[Integration of clinical significance and statistical significance on clinical study results categorization: a Meta-epidemiology study].

Objective: Statistical significance plays an important role in the interpretation of clinical trial results. However, on the basis of obtaining statistical significance, the assessment of clinical significance is often neglected. This study attempted to propose a simple and unambiguous new classification method for study results, focusing on studies with statistical positive findings to evaluate whether the results have clinical significance. Methods: Our study subjects were the clinical studies in 2019 ACC and ESC annual meetings. Meta-epidemiology methods were used to extract the characteristic variable from each study. The primary evaluation indicators included target effect-size and observed effect-size. Based on the difference between the two indicators, the studies that had statistical significance were subdivided to identify studies with possible insufficient clinical significance; Furthermore, the theoretical threshold based on power analysis was proposed, which was used as the basis for the interpretation of study results. Results: There were 12 clinical studies included in the final analysis. All of them were published on top journals. Those studies had relative high quality on both study design and reporting. The correlation coefficient between the observed and target effect-size was 0.892. Among the 7 studies with statistical significance, two of them were classified as insufficient clinical significance. The counts was 1 (1/3) and 1 (1/4) for the studies reported in ACC and ESC respectively. Conclusions: The achievement of clinical significance is critical even in the study with positive results. This paper proposes a new classification standard that combines clinical significance with statistical significance and further suggests a method to evaluate the reliability of clinical study results in order to assist researchers in identifying potential risks caused by insufficient clinical significance, and provide some reference and help for the reasonable interpretation of clinical study results.

Differentially Expressed Homologous Genes Reveal Interspecies Differences of Paragonimus Proliferus based on Transcriptome Analysis.

Paragonimus proliferus (P. proliferus), one of 46 Paragonimus species registered in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, may be much more widely distributed in Southeast Asia than previously thought, as its reported natural foci have increased in the past decades. However, very little is known about its molecular biology, especially at the transcriptome level. For the first time, the transcriptome of this species was sequenced and compared with four other common Paragonimus species, namely Paragonimus skrjabini, Paragonimus kellicotti, Paragonimus miyazakii, and Paragonimus westermani, to predict homologous genes and differentially expressed homologous genes to explore interspecies differences of Paragonimus proliferus. A total of 7393 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed. Of these, 49 were considered to be core genes because they were differentially expressed in all four comparison groups. Annotations revealed that these genes were related mainly to "duplication, transcription, or translation", energy or nutrient metabolism, and parasitic growth, proliferation, motility, invasion, adaptation to the host, or virulence. Interestingly, a majority (5601/7393) of the identified genes, and in particular the core genes (48/49), were expressed at lower levels in P. proliferus. The identified genes may play essential roles in the biological differences between Paragonimus species. This work provides fundamental background information for further research into the molecular biology of P. proliferus.

Analysis of Driver-Passenger Relationship and Restoration of Accident Process Based on 3D Laser Scanning Technology.

ABSTRACT: Objective To discuss the application of 3D laser scanner and computer technology in restoration of the accident scene and reconstruction of the accident process, as well as identification of the driver-passenger relationship. Methods The scene of a traffic accident, the accident vehicle and the vehicle of the same type as accident vehicle were scanned using 3D laser scanner. The accident scene, traces and accident vehicle were integrated using computer technology to restore the accident scene, and the accident process was reconstructed and analyzed by combining the characteristics of the body injuries. Results By restoring the accident scene and reconstructing the accident process with 3D laser scanner, it was determined that Wu was in the driving seat at the time of the accident. Conclusion It is more objective and scientific to use 3D laser scanning technology to restore the accident scene, reconstruct the accident process and analyze the moving track of the driver and passengers in the vehicle. It will help to improve the accuracy of forensic identification of road traffic accidents.

Biology and applications of Clonostachys rosea.

Clonostachys rosea is a promising saprophytic filamentous fungus that belongs to phylum Ascomycota. Clonostachys rosea is widespread around the world and exists in many kinds of habitats, with the highest frequency in soil. As an excellent mycoparasite, C. rosea exhibits strong biological control ability against numerous fungal plant pathogens, nematodes and insects. These behaviours are based on the activation of multiple mechanisms such as secreted cell-wall-degrading enzymes, production of antifungal secondary metabolites and induction of plant defence systems. Besides having significant biocontrol activity, C. rosea also functions in the biodegradation of plastic waste, biotransformation of bioactive compounds, as a bioenergy sources and in fermentation. This mini review summarizes information about the biology and various applications of C. rosea and expands on its possible uses.

[Prognosis factors analysis of 56 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma originating from the nasopharynx].

Objective:To investigate the prognosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma originating from the nasopharynx.Method:The clinical data of 56 patients with a primary diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma originating from the nasopharynx treated between January 2010 and December 2015 were studied.The association between clinical parameters and survival rate was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model.Result:The 1,3,5-year overall survival were 91.1%, 73.1%,and 49.6% respectively.Single factor analysis displayed that age,Ann-Arbor staging,iactate dehydrogenase,combined with B symptoms at the time of diagnosis,international prognostic index and the expression level of Ki-67 were related to the prognosis factors.Multivariate analysis showed that the international prognostic index greater than or equal to 2 points and the positive rate of Ki-67 greater than or equal to 60% were the independent risk factors for the prognosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma originating from the nasopharynx.Conclusion:International prognostic index and the expression level of Ki-67 may be independent prognostic factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma originating from the nasopharynx.

[A retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of imatinib in children with chronic myeloid leukemia during chronic phase].

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of imatinib in the treatment of newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia during chronic phase (CML-CP) in children and to analyze the difference of the efficacy and safety between imported original imatinib (Gleevec) and domestic generic imatinib (Xinwei). Methods: Clinical data of 35 children with newly diagnosed CML-CP in Beijing Children's Hospital from January 2014 to January 2018 were collected, among which 15 cases were treated with the imported original imatinib (original drug group) and 20 cases were treated with the domestic generic imatinib (generic drug group). The hematological, cytogenetic and molecular reactions and safety of the treatments were monitored at months 3, 6 and 12. Chi square test or rank sum test was used for the comparison between two groups. Results: A total of 35 cases were treated for over 3 months, 31 cases were treated for over 6 months and 25 cases were treated for over 12 months. At 3 months, main cytogenetic response was obtained in 15 (100%) cases in the original drug group and 16 (80%) cases in the generic drug group respectively (χ(2)=3.387, P=0.119). At 6 months, complete cytogenetic response was obtained in 12 (80%) cases in the original drug group and 10 (63%) cases in the generic drug group (χ(2)=1.435, P=0.390). At 12 months, BCR-ABL(IS) ≤ 0.1% was obtained in 11 (92%) cases in the original drug group and 10 (77%) cases in the generic drug group (χ(2)=1.009, P=0.593). There was no significant difference at all stages (all P>0.05). Hematologic toxicity occurred in 7(20%) cases. The non-hematologic adverse reactions include nausea in 8 (23%) cases, pain in 8 (23%) cases, edema in 6 (17%) cases, emesis in 2 (6%) cases, fever in 2 (6%) cases, weakness in 1 (3%) case, rash in 1 (3%) case. The adverse reactions were easy to control and no drug toxicity related deaths occurred. There was no significant difference in the adverse reactions between original drug group and generic drug group (P>0.05). Conclusions: Imatinib had a good efficacy and safety in the early treatment of newly diagnosed CML-CP in children. The efficacy and safety of generic imatinib is similar to that of imported imatinib.

[Experience on postoperative complications of laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy].

Objective: To summarize the incidence and characteristics of postoperative complications after laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy(LPD), and to share our experience on management of complications. Methods: The clinical data of 320 LPD performed by a single team in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital between September 2012 and September 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, among which there were 196 males and 124 females with age of (60.2±11.6) years old.There were 306 patients who underwent standard LPD, and 14 patients who underwent extended LPD. The patients were divided into 2 groups of former 160 LPD and later 160 LPD according to the time order. By analyzing the differences of clinical outcomes between the two groups, especially focusing on the incidence of postoperative complications.The experience on management of complications was concluded. The prior surgical history of latter group was significantly higher than the former group(30.0%(48/160)vs. 18.8%(30/160), χ(2)=5.49, P=0.019), and the rest of baseline characteristics remained the comparable (P>0.05). For resectable lesions, LPD was performed by "No back" approach, following the principle of "From distal to cephalad, from ventral to dorsal, and from left to right" . As for the borderline resectable patients, LPD was performed by "Easy first" strategy. Student t test, χ(2) test or Fisher test was used to analyzed the data between the two groups respectively. Results: Of 320 LPD patients, 306 cases underwent standard LPD, 14 cases underwent LPD with resection of other organs.There were 278 LPD cases who followed "No back" approach, and 42 cases who followed "Easy first" strategy because of difficulty in creating the retro-pancreatic tunnel. And the overall morbidity was 32.2%(103/320) with reoperation rate of 5.3%(17/320). The perioperative mortality was 0.6%(2/320). The operation time of latter group was ((346.6±48.8)minutes), which was shorter than that of former group((358.0±54.4)minutes)(t=1.97, P=0.048). The blood loss of former and latter group remained comparable((207.9±135.8)ml vs.(189.6±121.4)ml, P=0.205). However, in subgroup analysis, the patients with blood loss less <200 ml of latter group decreased significantly from 59.4%(95/160) to 47.5%(76/160)(χ(2)=4.53, P=0.033). The overall morbidity of latter group was 28.8%(46/160), indicated a decrease from 35.6%(57/160) of former group without significant difference(P=0.188). Moreover, Grade A/B/C pancreatic fistula rate, Grade A/C bile leakage rate, Grade B/C postoperative hemorrhage rate of the later group tended to decrease, although they also didn't reach a significant difference. However, the abdominal infection rate decreased significantly(χ(2)=3.93, P=0.047). The length of hospital stay remained comparable(P=0.156). Conclusions: The most common complications after LPD were postoperative hemorrhage and pancreatic fistula. With specialized team and accumulated experience, the morbidity can decrease progressively by analyzing the leading cause and improving the technical skills.

[CD23 on B cells determines Breg-facilitated IL-10 secretion as well as activation of T cells].

Objective:To explore whether or not the IL-10 mediated by Bregs modulate the secreting T cells activation by the anti-CD23 antibody, to find a new target for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Method:The rat model of allergic rhinitis was established. Anti-CD23 antibody was used to observe the behavioral changes, passive skin allergen test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry serological indicators, systemic and nasal mucosa. Result:Compared with the blank control group, allergic rhinitis group rats sneezing, flexible nose, runny nose, subcutaneous mass increases;The levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and Bregs in blood decreased, the levels of IL-4, CD23+ B cells and CD4+ T cells increased;Nasal mucosa CD23 fluorescence intensity increased, CD19 and IL-10 fluorescence intensity decreased. Compared with the allergic rhinitis group, the number of sneezing, the frequency of nasal flexion, the symptoms of runny nose and the subcutaneous mass in the antibody intervention group were significantly improved;The levels of IL-10 in the blood, IFN-γ, the percentage of Bregs cells in whole blood increased, the levels of IL-4, CD23+ B cells and CD4+ T cells decreased;Nasal mucosa CD23 fluorescence intensity decreased, CD19 and IL-10 fluorescence intensity increased. There is little difference between the two routes of administration. Conclusion:The enhanced expression of CD23 on B cells is involved in the development of allergic rhinitis. The anti-CD23 antibody may control the symptoms and signs of allergic rhinitis. There is no significant difference between subcutaneous administration and improved nasal-drip way. As the preferred method of anti-CD23 antibody application, anti-CD23 is expected to become a new method to control and treat allergic rhinitis. Anti-CD23 antibodies can exert a therapeutic effect by T cell activation,which rely on the Bregs-mediated secretion of IL-10.

G-CSF Indirectly Induces Apoptosis of Osteoblasts During Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization.

The objective of this study was to explore the mechanism underlying osteoblast suppression in the process of hematopoietic stem cells mobilization induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The apoptosis of human and mouse osteoblasts was examined by detecting caspase 3. The levels of serum DKK1 and osteocalcin in the supernatant of co-culture of mouse osteoblasts and mouse bone marrow nucleated cells were measured. The number of mouse osteoblasts co-cultured with mouse bone marrow nucleated cells was measured and the osteocalcin mRNA level was also measured. The G-CSF-induced decrease in osteoblast function was partly due to the apoptosis of osteoblasts. There was no significant difference in the level of serum DKK1 in healthy donors before and 5 days after mobilization. The osteocalcin gene and protein expression was significantly different in co-cultured osteoblasts with bone marrow nucleated cells treated with and without G-CSF. Osteoblasts undergo apoptosis during mobilization and G-CSF affects osteoblasts through bone marrow nucleated cells.

Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on glucose metabolism and liver injury in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2-DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. T2-DM patients suffer from many complications, such as diabetic fatty liver and diabetic nephropathy. The liver, the pivotal organ involved in both glucose and lipid metabolism, is primarily damaged in T2-DM patients, especially in those with high levels of blood lipid. In this study, the hepatoprotective activity of ginsenoside Rg1 was investigated in a T2-DM rat model. The results revealed a potent hepatoprotective effect of ginsenoside Rg1. This effect was primarily mediated by the antiapoptotic effect, inhibition of JNK activity, and suppression of inflammation after ginsenoside Rg1 treatment. Ginsenoside Rg1 also lowered the blood glucose level and insulin resistance index in T2-DM rats. Moreover, the blood lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels) and liver function (aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels) improved after ginsenoside Rg1 treatment. The aforementioned hepatoprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in the T2-DM rat model suggests its clinical potential as an adjuvant drug for T2-DM therapy, especially for T2-DM patients with fatty liver disease.

[Preventive effect of mecobalamin combined with glutathione on neurotoxicity induced by FOLFOX4 chemotherapy].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the preventive effect of mecobalamin combined with glutathione on neurotoxicity induced by FOLFOX4 chemotherapy. METHODS: Ninety-four patients receiving FOLFOX4 chemotherapy between January 2012 and December 2013 were randomized into experimental group and control group. Patients in the experimental group were given mecobalamin tablets and glutathione injection during chemotherapy while the patients in control group received glutathione injection only. The status of neurotoxicity was evaluated by the Levi neurotoxicity criteria 1992. RESULTS: After six cycles of chemotherapy, the incidence of grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ neurotoxicity in the experimental and control groups were 34.7% (17/49) and 55.6%(25/45), respectively (P=0.042), the incidence of grade Ⅲ neurotoxicity in the experimental and control groups were 2.0%(1/49) and 13.3%(6/45), the difference is also statistically significant (P=0.037). After nine cycles of chemotherapy, significantly less grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ neurotoxicity was observed in the experimental group (44.6%) than that in the control group(70.3%, P=0.019). Incidence of grade Ⅲ neurotoxicity in the experimental group was significantly lower(4.26%) than that in the control group(18.9%, P=0.031). CONCLUSION: Mecobalamin combined with glutathione can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of neurotoxicity induced by FOLFOX4 chemotherapy, therefore, worthy of clinical application.

Emergence of room-temperature ferroelectricity at reduced dimensions.

The enhancement of the functional properties of materials at reduced dimensions is crucial for continuous advancements in nanoelectronic applications. Here, we report that the scale reduction leads to the emergence of an important functional property, ferroelectricity, challenging the long-standing notion that ferroelectricity is inevitably suppressed at the scale of a few nanometers. A combination of theoretical calculations, electrical measurements, and structural analyses provides evidence of room-temperature ferroelectricity in strain-free epitaxial nanometer-thick films of otherwise nonferroelectric strontium titanate (SrTiO3). We show that electrically induced alignment of naturally existing polar nanoregions is responsible for the appearance of a stable net ferroelectric polarization in these films. This finding can be useful for the development of low-dimensional material systems with enhanced functional properties relevant to emerging nanoelectronic devices.

The role of 3D computed tomography (CT) imaging in the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration in children.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of FBA in children and to decrease the rate of misdiagnosis, missed diagnosis and morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the clinical features and the three-dimensional reconstructed CT images of 590 children with foreign body aspiration (FBA) in the Xuzhou area of the Jiangsu province. RESULTS: CT imaging revealed common complications of FBA including emphysema (n = 379), pneumonia (n = 174), and atelectasis (n = 26). The remaining 120 patients had no visible complications on the three-dimensional reconstructed CT images. Serious complications including pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumatorrhachis could also be observed. The types of foreign bodies were diverse: the most common were peanuts and sunflower seeds. The diagnostic accuracy of the three-dimensional CT imaging was high, with a sensitivity and specificity of 99.83% and 99.89%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 3D CT imaging is an accurate, non-invasive technique to evaluate children with suspected FBA that can help decrease the rate of misdiagnosis and eliminate a delay in treatment for this potentially life-threatening condition.

Magnetic resonance venography in the diagnosis of inferior vena cava obstruction in Budd-Chiari syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the informativeness of magnetic resonance venography (MRV) in the diagnosis of different types of inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 56 patients with IVC obstruction underwent MRV scans. These scans were evaluated for morphology of the obstruction and compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images. RESULTS: Using DSA, we determined that 47 patients had complete obstruction and 9 had partial obstruction. MRV scans revealed 6 cases of partial obstruction. Using MRV, we determined the morphology of the proximal and distal ends of the complete obstructions in the IVC. We classified our observations into cone, plateau, and irregular subtypes. Both DSA and MRV scans were compared to assess the consistency between two methods. MRV demonstrated high sensitivity (100%) for diagnosing a complete obstruction of the IVC, and its specificity was 66.7%. The positive and negative predictive values of MRV were 94% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MRV imaging is a valuable alternative to DSA for detection of obstructions in the IVC in Budd-Chiari syndrome, particularly in the distal end, which could expedite the decision making for interventional treatment programmes. However, MRV imaging is less suitable for observing the morphology of the proximal ends of obstructions due to the limitations of the scanning plane and the influence of pseudo shadows.

Comparative proteomic analysis of cauliflower under high temperature and flooding stresses.

High-temperature and waterlogging are major abiotic stresses that affect the yield and quality of cauliflower. Cauliflower cultivars 'H41' and 'H69' are tolerant to high temperature and flooding, respectively; however, 'H71' is sensitive to both stresses. The objectives of this study were to identify the proteins that were differentially regulated and the physiological changes that occurred during different time periods in 'H41', 'H69', and 'H71' when responding to treatments of flooding, 40 °C, and both stresses combined. Changes in the leaf proteome were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and identified by Mascot peptide mass fingerprint (PMF) and database searching. Stress treatments caused significant reductions in electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, chlorophyll content, and water potential as stress times were prolonged. By the comparative proteomic analysis, 85 protein peaks that were differentially expressed in response to combination treatments at 0, 6, and 24 h, 69 (33 in 'H41', 29 in 'H69', and 9 in 'H71') were identified, of which were cultivar specific. Differentially regulated proteins predominantly functioned in photosynthesis and to a lesser extent in energy metabolism, cellular homeostasis, transcription and translation, signal transduction, and protein biosynthesis. This is the first report that utilizes proteomics to discover changes in the protein expression profile of cauliflower in response to heat and flooding.

Effects of culture conditions on spore types of Clonostachys rosea 67-1 in submerged fermentation.

UNLABELLED: The promising biocontrol isolate Clonostachys rosea 67-1 was investigated to clarify the effects of culture conditions on chlamydospore production in submerged fermentation. Culture conditions significantly affected both performance and types of C. rosea sporulation. C. rosea 67-1 was hard to generate chlamydospores under conventional conditions. However, the proportion of resistant spores increased to 17·4 and 15·5% in PD and rice meal media, respectively, in 8 days. Chlamydospore productivity was boosted (>threefold) with the addition of 50-200 mg l(-1) CuSO4 . The pH of the medium played a vital role in 67-1 sporulation. The percentage of chlamydospores decreased rapidly with increased pH (88·1% at pH 3·0 to 1·0% at pH 6·5). The optimal pH for conidia production was 6·0-6·5, at which chlamydospore forming was strongly inhibited. Regulating pH during fermentation contributed to improving output and proportion of resistant spores. When 67-1 was inoculated into broth with an initial pH of 6·5, followed by adjustment to pH 3·5 after 48 h, the number of chlamydospores reached 1·1 × 10(8) ml(-1). The impact of temperature and rotational speed was also analysed; an ultimate capacity of chlamydospores was achieved at 30°C and the speed above 120 rev min(-1) (P < 0·05). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Clonostachys rosea is one of the most promising biocontrol agents in countering many plant fungal diseases. However, large-scale production and commercialization are hampered by the lack of understanding of the impacts of culture conditions on performance and types of C. rosea sporulation and subsequently inadequate research on the techniques for chlamydospore production. In addressing these concerns, this study provides a unique insight into the manipulation of C. rosea sporulation and chlamydospore fermentation of the biocontrol fungus.

Significant variation of surface spin polarization through group IV atom (C, Si, Ge, Sn) adsorption on Fe3O4(100).

The adsorption of group IV atoms (C, Si, Ge, Sn) on the magnetite Fe3O4(100) surface is investigated by density functional theory calculations. All these atoms prefer to bond to the surface oxygen atom which has no tetrahedral Fe(A) neighbor. The spin-up surface states of clean Fe3O4(100) are completely removed and half-metallicity is recovered by C adsorption. The spin-up band gap of the C-adsorbed Fe3O4(100) surface is wider than that of the H-adsorbed one and closer to the value of bulk Fe3O4. For the adsorption of other group IV atoms, the adsorbate-substrate interaction decreases and the adsorbate-adsorbate interaction increases with the increase of atomic number Z. As a consequence, the spin polarization varies from -99.4% (C adsorption) to +44.2% (Sn adsorption) for the electronic states of the adsorbed atom integrated from -0.5 eV to the Fermi level. The ability to tune the surface spin polarization by the choice of adsorbate is of significance for magnetite-based spintronic devices.

Establishment of an acute rejection model by transplanting both renal grafts into two different rats using a modified method of ureterovesical anastomosis.

OBJECTIVE: To establish an acute rejection model after kidney transplantation in the rat using a modified method of ureterovesical anastomosis. METHODS: Thirty-nine Wistar rat donors, were transplanted into 70 male SD rats. Wistar rats (group 1; n = 18) underwent harvest of both kidneys, cold perfusion, and transplantation into 36 SD rats. Wistar rats (group 2; n = 18) underwent left kidney harvest, cold perfusion and transplantation into 18 SD rats. Groups 1 and 2 did not receive immunosuppression after transplantation. Six kidneys were harvested from 3 Wistar rats (group 3), were transplanted into 6 SD rats that were treated with CsA (5 mg/kg per day) postoperatively, and humanely killed at 21 days. There were 10 SD in sham operated rats (group 4). The renal allograft vein was end-to-end anastomosed to the recipient renal vein using an epidural catheter. The renal allograft was anastomosed end-to-side to the recipient abdominal aorta with an abdominal aortic flap. The renal allograft ureterovesical flap was directly inserted into the recipient bladder, and attached by 4-5 interrupted sutures. The recipient's right kidney vessels were ligated at 3 days postoperatively. RESULTS: The success rates were 91.7% and 88.9% in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Except for the time for removal of the renal allografts, the operative durations and warm ischemia times differed insignificantly between both groups (P > .05). Blood creatinine levels increased significantly after kidney transplantation in groups 1 and 2 compared with the sham operated and CsA-treated cohorts (P < .01), but insignificantly between groups 1 and 2 (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: A dual renal allograft model was established in the rat using a modified ureterovesical anastomosis. The technique can be reproduced reliably, reducing costs and shorten using overall operative duration.