[Characteristics of Ozone Pollution Distribution and Source Apportionment in Zhoushan].

The processes affecting photochemical reactions and regional transport of ozone and its precursors in ambient air are very complicated. In this study, statistical analysis of the spatial and temporal distributions of ozone pollution in Zhoushan was carried out based on monitoring data from state monitoring stations in Zhoushan in 2014. Specifically, ozone formation was simulated by CMAQ (the community multiscale air quality) model, and the source contribution rate was calculated using the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) source tracking algorithm. The results showed that ozone pollution was more severe in spring and autumn than in summer and winter, and the highest ozone concentrations mostly appeared during 13:00-15:00 in the afternoon. Putuo Station had the highest ozone concentration while Lincheng Station, located in the downtown area of the city, had the lowest ozone concentration. The overall average ozone concentration was not high; however, peak concentrations that exceeded the standards usually occurred, which occurs most often in May. Local ozone formation in Zhoushan City is controlled by the VOC concentration, and source tracking results showed that non-local sources accounted for 69.46% of the total contribution. Among local emission sources, fuel burning boiler sources, industry process sources, on-road mobile sources, and non-road mobile sources made similar contributions to ozone formation. Moreover, they showed significant characteristics of a port city. The contribution rates from shipping sources, petrochemical sources, and storage and transportation sources were 4.45%, 1.01%, and 1.80%, respectively. In conclusion, control of the ozone pollution in Zhoushan City should be based on simultaneous reduction and coordinated prevention involving multiple sources (VOCs as the main one) both locally and in surrounding areas.

Life cycle assessment on biogas production from straw and its sensitivity analysis.

This study aims to investigate the synthetically environmental impacts and Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) of straw-based biogas production process via cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) technique. Eco-indicator 99 (H) and IPCC 2007 GWP with three time horizons are utilized. The results indicate that the biogas production process shows beneficial effect on synthetic environment and is harmful to GWPs. Its harmful effects on GWPs are strengthened with time. Usage of gas-fired power which burns the self-produced natural gas (NG) can create a more sustainable process. Moreover, sensitivity analysis indicated that total electricity consumption and CO2 absorbents in purification unit have the largest sensitivity to the environment. Hence, more efforts should be made on more efficient use of electricity and wiser selection of CO2 absorbent.

NOx removal in chemical absorption-biological reduction integrated system: process rate and rate-limiting step.

Biological reduction of Fe(III)EDTA is considered as the key step that limits the removal efficiency of the chemical absorption-biological reduction integrated system. In this study, the process rates of each reaction step under typical conditions (T=50°C, C FeII(EDTA)=1-5 mmol/L, CNO=0-500 ppm, CO2=1-10%, pH=7) were determined. Relevant kinetic constants including rate constants of absorption part and Michaelis-Menten kinetic constants of regeneration part were also obtained. On this basis, the theoretical process rates of each reaction step were predicted and compared in a steady state. The results confirmed that the removal rate of NO in this system is limited by the biological reduction of Fe(III)EDTA. Moreover, it indicated that increasing the concentration of total iron appropriately could enhance the bioreduction of Fe(III)EDTA.

Facile and efficient approach to speed up layer-by-layer assembly: dipping in agitated solutions.

A facile and efficient approach has been developed to speed up the fabrication of LBL films through sequential dipping in vigorously agitated solutions. By this agitated-dipping (AD) LBL technique, the multilayer films of PAH and PSS were fabricated. The resulting films were explored by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray reflectivity, and AFM. Meanwhile, the comparison of the AD and conventional LBL films was made, which demonstrated that AD LBL can decrease dipping time by more than 15 times without reducing film quality remarkably. In addition, to verify the generality of AD LBL, we studied the AD LBL films of PDDA/PSS and PAH/PAA preliminarily as well. AD LBL promotes the efficiency of conventional LBL greatly while preserving its most advantages, such as simplicity, cheapness, precise control, universality in substrates, recycling use of sample solutions, and so on. It would be a promising alternative to build up LBL films rapidly.