A 1.11 mm2 IVUS SoC with ±50°-Range Plane Wave Transmit Beamforming at 40 MHz.

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging catheters are significant tools for cardiovascular interventions, and their use can be expanded by realizing IVUS imaging guidewires and microcatheters. The miniaturization of these devices creates challenges in SNR due to the need for higher frequencies to provide adequate resolution. An integrated IVUS system with transmit beamforming can mitigate these limitations. This work presents the first practical highly integrated system-on-a-chip (SoC) with plane wave transmit beamforming at 40 MHz for IVUS on guidewire or microcatheters. The front-end circuitry has a 20-channel ultrasound transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) array interfaced with a capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer (CMUT) array. During each firing, all 20 Tx are excited with the same analog delay with respect to each other, which can be continuously adjusted between ~0 and 10 ns in two directions, generating a steerable plane wave in a range of ±/-50° for a phased array at 40 MHz. The unit delays are generated via a voltage-controlled delay line (VCDL), which only needs two external controls, one tuning the unit delay and the other determining the steering direction. The SoC is fabricated using a 180-nm high-voltage (HV) CMOS process and features a slender active area of 0.3 mm × 3.7 mm. The proposed SoC consumes 31.3 mW during the receiving mode. The beamformer's functionality and the SoC's overall performance were validated through acoustic characterization and imaging experiments.

Sustainable inflammatory activation following spinal cord injury is driven by thrombin-mediated dynamic expression of astrocytic chemokines.

Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) always results in sustainable recruitment of inflammatory cells driven by sequentially generated chemokines, thereby eliciting excessive neuroinflammation. However, the underlying mechanism of temporally produced chemokines remains elusive. Reactive astrocytes are known to be the main sources of chemokines at the lesion site, which can be immediately activated by thrombin following SCI. In the present study, SCI was shown to induce a sequential production of chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 from astrocytes, which were associated with a persistent infiltration of macrophages/microglia. The rapidly induced CCL2 and later induced CCL5 from astrocytes were regulated by thrombin at the damaged tissues. Investigation of the regulatory mechanism revealed that thrombin facilitated astrocytic CCL2 production through activation of ERK/JNK/NFκB pathway, whereas promoted CCL5 production through PLCß3/NFκB and ERK/JNK/NFκB signal pathway. Inhibition of thrombin activity significantly decreased production of astrocytic CCL2 and CCL5, and reduced the accumulation of macrophages/microglia at the lesion site. Accordingly, the locomotor function of rats was remarkably improved. The present study has provided a new regulatory mechanism on thrombin-mediated sequential production of astrocytic chemokines, which might be beneficial for clinical therapy of CNS neuroinflammation.

HIF-1α promotes astrocytic production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor following spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important mediator of neuropathology in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, little is known about its inducers for production from the nerve cells, as well as the underlying regulatory mechanism. Injury-induced HIF-1α has been shown to exacerbate neuroinflammation by activating multiple downstream target molecules. It is postulated that HIF-1α is involved in the regulation of MIF following spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: SCI model of Sprague-Dawley rats was established by cord contusion at T8-T10. The dynamic changes of HIF-1α and MIF protein levels at lesion site of rat spinal cord were determined by Western blot. The specific cell types of HIF-1α and MIF expression were examined by immunostaining. Primary astrocytes were isolated from the spinal cord, cultured and stimulated with various agonist or inhibitor of HIF-1α for analysis of HIF-1α-mediated expression of MIF. Luciferase report assay was used to determine the relationship between HIF-1α and MIF. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale was used to assess the locomotor function following SCI. RESULTS: The protein levels of HIF-1α and MIF at lesion site were significantly elevated by SCI. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that both HIF-1α and MIF were abundantly expressed in the astrocytes of the spinal cord. By using various agonists or inhibitors of HIF-1α, it was shown that HIF-1α sufficiently induced astrocytic production of MIF. Mechanistically, HIF-1α promoted MIF expression through interaction with MIF promoter. Inhibition of HIF-1α activity using specific inhibitor markedly reduced the protein levels of MIF at lesion site following SCI, which in turn favored for the functional recovery. CONCLUSION: SCI-induced activation of HIF-1α is able to promote MIF production from astrocytes. Our results have provided new clues for SCI-induced production of DAMPs, which may be helpful for clinical treatment of neuroinflammation.

SCREENING OF POTENTIAL CORE GENES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF ADULT PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS BASED ON TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION FUNCTION.

ABSTRACT: Objective: The aim of the study is to screen transcription factor genes related to the prognosis of adult patients with sepsis. Methods: Twenty-three patients with sepsis and 10 healthy individuals admitted for RNA-seq. Differential factors were enriched by four transcription factor databases, and survival analysis was adopted for core factors. Then, target genes were submitted to STRING to constitute the protein-protein interaction network. Single-cell technology was used to localize cell lines. Finally, a transcription-target gene regulation network was constituted. Results: A total of 4,224 differentially expressed genes were obtained between sepsis and normal control groups. Protein-protein interaction results showed that FOXO3, NFKB1, SPI1, STAT5A, and PPARA were located in the center of the network. Target genes were related to cytokine-mediated signaling pathway and transcription regulator activity, etc. SPI1 was mainly located in monocyte cell lines, while FOXO3, PPARA, SP1, STAT3, and USF1 were expressed in monocyte cell lines, NK-T cell lines, and B cell lines. Compared with those in the control group, FOXO3, SP1, SPI1, STAT3, and USF1 were highly expressed in the sepsis group, while PPARA had low expression. Conclusions: Transcription factors, such as FOXO3, PPARA, SP1, SPI1, STAT3, and USF1, are correlated with the prognosis of sepsis patients and thus may have a potential research value. Clinical Trial Registration: The clinical trial registration number is ChiCTR1900021261.

Endothelial FGFR1 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1) Deficiency Contributes Differential Fibrogenic Effects in Kidney and Heart of Diabetic Mice.

Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been shown to contribute to organ fibrogenesis. We have reported that N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl- lysyl-proline (AcSDKP) restored levels of diabetes mellitus-suppressed FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1), the endothelial receptor essential for combating EndMT. However, the molecular regulation and biological/pathological significance of the AcSDKP-FGFR1 relationship has not been elucidated yet. Here, we demonstrated that endothelial FGFR1 deficiency led to AcSDKP-resistant EndMT and severe fibrosis associated with EndMT-stimulated fibrogenic programming in neighboring cells. Diabetes mellitus induced severe kidney fibrosis in endothelial FGFR1-deficient mice (FGFR1fl/fl; VE-cadherin-Cre: FGFR1EKO) but not in control mice (FGFR1fl/fl); AcSDKP completely or partially suppressed kidney fibrosis in control or FGFR1EKO mice. Severe fibrosis was also induced in hearts of diabetic FGFR1EKO mice; however, AcSDKP had no effect on heart fibrosis in FGFR1EKO mice. AcSDKP also had no effect on EndMT in either kidney or heart but partially suppressed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in kidneys of diabetic FGFR1EKO mice. The medium from FGFR1-deficient endothelial cells stimulated TGFß (transforming growth factor ß)/Smad-dependent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cultured human proximal tubule epithelial cell line, AcSDKP inhibited such epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These data demonstrated that endothelial FGFR1 is essential as an antifibrotic core molecule as the target of AcSDKP.

CD-1db/db mice: A novel type 2 diabetic mouse model with progressive kidney fibrosis.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: To establish novel therapies to combat diabetic kidney disease, a human disease-relevant animal model is essential. However, a type 2 diabetic mouse model presenting progressive kidney fibrosis has not yet been established. Kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic CD-1 mice showed severe fibrosis compared with other backgrounds of mice associated with the suppression of antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline. The BKS background (BKSdb / db ) is often utilized for diabetic kidney disease research; the kidney fibrosis in the BKSdb / db phenotype is minimal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We generated CD-1db / db mice by backcrossing the db gene into the CD-1 background, and analyzed phenotypic differences compared with BKSdb / db and CD-1db / m mice. RESULTS: Male CD-1db / db mice appeared to have elevated blood glucose levels compared with those of BKSdb / db mice. Fasting insulin levels declined in CD-1db / db mice. Plasma cystatin C levels tended to be elevated in CD-1db / db mice from 16 to 24 weeks-of-age. Male CD-1db / db mice showed significantly progressive kidney and heart fibrosis from 16 to 24 weeks-of-age when compared with that of age-matched BKSdb / db mice. The gene expression profile showed fibrogenic program-associated genes in male CD-1db / db mice. Male CD-1db / db mice displayed significantly lower urine antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline when compared to that of BKSdb / db at 24 weeks-of-age. The gene expression of prolyl oligopeptidase, the enzyme essential for antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline production from thymosin ß4, was significantly lower in the CD-1 mice. Thymosin ß4 levels were also lower in CD-1 mice. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CD-1db / db mice are a novel type 2 diabetic mouse model with progressive kidney and heart fibrosis.

Deficiency in Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Promotes Chemoresistance through the CXCL12/CXCR4/mTOR/TGFß Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells.

Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4, a molecular target of DPP-4 inhibitors, which are type 2 diabetes drugs, is expressed in a variety of cell types, tissues and organs. DPP-4 has been shown to be involved in cancer biology, and we have recently shown that a DPP-4 inhibitor promoted the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells. The EMT is known to associate with chemotherapy resistance via the induction of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in cancer cells. Here, we demonstrated that deficiency in DPP-4 promoted chemotherapy resistance via the CXCL12/CXCR4/mTOR axis, activating the TGFß signaling pathway via the expression of ABC transporters. DPP-4 inhibition enhanced ABC transporters in vivo and in vitro. Doxorubicin (DOX) further induced ABC transporters in DPP-4-deficient 4T1 cells, and the induction of ABC transporters was suppressed by either the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin or a neutralizing TGFß (1, 2 and 3) antibody(N-TGFß). Knockdown of snail, an EMT-inducible transcription factor, suppressed ABC transporter levels in DOX-treated DPP-4-deficient 4T1 cells. In an allograft mouse model, however, the effects of DOX in either primary tumor or metastasis were not statistically different between control and DPP-4-kd 4T1. Taken together, our findings suggest that DPP-4 inhibitors potentiate chemotherapy resistance via the induction of ABC transporters by the CXCL12/CXCR4/mTOR/TGFß signaling pathway in breast cancer cells.

Hannaella dianchiensis sp. nov., a basidiomycetous yeast species isolated from lake water.

Three strains (YIM-HL1107T, YIM-HL1045, YIM-HL1112) representing a novel yeast species were isolated from surface water samples collected from the Caohai region of Dianchi Lake in Yunnan, south-western China. On the basis of morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, they were assigned to a novel species of the genus Hannaella. The closest relative to the novel species was Hannaella pagnoccae, but it showed 6.3 % nucleotide differences (34 nt substitutions out of 541 nt) in the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene and 9.3-9.6 % nucleotide differences (40-41 substitutions and 7-8 gaps out of 430 nt) in the ITS region. The name Hannaella dianchiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM-HL1107T (=CBS 14191T=CCTCC AY 2015009T), and the MycoBank number is MB 816297.

[Diversity of cultivable yeast in Qilu Lake in winter].

Objective: To investigate yeasts diversity in Qilu Lake and analyze the influence of environmental factors on yeast diversity. Methods: Yeasts were isolated by in-situ cultivation and analyzed for the D1/D2 domain of large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA and morphological characterization. We analyzed yeast species richness and species distribution in the Qilu Lake. Results: In total 321 isolated yeasts were identified to 14 genera and 27 species. Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae and Aureobasidium pullulans were the dominating species in the lake, representing 29.6% and 16.8% of the total strains, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the total phosphorus was an important environmental factor affecting the distribution of Rhodosporidium and the pH affected Cryptococcus yeasts distribution. Conclusion: There was a high diversity of yeasts community in the Qilu Lake. Keywords: Qilu Lake, yeast, diversity, environmental factors.

Gene expression of osteogenic factors following gene therapy in mandibular lengthening.

This study investigated the effect of gene therapy on the expression of osteogenic mediators in mandibular distraction osteogenesis rabbits. Bilateral mandibular osteotomies were performed in 45 New-Zealand rabbits. After a latency of 3 days, the mandibles were elongated using distractors with a rate of 0.8 mm/d for 7 days. After the completion of distraction, the rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups: 2 µg (0.1 µg/µL) of recombinant plasmid pIRES-hVEGF165-hBMP-2, recombinant plasmid pIRES-hBMP2, recombinant plasmid pIRES-hVEGF165, pIRES, and the same volume of normal saline were injected into the distraction gap of groups A, B, C, D, and E, respectively, followed by electroporation. Three animals were killed at the 7th, 14th, and 28th day after gene transfected in different groups, respectively. The lengthened mandibles were harvested and processed for immunohistochemical examinations; the mean optic densities (MODs) and integral optical density of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1)-positive cells were measured by CMIAS-2001A computerized image analyzer. The data were analyzed with SPSS (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Bone morphogenetic protein 2 and TGF-ß1 staining was mainly located in inflammatory cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes in the distraction zones. Their strongest expression reached to the peak at the seventh day and decreased at the 14th day of consolidation stage; at the 28th day, they expressed weakly. Image analysis results show that, at the seventh day, the expression of BMP-2 in group B (0.26 ± 0.03, 0.36 ± 0.02) was the strongest; there was significant difference among them (P < 0.01), whereas the expression of TGF-ß1 in group C (0.38 ± 0.06, 1.05 ± 0.19) is strongest followed by group A (0.34 ± 0.05, 0.95 ± 0.16) and B (0.33 ± 0.07, 0.90 ± 0.19). At every time point, the level of expression of BMP-2 and TGF-ß1 in gene therapy groups (groups A, B, and C) was remarkably higher than those in non-gene therapy groups(groups D and E). There were significant differences between gene therapy groups and non-gene therapy groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001). These results indicated that local gene transfection can up-regulate the expression of osteogenic mediators (BMP-2 and TGF-ß1), which may promote cell differentiation and proliferation and stimulate extracellular matrix synthesis and new bone formation in distraction gap.

Effects of gene transfection at different time on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 during mandibular distraction / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investgate the expression patterns of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in the distraction area following plRES-hBMP2-VEGFI65 gene transfection at different time during mandibular distraction osteogenesis in a rabbit model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>48 New-Zeland rabbits were employed to underwent osteotomy and distraction devices implantation on mandible bilaterly. After 3 days of latency period, the devices were activated at the rate of 0. 8 mm per day for 10 days. The rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups (group A, B, C and D). Group A, B and C were transfected recombinant plasmids pIRES-hBMP2-hVEGF165 via electroporation-mediated approach at latency period, distraction period, consolidation period respectively. Group D was used as control group without gene transfection. Three rabbits in each group were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 weeks of consolidation respectively. The mandibles were harvested for immunohistochemical staining detection of BMP-2 expression respectively, which were analyzed by CMIAS series multifunction color quantitative analysis of pathological image analysis system.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>BMP-2 expression was found to be mainly located in the monocyte, fibroblast of the granulation tissue, the osteoblasts, osteocyte on the surface of new formed trabecular, and the connective tissues surrounding the new formed bone. The expression in group B was superior to other groups. Image analysis showed that, at the first week and second week of consolidation, the expression abosordbance A in group B (0. 58 ± 0. 03 and 0. 34 ± 0. 02) was relatively higher, when compared with that in group A (0. 42 ± 0. 02 and. 31 ±0.01), C(0.32 ±0.01 and 0.30 ±0.01)and D(0.27 ±0.01 and 0.23 ±0.02), showing a significant difference(P <0. 05). It was also relatively higher in group A(0. 42 ± 0. 02 and 0. 31 ± 0. 01) and C(0. 32 ± 0.01 and 0.30 ± 0.01), when compared with that in group D(0. 27 ±0.01 and 0.23 ± 0. 02), showing a significant difference( P < 0. 05) , but there was no significant difference ( P > 0. 05) between group A and group C. At the fourth week of consolidation, the expression decreased and there was no significant difference among group A, B, C, D.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The electroporation-mediated gene transfection which is transfected at the beginning of traction can promote BMP-2 expression effectively, stimulate bone marrix synthesis and induce proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, which further effectively promote the new bone formation. It suggests that the distraction stage is the optimal time for gene therapy.</p>

Effect of gene transfecting at different times on mandibular distraction osteogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Recently, numerous research of gene therapy for mandibular distraction has been published. Based on previous study, the authors used New Zealand rabbits bilateral mandibular distraction model and used electroporation mediate gene therapy at different time, to explore the optimal time for gene therapy and obtain a better effect. METHODS: Forty-eight New-Zealand rabbits were used; after accomplished osteotomy and implant distraction devices on mandible bilaterly, the rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: groups A, B, and C were transfected recombinant plasmids pIRES-hBMP2-hVEGF165 via electroporation-mediated approach at latency period, distraction period, and consolidation period, respectively. Group D is a control group, only distracted without gene transfection. After 3 days of latency period, the device was activated at the rate of 1 mm per day for 10 days. Three rabbits of each group were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks of consolidation, respectively. The mandibles were harvested; the left was subject to radiograph examination for bone healing, and quantitative computed tomography detect for the bone mineral density (BMD) of newly formed bone in the distraction gap. The biomechanical properties of the new generation bone at the fourth and eighth weeks of consolidation of each group were detected using 3-point bending test. RESULTS: The BMD and the stiffness of newly formed bone increased with the pass of the consolidation time in each group. After 1 week of consolidation, there is no significant difference of BMD among groups A, B, and C. However, the BMD of groups A, B, and C is higher than that of group D. After 2, 4, and 8 weeks of consolidation, the BMD of group B is significantly higher than those of groups A, C, and D. The biomechanical parameters are also higher in group B than those of groups A, C, and D after 4 and 8 weeks of consolidation. CONCLUSIONS: It is better to transfect gene at distraction period than at other stages of DO; in this way, we can obtain more remarkable effect on new bone formation. It suggests that the distraction stage is the optimal time for gene therapy.

Starmerella jinningensis sp. nov., a yeast species isolated from flowers of Erianthus rufipilus.

Five yeast strains (Ym24403, Ym24404, Ym24408, Ym24409 and Ym24410(T)) were isolated from different flowers of Erianthus rufipilus (Gramineae), a wild plant growing in the phosphorus-rich region in Yunnan Province, south-western China, and were found to be phenotypically and genetically divergent from currently recognized yeast species. Sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit rRNA gene revealed that the five strains represented a novel species described as Starmerella jinningensis sp. nov. The type strain is Ym24410(T) (= CBS 11864(T) =CCTCC AY 2011002(T)). Phylogenetic analysis based on the D1/D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene suggested that S. jinningensis sp. nov. is placed within the Starmerella clade.

[Yeasts from Yangzonghai Lake in Yunnan (China): diversity and extracellular enzymes].

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate yeast diversity in Yangzonghai Lake, and to explore the value of these yeasts in such ecological environment, and at the same time, to analyze biological factors and abiotic factors on the influence of the yeast diversity. METHODS: Water was filtered through cellulose acetate membrane, serial dilutions of soil and sediment; The D1/D2 domain of 26S rRNA gene of all yeast strains have been sequenced and analyzed. The ability of the yeast strains to produce various enzymes was tested by enzyme screening plates. RESULTS: In total of 201 yeast strains were isolated,these strains were identified as 48 species in 15 genera, including 10 presumed new species or variety; 15.9% showed at least one extracellular enzymatic activity, mainly the lipases and amylases. CONCLUSION: The yeast community from Yangzonghai Lake showed high species richness, and anthropogenical influenced is an important factor for the yeast count and distribution, at same time, conductivity and turbidity are also important factors for yeast distribution; Some yeasts produced at least one extracellular enzymatic activity, which suggested that these microorganisms are participating in nature cycle and are metabolically active in the lake.

[Identification of yeasts isolated from Chenghai Lake, a plateau lake in Yunnan province].

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to investigate yeast diversity in the plateau lake and to explore the value of these yeasts in such ecological environment. METHODS: Yeasts were isolated from 9 water and 4 soil samples collected in Chenghai lake in Yunnan province. The isolates were identified by using large-subunit (26S) rDNA gene D1/ D2 domain sequence analysis and traditional methods. The ability of the yeast strains to produced various enzymes was tested. RESULTS: In total 64 yeast strains were isolated, these strains were identified as 22 species in 8 genera, including 4 suspected new species or variety. Genera Cryptococcus and Geotrichum were shared in the water and soil samples. Nine strains with secreted enzyme activities were selected. One of them could produce both protease and amylase. CONCLUSION: The preliminary result showed the biodiversity of yeasts in Chenghai lake and the application potential of the yeasts isolated.

[Effect of electroporation-mediated gene transfect on the expression of cyclins during mandible distraction in rabbit].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of electroporation-mediated gene transfect on the expression of cyclins during mandible distraction in rabbit. METHODS: Bilateral mandibular osteotomy was performed in 45 New-Zeland rabbits. After a latency of 3 days, the mandibles were elongated using distractors with a rate of 0.8 mm/day for 7 days. After the completion of distraction, the rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups. 2 microg (0.1 microg/microl) of pIRES-hVEGF165-hBMP2, recombinant plasmid pIRES-hBMP2, recombinant plasmid pIRES-hVEGF165, pIRES and the same volume of normal saline (NS) was injected into the distraction area in each group, respectively. After injection, electroporation was performed in every group. Three animals in each group were sacrificed at 7, 14, and 28 days after completion of distraction, respectively. The lengthened mandibles were harvested and processed for immunohistochemical examinations. The expression of cyclins A, D1 ,E in positive cells were measured by CMIAS-2001A computerized image analyzer. The data were analyzed with the single factor analysis of variance and q test. RESULTS: Cyclins A, D1, E staining was mainly located in inflammatory cells, granulation tissue monocyte, fibroblast, osteoblasts, osteocyte and the connective tissues around the new bone. The expression reached to the peak at 7th day of consolidation, and decreased at 14th day, and weak at 28th day. Image analysis results showed that, at 7th day, the expression absorbance A in group C (0.59 +/- 0.14) was the strongest, compared to group A (0.41 +/- 0.13), B (0.38 +/- 0.14), D (0.34 +/- 0.12) and E (0.31 +/- 0.10), showing a significant difference (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). There was no significance difference between group A and B (P > 0.05), but the difference between group A/B and group D/E (P < 0.05). At 14th and 28th day, there was no significant difference among group A (0.39 +/- 0.11), B (0.34 +/- 0.10) and C (0.33 +/- 0.09) (P > 0.05), but there was significant difference between group A/B/C and group D (0.19 +/- 0.12) or E (0.14 +/- 0.04) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Electroporation-mediated gene transfection can promote cyclins A, D1, E expression effectively, which may promote cell differentiation and proliferation, stimulate extracellular matrix synthesis and new bone formation in distraction gap.

[Studies on chemical constituents of Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus. METHODS: The compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by spectral methods. RESULTS: Five compounds were isolated and identified as ergosterol (I), ergosterol 5a,8a-peroside (II), ergothioneine (III), adenosine (IV), uracil (V). CONCLUSION: All these compounds are obtained from this high fungus for the first time.

Two new solanapyrone analogues from the endophytic fungus Nigrospora sp. YB-141 of Azadirachta indica.

Two new solanapyrone analogues, solanapyrones N and O (1 and 2, resp.), and three known compounds, solanapyrone C (3), nigrosporalactone (4), and phomalactone (5), were isolated from the fermentation culture of Nigrospora sp. YB-141, an endophytic fungus isolated from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The antifungal activities of 1-5 towards seven phytopathogenic fungi were tested. Most of the compounds exhibited no or only weak antifungal activities.

[Studies on chemical constituents from stem bark of Trewia nudiflora].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents from the stem bark of Trewia nudiflora. METHOD: The chemical constituents were isolated by silica gel and sephadex LH - 20 column chromatography, and the structures were elucidated by means of spectral analysis. RESULT: Ten compounds were obtained from EtOAc fraction of EtOH extract and identified as stigmast-4-en-6beta-ol-3-one (1), stigmast-4-en-6alpha-ol-3-one (2), 7beta-hydroxysitosterol (3), 7alpha-hydroxysitosterol (4), schleicheol 2 (5), taraxerone (6), abbeokutone (7), beta-hydroxypropiovanillone (8), o-vanillyl alcohol (9), glycerol monopalmitate (10). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1-5 and 7-9 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

A new ellagic acid glycoside from Paeonia delavayi.

A new ellagic acid glycoside, 4'-O-methylellagic acid 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), was isolated from the root cortex of Paeonia delavayi. The structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods.