The burden and management competency of cardiomyopathies in China: a nationwide survey study.

Background: The public health burden of cardiomyopathies and competency in their management by health agencies in China are not well understood. Methods: This study adopted a multi-stage sampling method for hospital selection. In the first stage, nationwide tertiary hospital recruitment was performed. As a result, 88 hospitals with the consent of the director of cardiology and access to an established electronic medical records system, were recruited. In the second stage, we sampled 66 hospitals within each geographic-economic stratification through a random sampling process. Data on (1) the outpatient and inpatient visits for cardiomyopathies between 2017 and 2021 and (2) the competency in the management of patients with cardiomyopathies, were collected. The competency of a hospital to provide cardiomyopathy care was evaluated using a specifically devised scale. Findings: The outpatient and inpatient visits for cardiomyopathies increased between 2017 and 2021 by 38.6% and 33.0%, respectively. Most hospitals had basic facilities for cardiomyopathy assessment. However, access to more complex procedures was limited, and the integrated management pathway needs improvement. Only 4 (6.1%) of the 66 participating hospitals met the criteria for being designated as a comprehensive cardiomyopathy center, and only 29 (43.9%) could be classified as a primary cardiomyopathy center. There were significant variations in competency between hospitals with different administrative and economic levels. Interpretation: The health burden of cardiomyopathies has increased significantly between 2017 and 2021 in China. Although most tertiary hospitals in China can offer basic cardiomyopathy care, more advanced facilities are not yet universally available. Moreover, inconsistencies in the management of cardiomyopathies across hospitals due to differing administrative and economic levels warrants a review of the nation allocation of medical resources. Funding: This work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2023-I2M-1-001) and the National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2022-GSP-GG-17).

Maximizing the Value of Real-World Data and Real-World Evidence to Accelerate Healthcare Transformation in China: Summary of External Advisory Committee Meetings.

Use of real-world data (RWD) is gaining wide attention. To bridge the gap between diverse healthcare stakeholders and to leverage the impact of Chinese real-world evidence (RWE) globally, a multi-stakeholder External Advisory Committee (EAC) and EAC meetings were initiated, aiming to elucidate the current and evolving RWD landscape in China, articulate the values of RWE in ensuring Chinese patients' equitable access to affordable medicines and solutions, and identify strategic opportunities and partnerships for expansion of RWE generation in China. Chinese and international experts who are clinicians and academic researchers were selected as EAC members based on their professional background and familiarity with RWD/RWE. Three EAC meetings were held quarterly in 2023. Various topics were presented and discussed for insights and suggestions. Nine experts from China, one from South Korea, and two from Europe were selected as EAC members and attended these meetings. Experts' presentations were summarized by theme, including the RWD landscape and RWE enablement in China, as well as global development of a patient-centric ecosystem. Experts' insights and suggestions on maximizing the RWD/RWE value to accelerate healthcare transformation in China were collected. We concluded that though data access, sharing, and quality are still challenging, RWD is developing to support evidence generation in the medicinal product lifecycle, inform clinical practice, and empower patient management in China. RWD/RWE creates value, accelerates healthcare transformation, and improves patient outcomes. Fostering a patient-centric ecosystem across healthcare stakeholders and maintaining global partnerships and collaboration are essential for unlocking the power of RWD/RWE.

Glycated Hemoglobin Variability Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure Irrespective of Diabetic Status.

BACKGROUND: The effect of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) variability on adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) is unclear. We aim to investigate the predictive value of HbA1c variability on the risks of all-cause death and HF rehospitalization in patients with HF irrespective of their diabetic status. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a previously validated territory-wide clinical data registry, HbA1c variability was assessed by average successive variability (ASV) or SD of all HbA1c measurements after HF diagnosis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and its corresponding 95% CI. A total of 65 950 patients with HF were included in the study. Over a median follow-up of 6.7 (interquartile range, 4.0-10.6) years, 34 508 patients died and 52 446 required HF rehospitalization. Every unit increment of variability in HbA1c was significantly associated with higher HF rehospitalization (HR ASV, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.18-1.23]) and all-cause death (HR ASV, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.47-1.53]). Diabetes significantly modified the association between HbA1c variability and outcomes (Pinteraction<0.001). HbA1c variability in patients with HF without diabetes conferred a higher risk of rehospitalization (HR ASV, 1.92 [95% CI, 1.70-2.17] versus HR ASV, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.17-1.21]), and all-cause death (HR ASV, 3.90 [95% CI, 3.31-4.61] versus HR ASV, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.43-1.50] compared with patients with diabetes). CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c variability is significantly associated with greater risk of rehospitalization and all-cause death in patients with HF, irrespective of their diabetic status. These observations were more pronounced in patients with HF without diabetes.

Prediabetes is associated with increased cardiac events in patients with cancer who are prescribed anthracyclines.

BACKGROUND: Prediabetes, which is a precedent of overt diabetes, is a known risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Its impact on adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cancer who are prescribed anthracycline-containing chemotherapy (ACT) is uncertain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of prediabetes with cardiovascular events in patients with cancer who are prescribed ACT. METHODS: The authors identified patients with cancer who received ACT from 2000 to 2019 from Clinical Data Analysis Reporting System of Hong Kong. Patients were divided into diabetes, prediabetes, and normoglycemia groups based on their baseline glycemic profile. The Primary outcome, a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), was the composite event of hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death. RESULTS: Among 12,649 patients at baseline, 3997 had prediabetes, and 5622 had diabetes. Over median follow-up of 8.7 years, the incidence of MACE was 211 (7.0%) in the normoglycemia group, 358 (9.0%) in the prediabetes group, and 728 (12.9%) in the diabetes group. Compared with normoglycemia, prediabetes (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.43) and diabetes (adjusted HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.24-1.70) were associated with an increased risk of MACE. In the prediabetes group, 475 patients (18%) progressed to overt diabetes and exhibited a greater risk of MACE (adjusted HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.31-2.36) compared with patients who remained prediabetic. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with cancer who received ACT, those who had prediabetes at baseline and those who progressed to diabetes at follow-up had an increased risk of MACE. The optimization of cardiovascular risk factor management, including prediabetes, should be considered in patients with cancer who are treated before and during ACT to reduce cardiovascular risk. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Patients with cancer who have preexisting diabetes have a higher risk of cardiovascular events, and prediabetes is often overlooked. In this study of 12,649 patients with cancer identified in the Clinical Data Analysis Reporting System of Hong Kong who were receiving treatment with anthracycline drugs, prediabetes was correlated with increased deaths from cardiovascular disease and/or hospitalizations for heart failure. Patients who progressed from prediabetes to diabetes within 2 years had an increased risk of combined hospitalization for heart failure and death from cardiovascular disease. These findings indicate the importance of paying greater attention to cardiovascular risk factors, including how prediabetes is managed, in patients who have cancer and are receiving chemotherapy with anthracyclines, emphasizing the need for surveillance, follow-up strategies, and consideration of prediabetes management in cancer care.

Mortality in patients admitted to hospital with heart failure in China: a nationwide Cardiovascular Association Database-Heart Failure Centre Registry cohort study.

BACKGROUND: China has the largest burden of heart failure worldwide. However, large-scale studies on heart failure mortality are scarce. We aimed to investigate mortality and identify risk factors for mortality among patients with heart failure in China. METHODS: This prospective cohort study used data from the China Cardiovascular Association (CCA) Database-Heart Failure Centre Registry, which were linked to the National Mortality Registration Information Management System by the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. We included patients enrolled from Jan 1, 2017, to Dec 31, 2021, across 572 CCA Database-Heart Failure Centre certified hospitals in 31 provinces of mainland China. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older (younger than 100 years) with a principal discharge diagnosis of heart failure based on Chinese heart failure guidelines. All-cause mortality at 30 days, 1 year, and 3 years for patients with heart failure were calculated and the causes of death were recorded. Multivariable analysis was used to analyse factors associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2200066305. FINDINGS: Of the 327 477 patients in the registry, 230 637 eligible adults with heart failure were included in our analyses. Participant mean age was 69·3 years (SD 13·2), 94 693 (41·1%) participants were female, and 135 944 (58·9%) were male. The median follow-up time was 531 days (IQR 251-883). Post-discharge all-cause mortality of patients with heart failure at 30 days was 2·4% (95% CI 2·3-2·5), at 1 year was 13·7% (13·5-13·9), and at 3 years was 28·2% (27·7-28·6). Cardiovascular death accounted for 32 906 (71·5%) of 46 006 all-cause deaths. Patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction had the highest all-cause mortality. A lower guideline adherence score was independently associated with the increase of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. INTERPRETATION: In China, mortality for patients with heart failure is still high, especially in patients with reduced ejection fraction. Our findings suggest that guideline-directed medical therapy needs to be improved. FUNDING: National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding, the Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research, and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

An electrochemiluminescence sensor based on lanthanide bimetallic MOFs with a "cascade sensitization mechanism" for the sensitive detection of CA242.

Lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) broaden the optical sensing applications of lanthanide ions due to the antenna effect between organic ligands and metals. However, the sensitization ability of the ligand to metal ions is limited, and maximizing the sensitization of the electrochemiluminescence behavior of Eu3+ is still a challenge for the application of Ln-MOFs. Therefore, under the guidance of the "cascade sensitization mechanism" based on the antenna effect sensitizing the electrochemiluminescence of bimetallic Ln-MOFs, we proposed Eu/Tb-MOFs with high luminescence intensity as a signal probe. According to the antenna effect, the conjugated structure and high extinction coefficient of the benzene ring of 2-amino terephthalic acid (NH2-BDC) can enhance the ECL luminescence intensity of Eu/Tb-MOFs. Tb3+ can act as an energy bridge between NH2-BDC and Eu3+, buffering the energy gap. The bimetallic sensitization is formed between Tb3+ and Eu3+, which can inhibit the reverse internal flow of energy and ensure the high luminous efficiency of Eu3+. In addition, the nanosphere mixed valence Fe3O4 as a co-reactant accelerator promotes the formation of transient free radical SO4•- through the valence change of Fe2+/Fe3+. The ECL immunosensor constructed by luminophores Eu/Tb-MOFs and nanosphere Fe3O4 provided a new explanation for the ECL self-luminous of Eu/Tb-MOFs.

Identification and validation of major and stable quantitative trait locus for falling number in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

KEY MESSAGE: A major and stable QTL, QFn.sau-1B.2, which can explain 13.6% of the PVE in FN and has a positive effect on resistance in SGR, was mapped and validated. The falling number (FN) is considered one of the most important quality traits of wheat grain and is the most important quality evaluation index for wheat trade worldwide. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for FN were mapped in three years of experiments. 23, 30, and 58 QTLs were identified using the ICIM-BIP, ICIM-MET, and ICIM-EPI methods, respectively. Among them, seven QTLs were considered stable. QFn.sau-1B.2, which was mapped to the 1BL chromosome, can explain 13.6% of the phenotypic variation on average and is considered a major and stable QTL for FN. This QTL was mapped in a 1 cM interval and is flanked by the markers AX-110409346 and AX-108743901. Epistatic analysis indicated that QFN.sau-1B.2 has a strong influence on FN through both additive and epistatic effects. The Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR marker KASP-AX-108743901, which is closely linked to QFn.sau-1B.2, was designed. The genetic effect of QFn.sau-1B.2 on FN was successfully confirmed in Chuannong18 × T1208 and CN17 × CN11 populations. Moreover, the results of the additive effects of favorable alleles for FN showed that the QTLs for FN had significant effects not only on FN but also on the resistance to spike germination. Within the interval of QFn.sau-1B.2, 147 high-confidence genes were found. According to the gene annotation and the transcriptome data, four genes might be associated with FN. QFn.sau-1B.2 may provide a new resource for the high-quality breeding of wheat in the future.

Broad Spectral Response FeOOH/BiO2-x Photocatalyst with Efficient Charge Transfer for Enhanced Photo-Fenton Synergistic Catalytic Activity.

In this work, to promote the separation of photogenerated carriers, prevent the catalyst from photo-corrosion, and improve the photo-Fenton synergistic degradation of organic pollutants, the coating structure of FeOOH/BiO2-x rich in oxygen vacancies was successfully synthesized by a facile and environmentally friendly two-step process of hydrothermal and chemical deposition. Through a series of degradation activity tests of synthesized materials under different conditions, it was found that FeOOH/BiO2-x demonstrated outstanding organic pollutant degradation activity under visible and near-infrared light when hydrogen peroxide was added. After 90 min of reaction under photo-Fenton conditions, the degradation rate of Methylene Blue by FeOOH/BiO2-x was 87.4%, significantly higher than the degradation efficiency under photocatalysis (60.3%) and Fenton (49.0%) conditions. The apparent rate constants of FeOOH/BiO2-x under photo-Fenton conditions were 2.33 times and 3.32 times higher than photocatalysis and Fenton catalysis, respectively. The amorphous FeOOH was tightly coated on the layered BiO2-x, which significantly increased the specific surface area and the number of active sites of the composites, and facilitated the improvement of the separation efficiency of the photogenerated carriers and the prevention of photo-corrosion of BiO2-x. The analysis of the mechanism of photo-Fenton synergistic degradation clarified that ·OH, h+, and ·O2- are the main active substances involved in the degradation of pollutants. The optimal degradation conditions were the addition of the FeOOH/BiO2-x composite catalyst loaded with 20% Fe at a concentration of 0.5 g/L, the addition of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 8 mM, and an initial pH of 4. This outstanding catalytic system offers a fresh approach to the creation and processing of iron-based photo-Fenton catalysts by quickly and efficiently degrading various organic contaminants.

Apple polyphenol extract ameliorates sugary-diet-induced depression-like behaviors in male C57BL/6 mice by inhibiting the inflammation of the gut-brain axis.

To explore whether apple polyphenol extract (APE) ameliorates sugary-diet-induced depression-like behaviors, thirty male C57BL/6 mice (3-4 weeks old) were assigned to three groups randomly to receive different treatments for 8 consecutive weeks: (1) control group (CON), (2) S-HSD group (60% high sucrose diet feeding with 0.1 mg mL-1 sucralose solution as drinking water), and (3) S-APE group (S-HSD feeding with 500 mg per (kg bw day) APE solution gavage). The S-HSD group showed significant depression-like behaviors compared with the CON group, which was manifested by an increased number of buried marbles in the marble burying test, prolonged immobility time in both the tail suspension test and forced swimming test, and cognitive impairment based on the Morris water maze test. However, APE intervention significantly improved the depression-like behaviors by reducing serum levels of corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone, and increasing the serum level of IL-10. Moreover, APE intervention inhibited the activation of the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, elevated colonic MUC-2 protein expression, and elevated the colonic and hippocampal tight junction proteins of occludin and ZO-1. Furthermore, APE intervention increased the richness and diversity of gut microbiota by regulating the composition of microbiota, with increased relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota, decreased relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiota at the phylum level, significantly lowered relative abundance of Akkermansia at the genus level, and rebalanced abnormal relative abundance of Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002, and Lachnoclostridium induced by S-HSD feeding. Thus, our study supports the potential application of APE as a dietary intervention for ameliorating depression-like behavioral disorders.

Statins and risks of dementia among patients with heart failure: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Hong Kong.

Background: Heart failure (HF) and dementia frequently co-exist with shared pathological mechanisms and risk factors. Our study aims to investigate the association between statin therapy and the risks of dementia and its subtypes among patients with HF. Methods: The Hong Kong Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System database was interrogated to identify patients with incident HF diagnosis from 2004 to 2018, using ICD 9/ICD 10 codes. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance baseline covariates between statin users (N = 54,004) and non-users (N = 50,291). The primary outcomes were incident all-cause dementia, including subtypes of Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and unspecified dementia. Cox proportional-hazard model with competing risk regression was performed to estimate the sub-distribution hazards ratio (SHR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the risks of all-cause dementia and its subtypes that are associated with statin use. Findings: Of all eligible patients with HF (N = 104,295), the mean age was 74.2 ± 13.6 years old and 52,511 (50.3%) were male. Over a median follow-up of 9.9 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 6.4-13.0), 10,031 (9.6%) patients were diagnosed with dementia, among which Alzheimer's disease (N = 2250), vascular dementia (N = 1831), and unspecified dementia (N = 5950) were quantified separately. After IPTW, statin use was associated with a 20% lower risk of incident dementia compared with non-use (multivariable-adjusted SHR 0.80, 95% CI 0.76-0.84). Stratified by subtypes of dementia, statin use was associated with a 28% lower risk of Alzheimer's disease (SHR 0.72, 95% CI 0.63-0.82), 18% lower risk of vascular dementia (SHR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70-0.95), and a 20% lower risk of unspecified dementia (SHR 0.80, 95% CI 0.75-0.85). Interpretation: In patients with HF, statin use was associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause dementia and its subtypes, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and unspecified dementia. Both randomized trials and experimental studies to validate the potential neuroprotective effect of statin are warranted. Funding: No funding was provided for this study.

Development and validation of a diagnostic nomogram in pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (pH) due to left heart disease (pH-LHD) is the most common form of pH in clinical practice. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study is to develop a diagnostic nomogram predictive model combining conventional noninvasive examination and detection indicators. METHODS: Our study retrospectively included 361 patients with left heart disease (LHD) who underwent right heart catheterization between 2013 and 2020. All patients were randomly divided into a training cohort (253, 70 %) and a validation cohort (108, 30 %). pH was defined as resting mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mmHg measured by RHC examination. Data dimension reduction and feature selection were used by Lasso regression model. The nomogram was constructed based on multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 175 patients with LHD were diagnosed with pH during their hospitalization, representing 48.5 % of the cohort. The mean age of the overall group was 55.6 years, with 76.7 % being male patients. Excessive resting heart rate, elevated New York Heart Association functional class, increased red blood cell distribution width, right ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure measured by echocardiography were independently associated with the prevalence of pH-LHD. The inclusion of these 5 variables in the nomogram showed good discrimination (AUC = 0.866 [95 % CI, 0.820-0.911]) and optimal calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P = 0.791) for the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The noninvasive nomogram of pH-LHD developed in this study has excellent diagnostic value and clinical applicability, and can more accurately evaluate the presence risk of pH in patients with LHD.

Comparison of arterial stiffness indices measured by pulse wave velocity and pulse wave analysis for predicting cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a Chinese population.

Arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity and pulse wave analysis has been widely studied in different populations in terms of its correlation with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. It remains unknown which arterial stiffness index is better for risk stratification in the general population. We included 4129 participants from Gaoyou County, Jiangsu Province, China, with a median follow-up of 11 years. The primary endpoint was cardiovascular mortality, and the secondary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Harrell's C-index, net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) based on the Cox proportional hazards regression model were evaluated to assess predictive discrimination and accuracy. The associations between the 4 indices and cardiovascular mortality remained significant after adjusting for the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and/or associated risk factors. Considering reclassification based on the newly integrated models (FRS model combined with the 4 indices), NRI for cardiovascular mortality showed that haPWV and baPWV had more significant improvement in reclassification compared with C1 and C2 [NRI with 95% CI: haPWV 0.410 (0.293, 0.523); baPWV 0.447 (0.330, 0.553); C1 0.312 (0.182, 0.454); C2 0.328 (0.159, 0.463); all P < 0.05]. This study showed that pulse wave velocity (haPWV and baPWV) provides better discrimination of long-term risk than arterial elasticity indices (C1 and C2) in the general population.

Correlation of ventricle epicardial fat volume and triglyceride-glucose index in patients with chronic heart failure.

To explore the association of ventricle epicardial fat volume (EFV) calculated by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and the insulin resistance indicator of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in patients with chronic HF (CHF), this retrospective cohort study included adult CHF patients with confirmed diagnosis of heart failure from January 2018 to December 2020. All patients underwent 3.0T CMR, and EFV were measured under short-axis cine. Spearman correlation, multivariate linear regression, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression were used to analyze their association. There were 516 patients with CHF, of whom 69.8% were male. Median EFV was 57.14mL and mean TyG index was 8.48. Spearman correlation analysis showed that TyG index was significantly correlated with the EFV in CHF patients (r = 0.247, P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that TyG index levels were significantly associated with EFV as both continuous variables (Unstandardized ß = 6.556, P < 0.001) and across the increasing quartiles (ß = 7.50, 95% CI [1.41, 13.59], P < 0.05). RCS demonstrated there were a positive trend and linear association between EFV and TyG index in CHF patients (P for nonliearity = 0.941). In patients with CHF, the TyG index was positively and linearly associated with the EFV, which supports the metabolic roles of epicardial adipose tissue regarding insulin resistance.

Association of flavonoid intake with coronary artery disease risk in the older population based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

We investigated the association between flavonoid intake and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk in older adults. Data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (age ≥ 70 years; 2007-2010 and 2017-2018; n = 2 417). The total flavonoid and flavonoid subclass intake was calculated using validated food frequency questionnaires. The association between flavonoid intake and CAD risk was examined using generalized linear models with restricted cubic spline models. After multivariate adjustment, anthocyanin intake was positively associated with CAD risk; no significant associations were observed between other flavonoid subcategories and endpoint outcomes. Anthocyanins exhibited a non-linear association with CAD risk, and threshold effect analysis showed an inflection point of 15.8 mg/day for anthocyanins. Per unit increase in anthocyanins, the odds of CAD on the left of the inflection point decreased by 2%, while the odds on the right increased by 35.8%. Excessive flavonoid intake may increase CAD risk in the older population.

Fucoidan alleviated dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis with improved intestinal barrier, reshaped gut microbiota composition, and promoted autophagy in male C57BL/6 mice.

Although previous research has unveiled the remedial effects of fucoidan, an extract from marine algae, on ulcerative colitis (UC), the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Animal studies have suggested a connection between autophagy and the beneficial influences of fucoidan intervention. We hypothesized that fucoidan's alleviative effects on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC could be ascribed to autophagy. For our study, we chose 36 male C57BL/6 mice and administered 100 or 400 mg/(kg/body weight/day) of fucoidan via gavage for 5 consecutive weeks. During the last week, the mice were given 3% DSS in drinking water to induce UC. In contrast to the DSS-induced UC model, fucoidan intervention prevented DSS-induced body weight loss, mitigated colon shortening, improved colon mucosa damage, enhanced the intestinal barrier, and reduced serum inflammatory factor concentrations. Furthermore, fucoidan intervention reshaped the gut microbiota compositions, increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Muribaculaceae_unclassified, Clostridiales_unclassified, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Escherichia-Shigella, which led to a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio. Additionally, fucoidan treatment enhanced autophagy, as evidenced by upregulated protein expressions of BECLIN1, ATG5, ATG7, and an increased microtubule-associated-proteinlight-chain-3-II/microtubule-associated-proteinlight-chain-3-I ratio. Our findings corroborated the ameliorating effects of fucoidan intervention on DSS-induced UC through autophagy activation, reorganization of gut microbiota, and fortification of the intestinal barrier. This lends support to the therapeutic potential of fucoidan as a natural bioactive ingredient for future UC treatments in humans.

Risk of hyperkalaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus prescribed with SGLT2 versus DPP-4 inhibitors.

AIMS: To investigate the risk of hyperkalaemia in new users of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors vs. dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with T2DM who commenced treatment with an SGLT2 or a DPP-4 inhibitor between 2015 and 2019 were collected. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was applied to compare the risk of central laboratory-determined severe hyperkalaemia, hyperkalaemia, hypokalaemia (serum potassium ≥6.0, ≥5.5, and <3.5 mmol/L, respectively), and initiation of a potassium binder in patients newly prescribed an SGLT2 or a DPP-4 inhibitor. A total of 28 599 patients (mean age 60 ± 11 years, 60.9% male) were included after 1:2 propensity score matching, of whom 10 586 were new users of SGLT2 inhibitors and 18 013 of DPP-4 inhibitors. During a 2-year follow-up, severe hyperkalaemia developed in 122 SGLT2 inhibitor users and 325 DPP-4 inhibitor users. Use of SGLT2 inhibitors was associated with a 29% reduction in incident severe hyperkalaemia [hazard ratio (HR) 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58-0.88] compared with DPP-4 inhibitors. Risk of hyperkalaemia (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71-0.92) and prescription of a potassium binder (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.67-0.82) were likewise decreased with SGLT2 inhibitors compared with DPP-4 inhibitors. Occurrence of incident hypokalaemia was nonetheless similar between those prescribed an SGLT2 inhibitor and those prescribed a DPP-4 inhibitor (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81-1.01). CONCLUSION: Our study provides real-world evidence that compared with DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with lower risk of hyperkalaemia and did not increase the incidence of hypokalaemia in patients with T2DM.

Preventive Effects of Apple Polyphenol Extract on High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis Are Related to the Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism, Autophagy, and Gut Microbiota in Aged Mice.

Our previous study confirmed that the ameliorated effects of an intervention with an apple polyphenol extract (APE) on hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) are dependent on SIRT1. Since SIRT1 expression decreases with age, it remains unclear whether APE intervention is effective against hepatic steatosis in aged mice. Thus, 12-month-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed with an HFD to establish an aging model of hepatic steatosis and treated with 500 mg/(kg·bw·d) APE for 12 weeks. Young mice (two months old) and baseline mice were used as controls to examine the effects of natural aging on hepatic steatosis. Compared with baseline mice, no obvious difference in hepatic histopathological assessment was observed for both young and aged mice on normal diets. Meanwhile, HFD induced much higher nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity scores in aged mice than in young mice. APE intervention ameliorated lipid and glucose metabolic disorders and liver injury in HFD-fed aged mice, improved hepatic steatosis, and reduced NAFLD activity scores. The upregulated expressions of SIRT1, HSL, ATG5, Ulk1, and Becn1 and downregulated expressions of HMGCR and FOXO1 suggested improved lipid metabolism and activated autophagy. APE intervention decreased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and elevated the Akkermansia probiotics abundance. In summary, HFD showed a more significant effect on hepatic steatosis compared to the natural aging process in aged mice, and APE might be a promising dietary ingredient for alleviating hepatic steatosis.

Statin Therapy Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Population-Based Study.

BACKGROUND: Whether statin use can reduce the risk of heart failure (HF) remains controversial. The present study evaluates the association between statin use and HF in patients with atrial fibrillation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation from 2010 to 2018 were included. An inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to balance baseline covariates between statin users (n=23 239) and statin nonusers (n=29 251). The primary outcome was incident HF. Cox proportional hazard models with competing risk regression were used to evaluate the risk of HF between statin users and nonusers. The median age of the cohort was 74.7 years, and 47.3% were women. Over a median follow-up of 5.1 years, incident HF occurred in 3673 (15.8%) statin users and 5595 (19.1%) statin nonusers. Statin use was associated with a 19% lower risk of HF (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.78-0.85]). Restricted to the statin users, duration of statin use was measured during follow-up; compared with short-term use (3 months to <2 years), there was a stepwise reduction in the risk of incident HF among those with 2 to <4 years of statin use (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.84-0.88]), 4 to <6 years of statin use (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.72-0.76]), and ≥6 years of statin use (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.69-0.74]). Subgroup analysis showed consistent reductions in the risk of HF with statin use. CONCLUSIONS: Statin use was associated with a decreased risk of incident HF in a duration-dependent manner among patients with atrial fibrillation.

Low lean mass with obesity in older adults with hypertension: prevalence and association with mortality rate.

BACKGROUND: The influence of sarcopenic obesity (SO) on overall survival in older adults with hypertension has not been addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and mortality predictive value of various body composition phenotypes, focusing mainly on SO, in older adults with hypertension. METHODS: We included 1105 hypertensive patients aged ≥ 60 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Sarcopenia was broadly defined based on low lean mass (LLM; as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and was defined using appendicular lean mass (ALM) divided by height squared (ALM/height2), weight (ALM/weight), and body mass index (BMI; ALM/BMI), respectively. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, body fat percentage ≥ 30/42%, or waist circumference ≥ 102/88 cm. The prevalence of LLM with obesity was estimated according to each ALM index (ALMI). Multivariable Cox regression analysis and sensitivity analysis were used to examine the association between various body composition phenotypes and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: In older adults with hypertension, the prevalence of LLM with obesity by the ALM/height2 index (9.8%) was lower relative to the ALM/weight (11.7%) and ALM/BMI indexes (19.6%). After a median follow-up of 15.4 years, 642 deaths occurred. In the fully adjusted models, LLM with obesity was significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-2.49, P = 0.008; HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.04-2.10, P = 0.028; HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.02-1.66, P = 0.037; respectively) compared with the normal body phenotype, with no statistical differences found in individuals with LLM or obesity alone. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of LLM with obesity markedly differed in older adults with hypertension according to the 3 different ALMIs, varying from 9.8%, 11.7%, to 19.6%. Patients with both LLM and obesity had a higher risk of all-cause mortality. Further large, prospective, cohort studies are warranted to validate these findings and uncover underlying mechanisms.

First-principles insights into the C6N7 monolayer as a highly efficient sensor and scavenger for the detection of selective volatile organic compounds.

The design of new gas sensors and scavengers of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is desirable for VOC enriching, separation and utilization. Herein, first-principles methods were performed to investigate the potential of C6N7 monolayers as highly efficient sensors and scavengers for selective VOCs (toluene, benzene, vinyl chloride, ethane, methanal, acetone, ethanol, and acetaldehyde). The physisorption of toluene, benzene, acetone, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and methanal has relatively high adsorption strength and can significantly tune the electronic properties and work function (Φ) of the C6N7, indicating that the C6N7 monolayer is highly sensitive and selective to these VOC gases. In addition, the desorption time of benzene, acetone, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and methanal is about 3, 0.4, 2.0 × 10-2, 3.0 × 10-2, and 3.6 × 10-5 s at 300 K, respectively, indicating that the C6N7-based sensor has high reusability at room temperature. The recovery time of toluene was about 7.8 × 102 s at 300 K, showing disposable toluene gas sensing of the monolayer. Our work confirms that the C6N7 monolayer as a resistance-type and Φ-type gas sensor and scavenger is highly sensitive, selective and reusable for VOCs (benzene, acetone, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and methanol), but is a disposable toluene gas sensor and scavenger at room temperature.