Drp1 and neuroinflammation: Deciphering the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.

Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are closely intertwined with the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Recent studies have elucidated profound alterations in mitochondrial dynamics across a spectrum of neurological disorders. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) emerges as a pivotal regulator of mitochondrial fission, with its dysregulation disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis and fueling neuroinflammation, thereby exacerbating disease severity. In addition to its role in mitochondrial dynamics, DRP1 plays a crucial role in modulating inflammation-related pathways. This review synthesizes important functions of DRP1 in the central nervous system (CNS) and the impact of epigenetic modification on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The intricate interplay between neuroinflammation and DRP1 in microglia and astrocytes, central contributors to neuroinflammation, is expounded upon. Furthermore, the use of DRP1 inhibitors to influence the activation of microglia and astrocytes, as well as their involvement in processes such as mitophagy, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and calcium ion transport in CNS-mediated neuroinflammation, is scrutinized. The modulation of microglia to astrocyte crosstalk by DRP1 and its role in inflammatory neurodegeneration is also highlighted. Overall, targeting DRP1 presents a promising avenue for ameliorating neuroinflammation and enhancing the therapeutic management of neurological disorders.

Elevated triglycerides and low triiodothyronine: Key risk factors for coronary artery calcification in patients with schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVE: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a well-established independent predictor of coronary heart disease, and patients with schizophrenia have significantly higher rates compared to the general population. We performed this study to examine the population-specific risk factors associated with CAC in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, patients with schizophrenia who underwent low-dose chest CT scans between January 2020 and December 2021 were analyzed. Ordinary CAC scores and results of routine blood tests were obtained. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for potential risk factors in patients with and without CAC, while the negative binomial additive model was used to explore the dose-response relationship between risk factors and CAC score. RESULTS: Of the 916 patients, 233 (25.4 %) had CAC, while 683 (74.6 %) did not. After adjusting for confounding factors, higher triglyceride levels (OR = 1.20, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.04 to 1.38, p = 0.013) and low triiodothyronine levels (OR = 0.50, 95 % CI: 0.29 to 0.84; p = 0.010) were identified as risk factors for CAC. Both triglycerides (p = 0.021) and triiodothyronine (p = 0.010) were also found to have significant dose-response relationships with CAC scores according to the negative binomial additive model in the exploratory analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights elevated serum triglycerides and decreased triiodothyronine levels as population-specific risk factors for CAC in patients with schizophrenia, suggest the need for close monitoring of CAC in patients with schizophrenia and further prospective trials to provide additional evidence on this topic.

Hierarchical transcriptional network governing heterogeneous T cell exhaustion and its implications for immune checkpoint blockade.

The fundamental principle of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is to protect tumor-infiltrating T cells from being exhausted. Despite the remarkable success achieved by ICB treatment, only a small group of patients benefit from it. Characterized by a hypofunctional state with the expression of multiple inhibitory receptors, exhausted T (Tex) cells are a major obstacle in improving ICB. T cell exhaustion is a progressive process which adapts to persistent antigen stimulation in chronic infections and cancers. In this review, we elucidate the heterogeneity of Tex cells and offer new insights into the hierarchical transcriptional regulation of T cell exhaustion. Factors and signaling pathways that induce and promote exhaustion are also summarized. Moreover, we review the epigenetic and metabolic alterations of Tex cells and discuss how PD-1 signaling affects the balance between T cell activation and exhaustion, aiming to provide more therapeutic targets for applications of combinational immunotherapies.

Megamitochondria plasticity: Function transition from adaption to disease.

As the cell's energy factory and metabolic hub, mitochondria are critical for ATP synthesis to maintain cellular function. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that continuously undergo fusion and fission to alter their size, shape, and position, with mitochondrial fusion and fission being interdependent to maintain the balance of mitochondrial morphological changes. However, in response to metabolic and functional damage, mitochondria can grow in size, resulting in a form of abnormal mitochondrial morphology known as megamitochondria. Megamitochondria are characterized by their considerably larger size, pale matrix, and marginal cristae structure and have been observed in various human diseases. In energy-intensive cells like hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes, the pathological process can lead to the growth of megamitochondria, which can further cause metabolic disorders, cell damage and aggravates the progression of the disease. Nonetheless, megamitochondria can also form in response to short-term environmental stimulation as a compensatory mechanism to support cell survival. However, extended stimulation can reverse the benefits of megamitochondria leading to adverse effects. In this review, we will focus on the findings of the different roles of megamitochondria, and their link to disease development to identify promising clinical therapeutic targets.

Indolocarbazole alkaloid Loonamycin A inhibits triple-negative breast cancer cell stemness and Notch signalling.

OBJECTIVES: Enrichment for therapy-resistant cancer stem cells hampers the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Targeting these cells via suppression of Notch signalling can be a potential therapeutic strategy. This study aimed to uncover the mode of action of a new indolocarbazole alkaloid loonamycin A against this incurable disease. METHODS: The anticancer effects were examined in triple-negative breast cancer cells using in vitro methods, including cell viability and proliferation assays, wound-healing assay, flow cytometry and mammosphere formation assay. RNA-seq technology was used to analyse the gene expression profiles in loonamycin A-treated cells. Real-time RT-PCR and western blot were to evaluate the inhibition of Notch signalling. KEY FINDINGS: Loonamycin A has stronger cytotoxicity than its structural analog rebeccamycin. Besides inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, loonamycin A reduced CD44high/CD24low/- sub-population, mammosphere formation, as well as the expression of stemness-associated genes. Co-administration of loonamycin A enhanced antitumour effects of paclitaxel by inducing apoptosis. RNA sequencing results showed that loonamycin A treatment caused the inhibition of Notch signalling, accompanied by the decreased expression of Notch1 and its targeted genes. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal a novel bioactivity of indolocarbazole-type alkaloids and provide a promising Notch-inhibiting small molecular candidate for triple-negative breast cancer therapy.

Highly expressed SERCA2 triggers tumor cell autophagy and is a druggable vulnerability in triple-negative breast cancer.

Chemoresistance remains a major obstacle to successful treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Identification of druggable vulnerabilities is an important aim for TNBC therapy. Here, we report that SERCA2 expression correlates with TNBC progression in human patients, which promotes TNBC cell proliferation, migration and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, SERCA2 interacts with LC3B via LIR motif, facilitating WIPI2-independent autophagosome formation to induce autophagy. Autophagy-mediated SERCA2 degradation induces SERCA2 transactivation through a Ca2+/CaMKK/CREB-1 feedback. Moreover, we found that SERCA2-targeting small molecule RL71 enhances SERCA2-LC3B interaction and induces excessive autophagic cell death. The increase in SERCA2 expression predisposes TNBC cells to RL71-induced autophagic cell death in vitro and in vivo. This study elucidates a mechanism by which TNBC cells maintain their high autophagy activity to induce chemoresistance, and suggests increased SERCA2 expression as a druggable vulnerability for TNBC.

Development of a dual-arm rapid grape-harvesting robot for horizontal trellis cultivation.

It is extremely necessary to achieve the rapid harvesting of table grapes planted with a standard trellis in the grape industry. The design and experimental analysis of a dual-arm high-speed grape-harvesting robot were carried out to address the limitations of low picking efficiency and high grape breakage rate of multijoint robotic arms. Based on the characteristics of the harvesting environment, such as the small gap between grape clusters, standard trellis, and vertical suspension of clusters, the configuration of the dual-arm harvesting robot is reasonably designed and analyzed, and the overall configuration of the machine and the installation position of key components are derived. Robotic arm and camera view analysis of the workspace harvesting process was performed using MATLAB, and it can be concluded that the structural design of this robot meets the grape harvesting requirements with a standard trellis. To improve the harvesting efficiency, some key high-speed harvesting technologies were adopted, such as the harvesting sequence decision based on the "sequential mirroring method" of grape cluster depth information, "one-eye and dual-arm" high-speed visual servo, dual arm action sequence decision, and optimization of the "visual end effector" large tolerance combination in a natural environment. The indoor accuracy experiment shows that when the degree of obscuration of grape clusters by leaves increases, the vision algorithm based on the geometric contours of grape clusters can still meet the demands of harvesting tasks. The motion positioning average errors of the left and right robotic arms were (X: 2.885 mm, Y: 3.972 mm, Z: 2.715 mm) and (X: 2.471 mm, Y: 3.289 mm, Z: 3.775 mm), respectively, and the average dual-arm harvesting time in one grape cluster was 8.45 s. The field performance test verifies that the average harvesting cycle of the robot with both arms reached 9 s/bunch, and the success rate of bunch identification and harvesting success rate reached 88 and 83%, respectively, which were significantly better than those of existing harvesting robots worldwide.

Intracellular CYTL1, a novel tumor suppressor, stabilizes NDUFV1 to inhibit metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer.

Loss-of-function mutations frequently occur in tumor suppressor genes, i.e., p53, during the malignant progression of various cancers. Whether any intrinsic suppressor carries a rare mutation is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that intracellular cytokine-like protein 1 (CYTL1) plays a key role in preventing the robust glycolytic switching characteristic of breast cancer. A low intracellular CYTL1 level, not its mutation, is required for metabolic reprogramming. Breast cancer cells expressing an intracellular form of CYTL1 lacking a 1-22 aa signal peptide, ΔCYTL1, show significantly attenuated glucose uptake and lactate production, which is linked to the inhibition of cell growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CYTL1 competitively binds the N-terminal sequence of NDUFV1 to block MDM2-mediated degradation by the proteasome, leading to the stability of the NDUFV1 protein. In addition to inducing increased NAD+ levels, NDUFV1 interacts with Src to attenuate LDHA phosphorylation at tyrosine 10 and reduce lactate production. Our results reveal, for the first time, that CYTL1 is a novel tumor suppressor. Its function in reversing metabolic reprogramming toward glycolysis may be very important for the development of novel antitumor strategies.

Triggering a switch from basal- to luminal-like breast cancer subtype by the small-molecule diptoindonesin G via induction of GABARAPL1.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that includes different molecular subtypes. The basal-like subtype has a poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate, whereas the luminal-like subtype confers a more favorable patient prognosis partially due to anti-hormone therapy responsiveness. Here, we demonstrate that diptoindonesin G (Dip G), a natural product, exhibits robust differentiation-inducing activity in basal-like breast cancer cell lines and animal models. Specifically, Dip G treatment caused a partial transcriptome shift from basal to luminal gene expression signatures and prompted sensitization of basal-like breast tumors to tamoxifen therapy. Dip G upregulated the expression of both GABARAPL1 (GABAA receptor-associated protein-like 1) and ERß. We revealed a previously unappreciated role of GABARAPL1 as a regulator in the specification of breast cancer subtypes that is dependent on ERß levels. Our findings shed light on new therapeutic opportunities for basal-like breast cancer via a phenotype switch and indicate that Dip G may serve as a leading compound for the therapy of basal-like breast cancer.

Libertellenone M, a diterpene derived from an endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. S12, protects against DSS-induced colitis via inhibiting both nuclear translocation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

NLRP3 inflammasome may serve as a potential target for the development of novel therapeutics for inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study, we found that Libertellenone M (Lib M), a secondary metabolite from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp. S12, has anti-inflammatory potential both in vitro and in vivo. Lib M selectively inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß and IL-18 in LPS-activated macrophages. The cleavage of pro-caspase 1 was remarkably reduced by Lib M in macrophages stimulated with three NLRP3 inflammasome activators. Administering Lib M attenuated dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental acute colitis in mice and significantly reduced the production of these cytokines and cleaved caspase 1 in colon tissues. Apart from inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, Lib M also suppressed NF-κB nuclear translocation in macrophages. Taken together, these findings suggest that Lib M-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation could protect against colitis-like inflammatory diseases, and that this compound derived from a plant-associated fungus might inspire the exploration of novel immunosuppressive agents.

Exosomal Transfer Of Cisplatin-Induced miR-425-3p Confers Cisplatin Resistance In NSCLC Through Activating Autophagy.

INTRODUCTION: Exosomes are important mediators of intercellular communication. Previously, we characterized circulating exosomal miR-425-3p as a non-invasive prognostic marker for predicting clinical response to platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Circulating exosomal miR-425-3p was validated by qRT-PCR in paired serum samples from NSCLC patients during the course of platinum-based chemotherapy. Cell coculture was performed to examine the effects of exosomal miR-425-3p on the sensitivity of recipient A549 cells to cisplatin. Using bioinformatics, ChIP and luciferase reporter assays, the transcription factor essential for miR-425-3p expression was identified. Autophagic activity in the recipient cells was determined by Western blot and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Higher levels of exosomal miR-425-3p were found in serum samples from the patients in tolerance versus those at baseline. An upward trend in the expression of circulating exosomal miR-425-3p was revealed during chemotherapy. Furthermore, the expression of exosomal miR-425-3p could be induced by cisplatin in NSCLC cells. Exosomes isolated from either cisplatin-treated or cisplatin-resistant NSCLC cells conferred chemoresistance to sensitive A549 cells in a miR-425-3p-dependent manner. Cisplatin-induced c-Myc was found to directly bind the miR-425-3p promoter and transactivated its expression. Exosomal miR-425-3p facilitated autophagic activation in the recipient cells by targeting AKT1, eventually leading to chemoresistance. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that apart from a prognostic marker of treatment response, exosomal miR-425-3p might be a potential dynamic biomarker to tailor cisplatin resistance in NSCLC patients during the treatment and represent a promising therapeutic target for therapy-resistant NSCLC.