ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the drug addiction process between Chinese heroin- and methamphetamine (MA)-dependent users via a modified 4-stage addiction model (experimentation, occasional use, regular use, and compulsive use). METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted among 683 eligible participants. In the statistical analysis, we selected 340 heroin- and 295 MA-dependent users without illicit drug use prior to onset of heroin or MA use. RESULTS: The addiction process of heroin-dependent users was shorter than that of MA-dependent users, with shorter transitions from the onset of drug-use to the first drug craving (19.5 vs. 50.0 days), regular use (30.0 vs. 60.0 days), and compulsive use (50.0 vs. 85.0 days). However, no significant differences in the addiction process were observed in frequency of drug administration, except that heroin users reported more administrations of the drug (20.0 vs. 15.0) before progressing to the stage of compulsive drug use. A larger proportion of regular heroin users progressed to use illicit drugs recklessly than did MA users. Most heroin and MA users reported psychological dependence as their primary motivation for compulsive drug use, but more heroin users selected uncomfortable symptoms upon ceasing drug use as further reason to continue. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that typical heroin and MA users may experience a similar four-stage addiction process, but MA users might undergo a longer addiction process (in days). More research is necessary to further explore factors influencing the drug addiction process.
Subject(s)
Amphetamine-Related Disorders/psychology , Heroin Dependence/psychology , Adult , Amphetamine-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Behavior, Addictive/psychology , China/epidemiology , Disease Progression , Female , Heroin Dependence/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate 35 cervical tissues , including 17 squamous cell carcinoma of cervical samples, and 5 adenocarcinoma of cervical samples, 13 normal cervical samples. The results show that there are 18 spectral bands with highly appearance percentage(>80%) in these three types of tissues, and these spectral bands may be the characteristic infrared spectra bands for cervical tissues; Some of relative absorbance ratios are statistically significant (p < 0.05) among these three types of tissues. These differences of relative absorbance ratios are mainly centered at 1080, 1238, 1314, 1339, 1397, 1454, 1541, 1647, 2854, 2873, 2926, and 2958 cm(-1). The present results indicate that FTIR can be used to distinguish these three types of tissues. The utilization of FTIR spectra in cervical tissues is expected to be a hopeful method in cervical cancer screening and clinical diagnosis in the future.
