-tumor tissues. More IL-10, TGF-1 and VEGF were secreted in tumors than non-tumor tissues. CONCLUSION: Along with the decrease of effective immune cells and increase of suppressor immune cells and cytokines, the lymphocytes infiltrating in the tumor were immune incompitence, which contributed to the tumorigenesis.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology , Cytokines/metabolism , Liver Neoplasms/immunology , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Female , Humans , Liver Neoplasms/metabolism , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Th1 Cells/immunology , Th2 Cells/immunology , Young AdultABSTRACT
One new nucleoside derivative, named 3-acetyl-5-methyl-2'-deoxyuridine (1), along with two known compounds 3,5-dimethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (2) and 3-methyl-2'-deoxyuridine (3), were isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces microflavus. This strain was an associated actinomycete isolated from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis collected from the coast of Dalian (China). Their structures were elucidated by detailed NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis as well as comparison with literature data.
