Integration of statistical shape modeling and alternating interpolation-based model tracking technique for measuring knee kinematics in vivo using clinical interleaved bi-plane fluoroscopy.

Background: A 2D fluoroscopy/3D model-based registration with statistical shape modeling (SSM)-reconstructed subject-specific bone models will help reduce radiation exposure for 3D kinematic measurements of the knee using clinical alternating bi-plane fluoroscopy systems. The current study aimed to develop such an approach and evaluate in vivo its accuracy and identify the effects of the accuracy of SSM models on the kinematic measurements. Methods: An alternating interpolation-based model tracking (AIMT) approach with SSM-reconstructed subject-specific bone models was used for measuring 3D knee kinematics from dynamic alternating bi-plane fluoroscopy images. A two-phase optimization scheme was used to reconstruct subject-specific knee models from a CT-based SSM database of 60 knees using one, two, or three pairs of fluoroscopy images. Using the CT-reconstructed model as a benchmark, the performance of the AIMT with SSM-reconstructed models in measuring bone and joint kinematics during dynamic activity was evaluated in terms of mean target registration errors (mmTRE) for registered bone poses and the mean absolute differences (MAD) for each motion component of the joint poses. Results: The mmTRE of the femur and tibia for one image pair were significantly greater than those for two and three image pairs without significant differences between two and three image pairs. The MAD was 1.16 to 1.22° for rotations and 1.18 to 1.22 mm for translations using one image pair. The corresponding values for two and three image pairs were 0.75 to 0.89° and 0.75 to 0.79 mm; and 0.57 to 0.79° and 0.6 to 0.69 mm, respectively. The MAD values for one image pair were significantly greater than those for two and three image pairs without significant differences between two and three image pairs. Conclusions: An AIMT approach with SSM-reconstructed models was developed, enabling the registration of interleaved fluoroscopy images and SSM-reconstructed models from more than one asynchronous fluoroscopy image pair. This new approach had sub-millimeter and sub-degree measurement accuracy when using more than one image pair, comparable to the accuracy of CT-based methods. This approach will be helpful for future kinematic measurements of the knee with reduced radiation exposure using 3D fluoroscopy with clinically alternating bi-plane fluoroscopy systems.

Potential impact of polyethylene microplastics on the growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica F.): Endophyte and rhizosphere effects.

Microplastic contamination has received much attention, especially in agroecosystems. However, since edible crops with different genetic backgrounds may present different responses to microplastics, more research should be conducted and focused on more edible crops. In the current study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the potential impact of polyethylene microplastic (PE) (particle sizes: 0.5 µm and 1.0 µm, addition levels: 0 (control), 0.5% and 1.0% (w/w)) addition on the physiological and biochemical variations of I. aquatica F.. The results indicated that PE addition caused an increase in the soil pH and NH4+-N and soil organic matter contents, which increased by 10.1%, 29.9% and 50.1% when PE addition at A10P0.5 level (10 g (PE) kg-1 soil, particle size: 0.5 µm). While, PE exposure resulted in a decrease in soil available phosphorus and total phosphorus contents, which decreased by 53.9% and 10.5% when PE addition at A10P0.5 level. In addition, PE addition altered the soil enzyme activities. Two-way ANOVA indicated that particle size had a greater impact on the variations in soil properties and enzyme activities than the addition level. PE addition had a strong impact on the rhizosphere microbial and root endophyte community diversity and structure of I. aquatica F.. Two-way ANOVA results indicated that the particle size and addition level significantly altered the α-diversity indices of both rhizosphere microbial and root endophyte (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). Moreover, PE was adsorbed by I. aquatica F., which was clearly observed in the transverse roots and significantly increased the H2O2, ·O2-, malondialdehyde and ascorbic acid contents in both the roots and aerial parts of I. aquatica F., leading to a decrease in I. aquatica F. biomass. Overall, the current study enriches the understanding of the effect of microplastics on edible crops.

CaFe-layered double hydroxide corn straw biochar reduced heavy metal uptake by Brassica campestris L. and Ipomoea aquatic F.: Rhizosphere effects and oxidative stress alleviation.

In the present study, CaFe-layered double hydroxide corn straw biochar (CaFe-LDH@CSB) was applied to the rhizosphere soil of both pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis Makino, B. campestris L.) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatic F., I. aquatic F.) to explore and clarify the potential mechanism by which CaFe-LDH@CSB helps vegetables reduce heavy metal (HM) uptake and alleviate oxidative stress. Pot experiments were conducted with CaFe-LDH@CSB applied at four levels: control (CK), T1 (5 g kg-1), T2 (10 g kg-1) and T3 (20 g kg-1). The results indicated that the application of CaFe-LDH@CSB significantly increased pH and decreased the acid-soluble forms of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in the rhizosphere soil of both B. campestris L. and I. aquatic F.; decreases of 39.4%, 18.0%, 10.0% and 33.3% in B. campestris L. and of 26.6%, 49.1%, 13.2% and 36.8% in I. aquatic F., respectively, were observed at the T3 level. Moreover, CaFe-LDH@CSB application reduced HM uptake by B. campestris L. and decreased HM-induced oxidative stress through the regulation of soil physicochemical properties and microbial abundance. For B. campestris L., variations in Sordariomycetes helped alleviate the accumulation of HMs in the aerial part, while GSH and -SH from the nonenzymatic system played an important role in scavenging H2O2 in leaves, thus helping B. campestris L. alleviate HM-induced oxidative stress. For I. aquatica F., variations in Vicinamibacteria and Mortierellomycetes helped alleviate the accumulation of HMs in plants, while GSH and PCs from nonenzymatic systems played an important role in removing ·O2- in leaves, thereby helping I. aquatica F. alleviate HM-induced oxidation stress. Our study indicated that the application of CaFe-LDH@CSB improved the rhizosphere soil environment and rebuilt the soil microbial community, helping B. campestris L. and I. aquatica F. alleviate HM-induced oxidative stress and promoting the growth of both vegetables.

Macrophages contribute to periodontal wound healing mainly in the tissue proliferation stage.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the preliminary role of macrophages in different stages of periodontal healing. BACKGROUND: Macrophages are promising target cells for periodontal regeneration. However, the stage at which they play a more important role during periodontal repair has not been elucidated till date. METHODS: First, the dynamic changes in M1 and M2 macrophages were analyzed in a rat periodontal-defect model at Days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-surgery. Macrophages were then depleted after 1, 6, and 14 days of surgery, and the healing results were evaluated via micro-computed tomography and histopathological detection. Finally, the effects of M1 and M2 macrophages on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were verified in vitro. RESULTS: During natural periodontal healing, the number of M1 macrophages increased the most during the early stage of healing (3 days post-operation), and subsequently, it decreased rapidly. The number of M2 macrophages was at its peak during the middle and late stages of tissue healing (5-21 days post-surgery). Interestingly, the highest number of M2 macrophages was observed at 5-14 days post-operation in the alveolar bone, while it was observed at 21 days post-operation in the cementum area. On the first and 14th day post-operation, the clearance of macrophages had no significant effect on tissue healing; however, on the sixth day post-operation, macrophage depletion significantly inhibited tissue regeneration (p < .05). In vitro studies showed that M2 macrophages, rather than M1 macrophages, could significantly promote the proliferation of MSCs (p < .01). CONCLUSION: It is better to intervene in tissue proliferation phase when a M2 macrophage regulation-based periodontal regenerative therapy is planned in the future.

Bacterial extracellular polymeric substances: Impact on soil microbial community composition and their potential role in heavy metal-contaminated soil.

In this study, six different treatments involving extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Enterobacter sp. FM-1 (FM-1) (no EPS (control), original bacterial cells (FM-1), FM-1 cells with EPS artificially removed (EPS-free cells, EPS-R), different forms of EPS (soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS)) obtained from FM-1) and three types of soils (non-contaminated soil (NC soil), high-contamination soil (HC soil) and low-contamination soil (LC soil)) were used to investigate the impact of different EPS treatments on soil microbial community composition and their potential role in the remediation of heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soil. The results indicate that the EPS secreted by FM-1 played a vital role in changing soil pH and helped increase soil bio- HMs. In addition, EPS secretion by FM-1 helped increase the soil EPS-polysaccharide and EPS-nucleic acid contents; even in HC soil, where the HM content was relatively high, LB-EPS addition still increased the EPS-polysaccharide and EPS-nucleic acid contents in the soil by 1.18- and 15.54-fold, respectively. FM-1, LB-EPS and TB-EPS addition increased the soil invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities and increased the soil organic matter (SOM), NH4+-N and available phosphorus (AP) contents, which helped regulate soil nutrient reserves. Moreover, the addition of different EPS fractions modified the soil microbial community composition to help microbes adapt to an HM-contaminated environment. In the HC and LC soils, where the HM content was relatively high, the soil bacteria were dominated by Protobacteria, while fungi in the soil were dominated by Ascomycota. Among the soil physicochemical properties, the soil SOM and NH4+-N contents and invertase activity significantly impacted the diversity and community composition of both bacteria and fungi in the soil.

Three-Dimensional Subject-Specific Knee Shape Reconstruction with Asynchronous Fluoroscopy Images Using Statistical Shape Modeling.

Background and objectives: Statistical shape modeling (SSM) based on computerized tomography (CT) datasets has enabled reasonably accurate reconstructions of subject-specific 3D bone morphology from one or two synchronous radiographs for clinical applications. Increasing the number of radiographic images may increase the reconstruction accuracy, but errors related to the temporal and spatial asynchronization of clinical alternating bi-plane fluoroscopy may also increase. The current study aimed to develop a new approach for subject-specific 3D knee shape reconstruction from multiple asynchronous fluoroscopy images from 2, 4, and 6 X-ray detector views using a CT-based SSM model; and to determine the optimum number of planar images for best accuracy via computer simulations and in vivo experiments. Methods: A CT-based SSM model of the knee was established from 60 training models in a healthy young Chinese male population. A new two-phase optimization approach for 3D subject-specific model reconstruction from multiple asynchronous clinical fluoroscopy images using the SSM was developed, and its performance was evaluated via computer simulation and in vivo experiments using one, two and three image pairs from an alternating bi-plane fluoroscope. Results: The computer simulation showed that subject-specific 3D shape reconstruction using three image pairs had the best accuracy with RMSE of 0.52 ± 0.09 and 0.63 ± 0.085 mm for the femur and tibia, respectively. The corresponding values for the in vivo study were 0.64 ± 0.084 and 0.69 ± 0.069 mm, respectively, which was significantly better than those using one image pair (0.81 ± 0.126 and 0.83 ± 0.108 mm). No significant differences existed between using two and three image pairs. Conclusion: A new two-phase optimization approach was developed for SSM-based 3D subject-specific knee model reconstructions using more than one asynchronous fluoroscopy image pair from widely available alternating bi-plane fluoroscopy systems in clinical settings. A CT-based SSM model of the knee was also developed for a healthy young Chinese male population. The new approach was found to have high mode reconstruction accuracy, and those for both two and three image pairs were much better than for a single image pair. Thus, two image pairs may be used when considering computational costs and radiation dosage. The new approach will be useful for generating patient-specific knee models for clinical applications using multiple asynchronous images from alternating bi-plane fluoroscopy widely available in clinical settings. The current SSM model will serve as a basis for further inclusion of training models with a wider range of sizes and morphological features for broader applications.

Ultrasmall PEGylated and Targeted Core-Shell Silica Nanoparticles Carrying Methylene Blue Photosensitizer.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) presents an alternative noninvasive therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. PDT relies on cytotoxic singlet oxygen (reactive oxygen species or ROS) that is locally generated through energy transfer between a photosensitizer (PS) and molecularly dissolved triplet oxygen. While a number of nanoparticle-based PS vehicles have been described, because of their beneficial and proven biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profiles, ultrasmall nanoparticles with diameters below 10 nm are particularly promising. Here, we investigate two different particle designs deviating from ultrasmall poly(ethylene glycol)-coated (PEGylated) fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles referred to as Cornell prime dots (C' dots) by replacing the fluorescent dye with a photosensitizer (psC' dots), here the methylene blue (MB) derivate MB2. In the first approach (design 1), MB2 is encapsulated into the matrix of the silica core, while in the second approach (design 2), MB2 is grafted onto the silica core surface in between chains of the sterically stabilizing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) corona. We compare both cases with regard to their singlet oxygen quantum yields, ΦΔ, with the effective ΦΔeff per particle reaching 111 ± 3 and 161 ± 5% for designs 1 and 2, respectively, substantially exceeding single MB2 molecule performance. Encapsulation significantly improves PS photostability, while surface conjugation diminishes it, relative to free MB2. Finally, we show that both particle designs allow functionalization with a targeting peptide, cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Tyr-Cys) [c(RGDyC)]. Results suggest that psC' dots are a promising targeted platform for PDT applications, e.g. in oncology, that may combine colloidal stability, efficient renal clearance limiting off-target accumulation, targeted delivery to sites of disease, and effective ROS generation maximizing therapeutic efficacy.

Patient-specific instrumentation improves functional kinematics of minimally-invasive total knee replacements as revealed by computerized 3D fluoroscopy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Minimally-invasive total knee arthroplasty (MIS-TKA) has demonstrated very good short-term success, but its mid- to long-term results remain inconclusive. The success may be related to the tradeoff between a small incision and accurate positioning of the implant components. Patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) aims to improve the accuracy in restoring the knee axis and the clinical outcomes for MIS-TKA, but the results are yet to be confirmed by accurate assessment during functional activities. The purpose of the current study was to measure and compare the in vivo three-dimensional (3D) rigid-body and surface kinematics of MIS-TKA implanted with and without PSI during isolated knee active flexion/extension and sit-to-stand using state-of-the-art 3D model-based fluoroscopy technology. METHODS: Ten patients treated for advanced medial knee osteoarthritis by MIS-TKA without PSI (non-PSI group) and nine with PSI (PSI group) participated in the current study. Each subject performed non-weight-bearing knee flexion/extension and sit-to-stand tasks while the motion of the prosthetic knee was under bi-plane fluoroscopy surveillance. The computer models of each of the knee prosthesis components were registered to the measured fluoroscopy images for each time frame via a novel validated 3D fluoroscopy method. Non-parametric 1-tailed Mann-Whitney tests were performed to detect the differences in the joint and surface kinematic variables every 10° of knee flexion between the non-PSI and PSI groups. The 1-tailed significance level was at α = 0.05. RESULTS: The PSI group showed clear, coupled flexion/internal rotation during activities, while the non-PSI group remained roughly at an externally rotated position with slight internal rotations. The coupled rotation in the PSI group was accompanied by an anterior displacement of the medial contact and a posterior displacement of the lateral contact, which was different from the screw-home mechanism. Neither of the two groups showed the normal roll-back phenomenon, i.e., posterior translation of the femur relative to the tibia during knee flexion. CONCLUSIONS: With the state-of-the-art 3D fluoroscopy method, differences in both the rigid-body and surface kinematics of the prosthetic knees between MIS-TKA with and without PSI were identified. Patients with PSI demonstrated significant positive effects on the reconstructed rigid-body kinematics of the knee, showing clearer coupled flexion/internal rotations - an important kinematic characteristic in healthy knees - than those without PSI during activities with or without weight-bearing. However, none of them showed normal contact patterns. The current findings will be helpful for surgical instrument design, as well as for surgical decision-making in MIS total knee arthroplasty.

Amorphous Quantum Nanomaterials.

In quantum materials, macroscopic behavior is governed in nontrivial ways by quantum phenomena. This is usually achieved by exquisite control over atomic positions in crystalline solids. Here, it is demonstrated that the use of disordered glassy materials provides unique opportunities to tailor quantum material properties. By borrowing ideas from single-molecule spectroscopy, single delocalized π-electron dye systems are isolated in relatively rigid ultrasmall (<10 nm diameter) amorphous silica nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that chemically tuning the local amorphous silica environment around the dye over a range of compositions enables exquisite control over dye quantum behavior, leading to efficient probes for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). The results suggest that efficient fine-tuning of light-induced quantum behavior mediated via effects like spin-orbit coupling can be effectively achieved by systematically varying averaged local environments in glassy amorphous materials as opposed to tailoring well-defined neighboring atomic lattice positions in crystalline solids. The resulting nanoprobes exhibit features proven to enable clinical translation.

Self-Assembly Assisted Fabrication of Dextran-Based Nanohydrogels with Reduction-Cleavable Junctions for Applications as Efficient Drug Delivery Systems.

In order to overcome the key challenge in improving both fabrication efficiency and their drug delivery capability of anti-cancer drug delivery systems (ACDDS), here polyacrylic acid (PAA) grafted dextran (Dex) nanohydrogels (NGs) with covalent crosslinked structure bearing redox sensitive disulfide crosslinking junctions (Dex-SS-PAA) were synthesized efficiently through a one-step self-assembly assisted methodology (SAA). The Dex-SS-PAA were subsequently conjugated with doxorubicin through an acid-labile hydrazone bond (Dex-SS-PAA-DOX). The in vitro drug release behavior, anti-cancer effects in vivo, and biosafety of the as-prepared acid- and redox-dual responsive biodegradable NGs were systematically investigated. The results revealed that the Dex-SS-PAA-DOX exhibited pH- and redox-controlled drug release, greatly reduced the toxicity of free DOX, while exhibiting a strong ability to inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-231 tumors. Our study demonstrated that the Dex-SS-PAA-DOX NGs are very promising candidates as ACDDS for anti-cancer therapeutics.

Notch1 signalling inhibits apoptosis of human dental follicle stem cells via both the cytoplasmic mitochondrial pathway and nuclear transcription regulation.

Dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs) have been considered as promising candidate cells for periodontal tissue regeneration. Understanding the signalling pathways underlying the apoptosis of DFSCs will facilitate its biomedical application. Here we showed that Notch1 signalling could inhibit DFSCs apoptosis because the constitutive overexpression of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1) promoted proliferation and suppressed apoptosis by inhibiting cytoplasmic mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The survival-promoting effect of Notch1 was also accomplished by up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1, down-regulation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bad, and blockade of Bax multimerization. Moreover, p-Akt (S473) was significantly increased after ectopic Notch 1 activation. The expression of p53 was also inhibited in Notch1-overexpressing DFSCs, while the ectopic expression of p53 promoted apoptosis even when Notch1 was overexpressed. Meanwhile, all of the opposite phenomena were observed in Notch1 shRNA-silenced DFSCs. Our data strongly suggested that Notch1 signalling inhibited the apoptosis of DFSCs via the cytoplasmic mitochondrial pathway and ICN-Akt signalling pathway, together with nuclear gene expression regulation. These findings would provide molecular cues for the further medical application of DFSCs.

Expression of Yes-associated protein 1 gene and protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the oral and maxillofacial region. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) has been implicated as a bona fide oncogene in solid tumors. We seek to elucidate the role of YAP1 in OSCC tissue. METHODS: We identified YAP1 gene and protein overexpression in 30 OSCC patients and 10 normal oral mucosa tissues by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: In the normal oral mucosa by immunohistochemical staining, YAP1 mainly located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus mainly the nuclei of the basal cells. In OSCC, the expression of YAP1 translocated from the nucleus to cytoplasm; YAP1 being mainly located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of the adjacent mucosa. The expression of YAP1 gradual increased in normal oral mucosa, tumor adjacent mucosa and low grade, middle grade, high grade OSCC tissue by Western blotting. Significant difference was found between the expressions of the normal oral mucosa and OSCC tissue (P < 0.05). The coincidence was detected between the normal oral mucosa and OSCC tissue by RT-PCR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: YAP1 is involved in the carcinogenesis and development of OSCC. There is a transformation between nucleus and cytoplasm.

[Expression of pJAK, pERK and Cyclin D1 proteins in squamous-cell carcinoma of tongue].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of JAK, ERK and Cyclin D proteins in squamous-cell carcinoma of tongue. METHODS: The expression of JAK, ERK and Cyclin D1 proteins was determined with SP immunohistochemical method in 30 cases of lingual Squamous cell carcinoma, 20 of normal lingual mucosa, 10 of mild epithelial dysplasia and 20 of severe epithelial dysplasia. RESULTS: The expression of pJAK in lingual squamous-cell carcinoma and epithelial dysplasia was stronger than that of normal lingual mucosa (chi2=37.54, P<0.01), and the expression of pJAK in lingual squamous-cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that of the epithelial dysplasia (chi2=6.83, P<0.05). pJAK expression in squamous-cell carcinoma of low-middle differentiation was stronger than that of high differentiation. There was no significant difference in pERK expression among lingual squamous-cell carcinoma, normal lingual mucosa and epithelial dysplasia. There was a significantly positive correlation between pJAK and Cyclin D1 expression in SCC (r=0.619, P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between the expression of pERK and Cyclin D1 (r=0.231, P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Over-expression of pJAK and Cyclin D1 may be associated with the occurrence and development of squamous-cell carcinoma of the tongue.

[Branchial cleft carcinoma from cleft cyst: report of one case].

Branchial cleft carcinoma is a rare malignancy, there still exist some controversies regarding to the differentiation of branchial cleft carcinomas. This article is aimed to familiarize clinicians with the presentation and treatment of the tumour and explores its origin. A 41-year old man who was seen with a large lesion of branchial cleft carcinoma with a slowly growing mass in the area of the left parotid gland was reported. The histological finding of dysplastic epithelium was next to direct invasive carcinoma. The diagnosis of a branchial cleft carcinoma requires the fulfillment of strict criteria. This case supports the origin of the carcinoma as being from an epithelial-lined cyst.

Verruciform xanthoma of the oral cavity: clinicopathological study relating to pathogenesis. Report of three cases.

Verruciform xanthoma is a rare condition that was first reported in the oral cavity in 1971. Its histopathology is distinctive on account of the presence of foamy histiocytes within elongated dermal papillae. Three cases of oral mucosal verruciform xanthoma were studied. Immunohistochemical staining by streptavidin-peroxidase and in situ hybridization to detect human papillomavirus (HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18) DNA and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2, -9) RNA were performed to investigate the pathogenesis of verruciform xanthoma. This study showed that the foam cells were strongly positive for CD68 (KP1) and vimentin. Cytokeratin, PCNA and S-100 stained focally negative in foam cells. In situ hybridization failed to detect HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18) in any of the three cases. Based on our findings we conclude that verruciform xanthoma is most likely not a human papillomavirus-associated lesion; the foam cells, as a histological hallmark of the lesion, are most likely derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage, and verruciform xanthoma is, at least partly, mediated by an immune mechanism. MMPs degrade basilar membrane that promotes the reciprocal induction between epithelium and mesenchyme. However, as yet unrecognized factors may play a role in the development of epithelium-mesenchyme reciprocal induction.

[Expression of MMP-2 and E-CD in salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma and its correlation with infiltration, metastasis and prognosis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and E-cadherin (E-CD) in salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and their relationship with clinical stages, pathological grading, lymph node metastasis and prognosis. METHODS: Surgical specimens of salivary mucoepidermiod carcinoma and normal salivary gland tissue were collected. MMP-2 and E-CD were stained immunohistochemically with streptavidin peroxidase method. RESULTS: The expression of MMP-2 was increased and the expression of E-CD was reduced or negative in salivary mucoepidemoid carcinoma compared with those of the normal salivary gland. Expression of MMP-2 and E-CD was closely correlated with lymph node metastasis of the mucoepidermoid carcinoma. MMP-2 was positively correlated with the prognosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and E-CD was negatively correlated to the prognosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. CONCLUSION: The expression of MMP-2 and E-CD is closely correlated with the metastasis and prognosis of salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

[Study of the clinicopathology on verruciform xanthoma of the oral cavity].

PURPOSE: Three cases of oral cavity mucosal verruciform xanthoma were studied to investigate the pathogenesis of verruciform xanthoma. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining with S-P and in situ hybridization using the probe to detect HPV mRNA and MMP-2, MMP-9 RNA. RESULTS: The foam cells were strongly positive for CD68 (KP1) and Vimentin. The cytokeratin, PCNA and S-100 showed negative in foam cells. ISH testing failed to detect HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18) in any of the three cases of verruciform xanthoma. MMP-2, MMP-9 showed positive staining in epithelial cells and foam cells. CONCLUSIONS: Verruciform xanthoma is most likely not a human papillomavirus associated lesion and the foam cells like that, are most likely derived from monocyte-macrophage lineage.

[Oral lymphoepithelial cyst: report of 3 cases].

Three cases with oral lymphoepithelial cyst were reported in this paper. The most frequent site of the cyst was mouth floor, and the cyst was often misdiagnosed as mucous cyst and other diseases of cyst. Histopathologically, the central cystic lesion was lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Simultaneously, there were lymphoid cells located at the surrounding of the cystic fibrous connective tissue. Oral lymphoepithelial cyst was regarded to originate from secretory duct of the sublingual gland and the small salivary gland epithelium. With chronic stimuli, the epithelium of secretory duct was squamous metaplasia. The deciduous cells in the inner side of the duct induced the infiltration of the surrounding lymphocytes. The relevant literatures were reviewed regarding to the histological origin and the pathogenesis of the disease to provide some references for diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

The effect of hepatic blood inflow occlusion on hepatic cancer treated with diode-laser thermocoagulation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of temporary occlusion of hepatic blood inflow on hepatic cancer treated with diode-laser induced thermocogation (LITT). METHODS: The carcinoma Walker-256 was implanted in 40 SD rat livers. Twelve days later, the animals were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group A received LITT alone; group B received hepatic artery temporary occlusion during LITT; group C received portal vein temporary occlusion during LITT; group D received hepatic artery and portal vein temporary occlusion during LITT. Tumors were exposed to 810 nm diode-laser light at 0.95 watts for 10 min from a scanner tip applicator placed in the tumor. At the same time, the intrahepatic temperature distribution in rats with liver tumors was measured per 2 min during thermocoagulation. Tumor control was examined immediately 7 and 14 d after thermocoagulation. RESULTS: There was significant difference of intrahepatic temperature distribution in rats with liver tumors among the 4 groups (P<0.05) except when group C samples were compared with group D samples at each time point, and group B samples were compared with group C samples at 120 s (P>0.05). Light microscopic examination of the histologic section samples revealed three separate zones: regular hyperthermic coagulation necrosis zone, transition zone and reference zone. Compared with the samples in group A and group B, group C and group D samples had more clear margin among the three zones. CONCLUSION: The hepatic blood inflow occlusion, especially portal vein hepatic blood inflow occlusion, or all hepatic blood inflow occlusion considerably increased the efficacy of LITT in the treatment of liver cancer.