Phylomitogenomic Analyses Provided Further Evidence for the Resurrection of the Family Pseudoacanthocephalidae (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchida).

The phylum Acanthocephala is an important monophyletic group of parasites, with adults parasitic in the digestive tracts of all major vertebrate groups. Acanthocephalans are of veterinary, medical, and economic importance due to their ability to cause disease in domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. However, the current genetic data for acanthocephalans are sparse, both in terms of the proportion of taxa surveyed and the number of genes sequenced. Consequently, the basic molecular phylogenetic framework for the phylum is still incomplete. In the present study, we reported the first complete mitochondrial genome from a representative of the family Pseudoacanthocephalidae Petrochenko, 1956. The mitogenome of Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis (Shipley, 1903) is 14,056 bp in length, contains 36 genes (12 protein-coding genes (PCGs) (lacking atp8), 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes (rrnL and rrnS)) and two non-coding regions (NCR1 and NCR2), and displayed the highest GC-skew in the order Echinorhynchida. Phylogenetic results of maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) using the amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes in different models provided further evidence for the resurrection of the family Pseudoacanthocephalidae and also supported that the order Echinorhynchida is paraphyletic. A monophyletic clade comprising P. bufonis and Cavisoma magnum suggests a close affinity between Pseudoacanthocephalidae and Cavisomatidae. Our phylogenetic analyses also showed that Polymorphidae has a closer relationship with Centrorhynchidae than Plagiorhynchidae in the monophyletic order Polymorphida.

Synthesis of novel 3/5(3,5)-(di)nitropaeonol hydrazone derivatives as nematicidal agents.

Eighteen novel 3/5(3,5)-(di)nitropaeonol hydrazone derivatives were prepared, and their structures well characterized by 1H NMR, HRMS, and mp. Due to the steric hindrance, the substituents on the C = N double bond of all hydrazine compounds (except E/Z = 4/1 for IV-1g, IV-1l, IV-2b, and E/Z = 3/2 for IV-1n, IV-3a) adopted E configuration. Among all compounds, four compounds 2, 4, IV-1j, and IV-1n exhibited potent nematicidal activity than their precursor paeonol, especially 5-nitropaeonol (2) and 3,5-dinitropaeonol (4) displayed the most potent nematicidal activity Heterodera glycines in vivo with LC50 values of 32.3307 and 36.7074 mg/L, respectively.

[Stiletto needle combined with massotherapy for pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effect between Stiletto needle combined with massotherapy and articular injection of sodium hyaluronate for pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). METHODS: A total of 156 patients with KOA were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 78 cases in each group. The patients in the observation group were treated with Stiletto needle (once a week) combined with massotherapy (twice a week); the patients in the control group were treated with articular injection of sodium hyaluronate (once a week). The treatment period were 5 weeks in total. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, local tenderness value, knee joint activity and Lysholm knee joint score were recorded before treatment, 3 weeks and 5 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Compared before treatment, the VAS score, local tenderness value, knee joint activity and Lysholm knee joint score in the two groups were improved 5 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). After 5 weeks of treatment, The local tenderness value and Lysholm knee joint score in the observation group were significantly improved compared with the control group (P<0.05), but the knee joint activity in the control group was superior to that in the observation group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The Stiletto needle combined with massotherapy are superior to articular injection of sodium hyaluronate in relieving pain and improving knee joint function in patients with early-to-moderate KOA, but its effect on joint activity is inferior to sodium hyaluronate.

[Pollution Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter in Autumn and Winter in Puyang, China].

As one of the air pollution transmission channels around the beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Puyang frequently suffer from severe airpollution in autumn and winter. In order to study the characteristics and main sources of fine particulate matter during these periods, manual membrane sampling of PM2.5 was conducted at three national control sites from October 15, 2017, to January 13, 2018. Chemical composition analysis was conducted and, combined with a PMF receptor model, source analysis of the fine particles was also undertaken. The results show that the average mass concentration of PM2.5 in Puyang was 94.16 µg·m-3 in the autumn and winter of 2017, and Pushuihe station was the most polluted site. During the heating season, the three control stations all recorded the frequent occurrence of severe and serious pollution events, while the frequency of mild pollution events decreased. When heavy pollution events occurred, the concentrations of NO2 and CO increased significantly. The main components of PM2.5 were water-soluble ions (52.33%), OCEC (25.32%), and crustal elements (0.08%). The concentrations of NO3- were high while the concentrations of SO42- were low. When heavy pollution occurred, the concentrations of water-soluble ions, OC, EC, and K in PM2.5 increased significantly, while the concentrations of crustal elements decreased. During the sampling period, the conversion ratios of sulfur and nitrogen in Puyang were high and atmospheric oxidation was strong. The transformation of sulfur and nitrogen promoted the occurrence of heavy pollution. Emissions of NOx, CO, and VOCs were higher in Puyang in 2017, and the source apportionment results showed that the main sources of PM2.5 in autumn and winter were secondary inorganic salts (37%), industrial sources (16%), secondary organic aerosol (SOA, 14%), biomass combustion (12%), mobile sources (9%), coal burning (7%), and dust (4%). Secondary transformation played an important role in the development of heavy pollution events in Puyang. It is necessary to focus on the control of emissions from industrial sources, biomass combustion, moving source, and civil coal combustion.

Predictive factors of depression symptoms among adolescents in the 18-month follow-up after Wenchuan earthquake in China.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear about the change and risk factors of depression among adolescent survivors after earthquake. AIMS: This study aimed to explore the change of depression, and identify the predictive factors of depression among adolescent survivors after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. METHODS: The depression among high school students at 6, 12 and 18 months after the Wenchuan earthquake were investigated. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used in this study to assess the severity of depression. RESULTS: Subjects included 548 student survivors in an affected high school. The rates of depression among the adolescent survivors at 6-, 12- and 18-month after the earthquake were 27.3%, 42.9% and 33.3%, respectively, for males, and 42.9%, 61.9% and 53.4%, respectively, for females. Depression symptoms, trauma-related self-injury, suicidal ideation and PTSD symptoms at the 6-month follow-up were significant predictive factors for depression at the 18-month time interval following the earthquake. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the need for considering disaster-related psychological sequela and risk factors of depression symptoms in the planning and implementation of mental health services. Long-term mental and psychological supports for victims of natural disasters are imperative.

[Response of radial growth of Pinus koraiensis in broad-leaved Korean pine forests with different latitudes to climatical factors.] / ä¸åŒçº¬åº¦é˜”å¶çº¢æ¾æž—çº¢æ¾å¾„å‘ç”Ÿé•¿å¯¹æ°”å€™å› å­çš„å“åº”.

To reveal the radial growth trends of Pinus koraiensis and the differences in their responses to climate factors among different latitudes, and to assess the dynamic characteristics, adaptabi-lity and sensitivity of P. koraiensis under the influence of climate change, dendrochronological techniques were used to study the relationships between the climatic variables and the radial growth of P. koraiensis in broad-leaved Korean pine forests with different latitudes. The results showed that there were differences in the responses of the radial growth of P. koraiensis in four different latitudes to local climatic factors. In Baishilazi Nature Reserve, the southernmost sample plot, the radial growth of P. koraiensis was significantly positively correlated to the average relative humidity but significantly negatively correlated to the average maximum temperature of growing season. In low altitude of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, the intermediate sample plot, it was significantly positively correlated with precipitation, average relative humidity and PDSI, and significantly negatively correlated with the average maximum temperature in growing season. In Liangshui Nature Reserve, the intermediate sample plot, significantly positive correlations occurred for average relative humidity and PDSI in growing season, while significantly negative correlations occurred for the average temperature and the average maximum temperature in growing season. Nevertheless, in Shengshan Nature Reserve, the northernmost sample plot, it was positively correlated to the tempe-rature factors of most months. The climatic variables in June of current year were the main factors limiting the radial growth of P. koraiensis in all latitudes, and the average maximum temperature in June of current year was highly negatively correlated with radial growth for P. koraiensis measured at all sites. In recent four decades, with the rising of temperature, the radial growth of P. koraiensis decreased significantly in the southernmost point, increased significantly in the northernmost point, and did not change significantly in middle latitudes. The distribution area of P. koraiensis would be reduced if the temperature increased and precipitation remained unchanged in the future.

Risk factors of suicidal ideation among adolescents after Wenchuan earthquake in China.

BACKGROUND: Suicidal ideation is a common phenomenon in survivors after disaster event. AIM: To identify the change of suicidal ideation, and to test hypotheses concerning the suicidal ideation, depression and PTSD symptoms among adolescent survivors after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. METHODS: The suicidal ideation among high school students at 6, 12 and 18 months after the Wenchuan earthquake were investigated. Subjects included 737 student survivors in an affected high school. The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory (C-BDI) were used to measure the symptoms of PTSD and depression. RESULTS: The rates of suicidal ideation among the adolescent survivors at 6-, 12- and 18-month after the earthquake were 35.6%, 35.6% and 30.7% respectively. Depression symptoms in the 18-month follow-up, suicidal ideations at 6 and 12 months after the earthquake were the independent risk factors of suicidal ideation in the 18-month follow-up. Depression symptoms were the strongest predictor of suicidal ideation after earthquake. CONCLUSION: An increased rate of suicidal ideation after the earthquake may be mainly due to depression but not to PTSD symptoms. The disaster-related psychological sequelae and the risk factors of suicidal ideation, especially depression symptoms, should be considered in the mental health services and suicide prevention.

[Effects of APOC3 polymorphisms on the plasma lipids in healthy adolescents with different body mass index].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible effects of apolipoprotein C I gene (APOC3) polymorphisms on plasma lipids in healthy adolescents with different body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty three adolescents were divided into four groups according to BMI: group 1 CBMI= (17.80 +/- 0.75) kg/m2,n=180], group 2 [BMI = (19.39 +/- 0.32) kg/m2, n=182), group 3 [BMI= (20.68 +/- 0.43) kg/m2, n=1813 and group 4 [BMI= (23.40 +/- 2.05) kg/m2 ,n=180J. Fasting venous blood samples were collected, plasma lipids were determined and genome DNA was extracted for determining the genotypes of the APOC3 Sst I and -482C>T polymorphisms by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: With the elevation of BMI, height and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly (P<0.001 for both), body mass, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist/hip ratio, plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased significantly (P<0.001 for all). No significant differences in TG levels among Sst I genotypes were observed in group 1, group 2 and group 3; but in group 4, significant differences in TG levels among Sst I genotypes were observed, S2 carriers had higher TG levels than the adolescents with S1S1 genotype. No significant differences in plasma lipids among -482C>T genotypes were observed in all groups. CONCLUSION: The elevation of plasma TG levels by the S2 allele of APOC3 Sst I polymorphism is associated with BMI. It is possible that the reduction of body mass could favorably modulate the elevation of TG levels by S2 allele in healthy adolescents.

[Effects of apolipoprotein A1 gene rs670 and rs5069 polymorphisms on the plasma lipid profiles in healthy adolescents with different body mass index].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible effects of apolipoprotein A1 gene (APOA1) rs670 and rs5069 polymorphisms on plasma lipid profiles in healthy adolescents with different body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Totally 723 adolescents were divided into four groups according to their BMI: group 1[BMI =(17.80 ± 0.75)kg/m2], group 2[BMI = (19.39 ± 0.32) kg/m²], group 3[BMI = (20.68 ± 0.43) kg/m²], and group 4[BMI=(23.40 ± 2.05) kg/m²]. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, heart rate, plasma lipids, and blood glucose were determined, BMI and waist to hip ratio (W/H ratio) were calculated,and genome DNA was extracted for analyzing the genotypes of the APOA1 rs670 and rs5069 polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: No significant differences in height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, W/H ratio, blood pressure, heart rate, plasma lipids, and blood glucose between APOA1 rs670 or rs5069 genotypes were observed among group 1, group 2, and group 3. In group 4, A carriers of the rs670 polymorphism had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (P=0.017) and blood glucose levels (P=0.009) than the adolescents with the GG genotype. T carriers of the rs5069 polymorphism had significantly higher height (P=0.013), weight (P=0.011), and hip circumference (P=0.026) than the adolescents with the CC genotype. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy adolescents with higher BMI, APOA1 rs670 polymorphism is associated with systolic blood pressure and blood glucose levels. The elevation of systolic blood pressure and blood glucose levels in A carriers of APOA1 rs670 polymorphism may be favorably modulated by weight loss.

Effects of the C161T polymorphism in the gene of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ on changes of plasma lipid and apolipoprotein ratios induced by a high carbohydrate diet in a healthy Chinese Han young population.

BACKGROUND: Changes in the ratios of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins may be associated with diets and the C161T polymorphism in the gene of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). As a result, this study was to investigate the effects of this polymorphism on changes of the ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet. METHODS: After a washout diet of 54% carbohydrate for 7 days, 56 healthy young adults (22.89 +/- 1.80 years old) were given the high-CHO diet of 70% carbohydrate for 6 days. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein (apo) AI, and apoB100 at baseline and before and after the high-CHO diet were measured. Body mass index (BMI), TG/HDL-C, log (TG/HDL-C), TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and apoB100/apoAI were calculated. PPARgamma C161T was detected by a PCR-RFLP method. The relationship between the polymorphism and the ratios were analyzed. RESULTS: The female T carriers had higher BMI and WC than the female CC homozygotes at baseline and before and after the diet, higher glucose, TG/HDL-C and log (TG/HDL-C) before the diet. In males, when compared to the T carriers, the CC homozygotes had higher TG/HDL-C, log (TG/HDL-C) and apoB100/apoAI at baseline and before and after the diet, higher glucose at baseline, higher LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C before and after the diet. Compared with those before the high-CHO diet, TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C decreased after the diet regardless of gender and the genotypes. Decreased BMI and WC were observed in the male CC homozygotes but only decreased BMI in the female T carriers. Notably, decreased apoB100/apoAI was observed in the male T carriers, while elevated TG/HDL-C and log (TG/HDL-C) in the female CC homozygotes, and reduced glucose in the female T carriers. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the interplay of gender, the PPARgamma C161T polymorphism and the high-CHO diet can change not only the ratios of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins but also the association of the ratios with plasma glucose, WC, and BMI in healthy Chinese young adults. Once confirmed by larger sample size and multi-center trials, the findings will provide a new scientific basis for personalized dietary intervention for the subjects with different PPARgamma C161T genotypes to reduce risks of CAD, especially in a country with a quarter of the world's population.

Effects of R219K polymorphism of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 gene on serum lipids ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet in healthy youth

BACKGROUND: Diets are the important players in regulating plasma lipid profiles. And the R219K polymorphism at the gene of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1(ABCA1) was reported to be associated with the profiles. However, no efforts have been made to investigate the changes of lipid profiles after a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet in different subjects with different genotypes of this polymorphism. This study was to evaluate the effects of ABCA1 R219K polymorphism on serum lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) ratios induced by a high-carbohydrate/low-fat (high-CHO) diet. After a washout diet of 54.1% carbohydrate for 7 days, 56 healthy young subjects (22.89 ± 1.80 years old) were given a high-CHO diet of 70.1% carbohydrate for 6 days. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, glucose (Glu), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoA-1 and apoB-100 were measured on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratios (WHR), log(TG/HDL-C), TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and apoA-1/apoB-100 were calculated. ABCA1 R219K was analyzed by a PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: The results indicate that the male subjects of all the genotypes had higher WHR than their female counterparts on the 1st, 8th and 14th days of this study. The male K carriers had higher log(TG/HDL-C) and TC/HDL-C than the female carriers on the 1st and 14th days, and higher LDL-C/HDL-C on the 14th day. When compared with that on the 8th day, TC/HDL-C was decreased regardless of the genotypes and genders on the 14th day. Log(TG/HDL-C) was increased in the males with the RR genotype and the female K carriers. Lowered BMI, Glu and LDL-C/HDL-C were found in the male K carriers, but only lowered BMI in the female K carriers and only lowered LDL-C/HDL-C in the females with the RR genotype. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ABCA1 R219K polymorphism is associated differently in males and females with elevated log(TG/HDL-C) and decreased LDL-C/HDL-C induced by the high-CHO diet.

[Effects of an insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme gene on the changes of serum lipid ratios and blood pressure induced by a high-carbohydrate and low-fat diet].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism at the intron 16 of the gene of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) on the changes of serum lipid ratios and blood pressure induced by a high-carbohydrate and low-fat (HC/LF) diet in healthy Chinese Han youth. METHODS: Fifty six healthy Chinese Han young volunteers were enrolled. A washout diet was given for seven days followed by the HC/LF diet for six days. Serum lipids and blood pressure were measured on the 1st, 8th, and 14th days. Serum lipid ratios were calculated. The ACE I/D polymorphism was detected by PCR. RESULTS: There were no significant differences of serum lipid ratios and blood pressure at baseline and before and after the HC/LF diet between the II genotype and the D carriers (ID and DD genotypes) in the whole study population, the males or the females separately. When compared with those before the HC/LF diet, all the subjects regardless of the genotype experienced statistical decreases of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C, but significant decrease of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was only found in the subjects with the II genotype. After taking into account gender, triglyceride (TG)/HDL-C and Log (TG/HDL-C) decreased in the males with theII genotype and increased in the female counterparts. The decreases of TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDIL-C were observed in all the males and the female D carriers. SBP decreased only in the male D carriers. CONCLUSION: The interaction of the HC/LF diet with the I allele of the intron 16 I/D polymorphism at the ACE gene decreases TG/HDL-C and log (TG/HDL-C) in males, but increases TG/HDL-C and log (TG/HDL-C) in females in the Chinese young population. The interplay with the D allele lowers SBP in males, and TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/ HDL-C in females.

[The role of CD14 promoter - 159 C-> T polymorphism on changes of serum lipid ratios induced by high-carbohydrate/low-fat diets in healthy Chinese Han youth].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of CD14 promoter - 159 C-> T polymorphism on ratios of serum lipids and its interaction on the ratios with a high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC/LF) diet in a young and healthy Chinese Han population. METHODS: After a washout diet for seven days, fifty six healthy young subjects (22.89 +/- 1.80 years) were given the HC/LF diet for six days. Twelve-hour fasting venous blood samples were collected in the mornings of the first, the eighth and the fourteenth days. The serum lipid profiles and the CD14 -159 C->T polymorphism were analyzed. The ratios of triglyceride/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TG/HDL-c), log (TG/HDL-c), total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (TC/HDL-c) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c/HDL-c) were calculated. RESULTS: The male carriers of the C allele had significantly higher TG/HDL-c and log (TG/HDL-c) than the female carriers at baseline, after the washout diet and after the HC/LF diet, higher TC/HDL-c at baseline and after the washout diet, and higher LDL-c/HDL-c only after the washout diet. The female subjects with the TT genotype had higher TG/HDL-c and log (TG/HDL-c) than the female carriers of the C allele at baseline, after the washout diet and after the HC/LF diet, higher LDL-c/HDL-c at baseline and after the HC/LF diet, and higher TC/HDL-c only after the washout diet. Compared with that before the HC/LF diet, TC/HDL-c was significantly decreased after the HC/LF diet regardless of gender and the genotype of the CD14 -159 polymorphism. LDL-c/HDL-c was significantly decreased in both the male and female carriers of the C allele. TG/HDL-c and log (TG/HDL-c) were significantly increased only in the female carriers of the C allele. CONCLUSION: In the subjects with C allele, the HC/LF diet is a minor factor and its effects on the lipid ratios can be masked by the effects of the C allele at CD14 -159. The interaction between the HC/LF diet and the C allele at CD14 -159 can decrease LDL-c/HDL-c in both males and females and increase TG/ HDL-c and log (TG/HDL-c) in the females.

[Effects of a high-carbohydrate diet on the serum lipid and apolipoprotein ratios in healthy young adults with different genotypes of APOA1 -75 G/A polymorphism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a high-carbohydrate diet on the lipid and apolipoprotein ratios in healthy young adults with different genotypes of the polymorphism at -75 site in the promoter region of the gene of apolipoprotein AI (APOA1). METHODS: Fifty-six subjects aged (22.89 +/- 1.80) years were given a wash-out diet for 7 days, followed by a high-carbohydrate diet for 6 days. The wash-out diet contained 15% protein, 31% fat, and 54% carbohydrate. The high-carbohydrate diet contained 15% protein, 15% fat, and 70% carbohydrate. Twelve-hour fasting serum lipids and apolipoproteins B100 and AI were measured on the mornings of the 1st, the 8th, and the 14th days from the beginning of the wash-out diet. The ratios of triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C, and apolipoprotein B100 (APOB100)/apolipoprotein AI (APOAI) were calculated. The genome DNA was extracted and the polymorphism of APOA1 -75 G/A was determined by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. RESULTS: At baseline, the lipid and apolipoprotein ratios showed no significant differences between the GG genotype and the A carriers in males (P > 0.05), whereas the female A carriers had a significantly higher ratio of LDL-C/ HDL-C compared with the female subjects with the GG genotype (P < 0.05). Following the high-carbohydrate diet, significant decreases of TC/HDL-C were found in all the groups, regardless of sex and genotype (P < 0.01). LDL-C/HDL-C experienced significant decreases in both the genotypes in males (P < 0.05), while in females, significant decrease of LDL-C/HDL-C was only observed in A carriers (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The A allele of the -75 G/A polymorphism in APOA1 may have specific effects on the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in females.

[Effects of a low-fat and high-carbohydrate diet on the physiological and biochemical indices in healthy youth with different body mass index].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a low-fat and high-carbohydrate (LF-HC) diet on the physiological and biochemical indexes in healthy youth with different body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Seven overweight participants [BMI=(27.82 +/- 1.64) kg/m2] and 49 age-matched controls [BMI = (20.06 +/- 2.41) kg/ m2] were given a washout diet for 7 d, followed by a LF-HC diet for 6 d. The washout diet contained 31.1% fat and 54.1% carbohydrate, and the LF-HC diet contained 14.8% fat and 70.1% carbohydrate of total energy. Anthropometric measurements were conducted on the mornings of the first, eighth and fourteenth days. Serum samples were prepared from twelve-hour fasting venous blood. Biochemical indexes including lipids; glucose and insulin were measured with routine methods. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. RESULTS: At baseline, the control group had lower levels of body mass (P = 0.000), BMI (P = 0.000), waist-hip ratio (P = 0.000), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.001), diagnostic blood pressure (P = 0.016) and triglycerides (P = 0.006), and a higher level of HDL cholesterol (P = 0.005) than the overweight group. When compared with those before the ILF-HC diet, total cholesterol (P < 0.05) and LDL cholesterol (P < 0.05) decreased, and insulin (P < 0.05) and HOMA-IR (P < 0.05) increased in both the control group and the overweight group after the LF-HC diet. Increased triglycerides (P = 0.000) were observed only in the control subjects, and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.018) increased only in the overweight subjects after the LF-HC diet. CONCLUSION: The responses of serum TG and HDL-C to the LF-HC diet are related to BMI in healthy youth.

[Effects of the LIPE C-60G polymorphism on changes of plasma lipids and glucose induced by a high-carbohydrate diet in healthy youth].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interaction of the C-60G polymorphism of hormone sensitive lipase gene (LIPE) with a high carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet on plasma lipids and glucose in a young and healthy Chinese Han population. METHODS: 27 males and 29 females were given a washout diets of 31% fat, 54% carbohydrate and 15% protein for 7 days, followed by the high-CHO diet of 15% fat, 70% carbohydrate and 15% protein for 6 days, without total energy restriction. Plasma lipid profiles, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body mass index (BMI) at baseline, before and after the high-CHO diets as well as the LIPE C-60G polymorphism were analyzed. RESULTS: The females with the CC genotype had significantly higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) and apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I ) (P < 0.01, P < 0.01) than the males with the same genotype both before and after the high-CHO diet. After the high-CHO diet, only the females with the CC genotype had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol (TC) (P < 0.01) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P < 0.05) than their male counterparts. Compared with those before the high-CHO diet, the males with the CC genotype had significantly lower levels of BMI (P < 0.05), TC (P < 0.01) and LDL-C (P < 0.01), but significantly higher levels of HDL-C (P < 0.01) and apo A-I (P < 0.05) after the high-CHO diet. The males with the CG genotype experienced significant decreases of BMI (P < 0.05) and TC (P < 0.01). The females with the CC genotype experienced significant decreases of TC (P < 0.01) and LDL-C (P < 0.01) but significant increases of triglyceride (TG) (P < 0.01) and insulin (P < 0.05). The females with the CG genotype experienced a significant decrease of TC (P < 0.05) but a significant increase of TG (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: LIPE C-60G variation can inhibit the decrease of LDL-C and the increases of HDL-C and apo A-I in young healthy males induced by the high-CHO diet, and can inhibit the decrease of LDL-C and the increase of insulin in young healthy females induced by the same diet.

A high-carbohydrate diet enhances the adverse effect of the S2 allele of APOC3 SstI polymorphism on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in young Chinese females

Both genetic background and diet have profound effects on plasma lipid profiles. We hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet may affect the ratios of serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apo) differently in subjects with different genotypes of the SstI polymorphism in the apoCIII gene (APOC3). Fifty-six healthy university students (27 males and 29 females, 22.89 ± 1.80 years) were given a washout diet of 54 percent carbohydrate for 7 days, followed by a high-CHO diet of 70 percent carbohydrate for 6 days without total energy restriction. Serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoB100, apoAI, and the APOC3 SstI polymorphism were analyzed. The ratios of serum lipids and apoB100/apoAI were calculated. At baseline, the TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly higher in females, but not in males, with the S2 allele. The differences in the TG/HDL-C ratio between genotypes remained the same after the washout and the high-CHO diet in females. When compared with those before the high-CHO diet, the TC/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 3.13 ± 1.00 vs 2.36 ± 0.65, P = 0.000; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.97 ± 0.74 vs 2.09 ± 0.55, P = 0.000; female S2 carriers: 2.68 ± 0.36 vs 2.24 ± 0.37, P = 0.004; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.69 ± 0.41 vs 2.09 ± 0.31, P = 0.000) and LDL-C/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 1.44 ± 0.71 vs 1.06 ± 0.26, P = 0.012; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.35 ± 0.61 vs 1.01 ± 0.29, P = 0.005; female S2 carriers: 1.18 ± 0.33 vs 1.00 ± 0.18, P = 0.049; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.18 ± 0.35 vs 1.04 ± 0.19, P = 0.026) ratios were significantly decreased after the high-CHO diet regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. However, in female S2 carriers, the TG/HDL-C (1.38 ± 0.46 vs 1.63 ± 0.70, P = 0.039) ratio was significantly increased after the high-CHO diet. In conclusion, the high-CHO diet has favorable effects on the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. Somehow, it enhanced the adverse effect of the S2 allele on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in females.

A high-carbohydrate diet enhances the adverse effect of the S2 allele of APOC3 SstI polymorphism on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in young Chinese females.

Both genetic background and diet have profound effects on plasma lipid profiles. We hypothesized that a high-carbohydrate (high-CHO) diet may affect the ratios of serum lipids and apolipoproteins (apo) differently in subjects with different genotypes of the SstI polymorphism in the apoCIII gene (APOC3). Fifty-six healthy university students (27 males and 29 females, 22.89 ± 1.80 years) were given a washout diet of 54% carbohydrate for 7 days, followed by a high-CHO diet of 70% carbohydrate for 6 days without total energy restriction. Serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apoB100, apoAI, and the APOC3 SstI polymorphism were analyzed. The ratios of serum lipids and apoB100/apoAI were calculated. At baseline, the TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly higher in females, but not in males, with the S2 allele. The differences in the TG/HDL-C ratio between genotypes remained the same after the washout and the high-CHO diet in females. When compared with those before the high-CHO diet, the TC/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 3.13 ± 1.00 vs 2.36 ± 0.65, P = 0.000; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.97 ± 0.74 vs 2.09 ± 0.55, P = 0.000; female S2 carriers: 2.68 ± 0.36 vs 2.24 ± 0.37, P = 0.004; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 2.69 ± 0.41 vs 2.09 ± 0.31, P = 0.000) and LDL-C/HDL-C (male S2 carriers: 1.44 ± 0.71 vs 1.06 ± 0.26, P = 0.012; male subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.35 ± 0.61 vs 1.01 ± 0.29, P = 0.005; female S2 carriers: 1.18 ± 0.33 vs 1.00 ± 0.18, P = 0.049; female subjects with the S1S1 genotype: 1.18 ± 0.35 vs 1.04 ± 0.19, P = 0.026) ratios were significantly decreased after the high-CHO diet regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. However, in female S2 carriers, the TG/HDL-C (1.38 ± 0.46 vs 1.63 ± 0.70, P = 0.039) ratio was significantly increased after the high-CHO diet. In conclusion, the high-CHO diet has favorable effects on the TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios regardless of gender and of genotype of the APOC3 SstI polymorphism. Somehow, it enhanced the adverse effect of the S2 allele on the TG/HDL-C ratio only in females.