Aerobic Vaginitis Diagnosis Criteria Combining Gram Stain with Clinical Features: An Establishment and Prospective Validation Study.

Wet-mount microscopy aerobic vaginitis (AV) diagnostic criteria need phase-contrast microscopy and keen microscopists, and the preservation of saline smears is less common in clinical practice. This research work developed new AV diagnostic criteria that combine Gram stain with clinical features. We enrolled 325 AV patients and 325 controls as a study population to develop new AV diagnostic criteria. Then, an independent group, which included 500 women, was used as a validation population. AV-related microscopic findings on Gram-stained and wet-mount smears from the same participants were compared. The accuracy of bacterial indicators from the two methods was verified by bacterial 16S rRNA V4 sequencing (n = 240). Logistic regression was used to analyse AV-related clinical features. The screened clinical features were combined with Gram-stain microscopic indicators to establish new AV diagnostic criteria. There were no significant differences in the leukocyte counts or the parabasal epitheliocytes (PBC) proportion between the Gram-stain and wet-mount methods (400×). Gram stain (1000×) satisfied the ability to identify bacteria as verified by 16S rRNA sequencing but failed to identify toxic leukocytes. The new criteria included: Lactobacillary grades (LBG) and background flora (Gram stain, 1000×), leukocytes count and PBC proportion (Gram stain, 400×), and clinical features (vaginal pH > 4.5, vagina hyperemia, and yellow discharge). These criteria satisfied the accuracy and reliability for AV diagnosis (Se = 86.79%, Sp = 95.97%, and Kendall's W value = 0.899) in perspective validation. In summary, we proposed an alternative and valuable AV diagnostic criteria based on the Gram stain, which can make it possible to diagnose common vaginitis like AV, BV, VVC, and mixed infections on the same smear and can be available for artificial intelligence diagnosis in the future.

Enantioselective [3 + 2] Annulation of Enals with 2-Aminoacrylates Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbene.

A novel and convenient strategy for the enantioselective synthesis of γ-lactam derivatives via N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed formal [3 + 2] annulation of enals with 2-aminoacrylates is disclosed. This activation mode provides a complementary approach to the synthesis of various γ-lactam derivatives in good yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. In this process, two consecutive stereocenters are constructed, and a quaternary carbon center is also established.

Access to dihydropyridinones and spirooxindoles: application of N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed [3+3] annulation of enals and oxindole-derived enals with 2-aminoacrylates.

A strategy for the NHC-catalyzed synthesis of dihydropyridinones and spirooxindoles has been developed via [3+3] annulation reactions of enals or isatin-derived enals with 2-aminoacrylates under oxidative conditions. In this efficient strategy, the 2-aminoacrylates served as nucleophiles. Modifying the standard base switched the carbon-carbon double bond formation from 5,6-positions to 3,4-positions to generate 5,6-dihydropyridinones and 3,4-dihydropyridinones, respectively. Meanwhile, a diverse set of spirooxindole derivatives were also synthesized in good to excellent yields.

[Screening, identification and fermentation optimization of a collagenase-producing strain and purification of the collagenase].

Objective: The purpose of this study was to isolate novel strains from the soil nearby meat processing factories to produce collagenase. After the yield of collagenase from the strain improved, the collagenase was purified and used for hydrolyzing collagen. Methods: The strain was identified based on morphological features, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic tree analysis. The yield of collagenase was increased by optimizing the fermentation condition, and the collagenase isolated from the fermentation supernatant of the strain was finally purified with strong anion exchange resins. Results: The collagenase-producing strain was identified as Bacillus cereus. The optimized fermentation conditions of the strain were: 2.0% glucose as optimum carbon source, 1.5% tryptone as optimum nitrogen source, 0.005% of Ca2+ as optimum metal ion. The optimum temperature and pH were 37 ℃ and 7.5, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the enzyme activity of collagenase was (65.81±2.06) U/mL, 1.5-fold increased than that before the optimization. After purified with strong anion exchange resins, a collagenase with the purity higher than 90%, the molecular weight about 100 kDa, and the specific activity of 7615.0±78.7 U/mg was obtained. Conclusion: The activity of Bacillus cereus collagenase was higher than the reported collagenases. Using this novel collagenase, collagen could be degraded into short biological peptides in a short time. Hence, this collagenase has application prospects in many fields, such as food, medical, health care products and cosmetics.