Repeated fluctuation of Cu2+ concentration during photocatalytic purification of SMZ-Cu2+ combined pollution: Behavior, mechanism and application.

Although the effect of Cu2+ on antibiotic removal during photocatalytic reaction has been studied in depth, there is less known about the effect of antibiotics on Cu2+ removal. In this study, we report for the first time that, during the photocatalytic purification of sulfamerazine (SMZ) and Cu2+ combined pollution, Cu2+ concentration showed an obvious five-stage fluctuation, which was completely different from the simple promotion or inhibition reported in previous studies. By employing HPLC-MS analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the repeated fluctuation of Cu2+ concentration was found to be closely related to the SMZ degradation process, mainly resulting from solution pH drop and formation of Cu-containing intermediates which acted as sacrificial agents for Cu2+ reduction. In addition, compared with the SMZ-free system, the presence of SMZ can greatly enhance the deep removal of Cu2+ (minimum Cu2+ concentration was only 0.17 mg/L vs. 1.28 mg/L without SMZ), and there was a wide time interval to ensure the efficient recovery of Cu metal. More interestingly, the in-situ obtained Cu-decorated TiO2 photocatalyst performed well in water splitting, nitrogen fixation and bacterial sterilization. Results of this study confirmed the great potential of photocatalytic technology in purifying antibiotic-heavy metal combined pollution.

A representative dataset of the self-reproducing light ray family between the multiple distributed Bragg reflectors of multiple VCSELs and the inner surface of plane-convex mirror.

A system consisting of a plano-convex mirror and reflecting surfaces of Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL) Strip Array of Diode Lasers has been calculated and proved to have a self-reproducing ray sink in it. The initial positions and slopes of two representative groups of light rays are set, and the position and slope of each light ray at each Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) of Diode lasers are obtained by computation. The system is a folded resonator, every VCSEL is connected by the axis of the resonator, and this axis is formed by linking the correspondent reflective points on the inner spherical surface of the mirror and the reflective points on the Bragg mirrors. One approach could be to fabricate the array directly on a plane of a GaAs (or Si) plano-convex mirror. The resonator can contain many VCSELs, and therefore can afford a high quality laser beam and high-power output.

Fast method for computing a system matrix using a polar-coordinate pixel model with concentric annuluses of different radial widths.

Despite better reconstruction quality for incomplete or noisy projection data compared to analytic reconstruction, computed tomography iterative techniques are time-consuming, mainly due to high system matrix computation. A polar-coordinate pixel model with concentric annuluses of different radial widths was established and a fast method for computing the system matrix was presented based on characteristics of this model. Compared with the Siddon algorithm and an efficient Cartesian algorithm introduced by Zhang, the proposed algorithm based on the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique shows speed advantages for both numerical simulation and experiment, without noticeable loss of image quality.

Quantitative analysis of the distribution and content of trace metal elements in liquid samples with a three-dimensional confocal x-ray technique.

Three-dimensional (3D) confocal x-ray fluorescence analysis technology is widely used, but the quantitative analysis of elemental spatial distributions of solid samples is complicated. This paper explores a quantitative analysis method that can be applied to solid samples. Fluorescence spectra of liquid samples are obtained on a 3D confocal x-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Curves are plotted showing the relationships between the fluorescence count intensity and the mass percentage of metal ions, and the respective fitting-curve equations are determined according to the curve morphology. Fluorescence intensity as a function of the mass percentage and depth position is derived from the samples for a particular acquisition time. These data play a potential role in the subsequent quantitative analysis of unknown mass percentages of solid samples.

Three-dimensional origami paper-based device for portable immunoassay applications.

In this study, we demonstrate a three-dimensional surface-modified origami-paper-based analytical device (3D-soPAD) for immunoassay applications. The platform enables the sequential steps of immunoassays to be easily performed using a folded, sliding paper design featuring multiple pre-stored reagents, allowing us to take advantage of the vertical diffusion of the analyte through the different paper layers. The cellulose substrate is composed of carboxymethyl cellulose modified with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysuccinimide, which provide covalent bonding sites for bio-recognition molecules. After the optimization of the operation parameters, we determined the detection limit of the 3D-soPAD for human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) which can be as low as 0.01 ng mL-1, with a total turnaround time of 7 min. In order to study the long-term storage of the platform, anti-HIgG horseradish peroxidase (aHIgG-HRP) conjugates were stored by freeze-drying in sugar matrices composed of 10% sucrose/10% trehalose (w/w%) on the paper device, retaining 80% of their activity after 75 days of storage at 4 °C. To evaluate the performance of the paper device using real samples, we demonstrated the detection of protein A (a biomarker for Staphylococcus aureus infection) in highly viscous human synovial fluid. These results show that the proposed 3D-soPAD platform can provide sensitive, high-throughput, and on-site prognosis of infection in resource-limited settings.

Intensity and effective beam width of partially coherent Laguerre-Gaussian beams through a turbulent atmosphere.

Propagation properties of partially coherent elegant Laguerre-Gaussian beam (PC-eLGB) and partially coherent standard Laguerre-Gaussian beam (PC-sLGB) through the turbulent atmosphere are studied. Analytical formulas for the intensity and effective beam width (EBW) of the PC-eLGB and PC-sLGB through the turbulent atmosphere are derived based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. The propagation properties of PC-eLGB and PC-sLGB through the turbulent atmosphere are studied numerically and comparatively. It is shown that the intensities of the PC-eLGB and PC-sLGB are less affected by the turbulent atmosphere than the fully coherent Laguerre-Gaussian beam. The spreading (EBW and divergent angle of the far field) of PC-eLGB and PC-sLGB with the different mode orders (m,n) is slower in the free space than in the turbulent atmosphere, and the PC-sLGB spreads more rapidly than the PC-eLGB through the free space and the turbulent atmosphere. The study results will be useful for free space optical communications.

[Application of confocal technology based on polycapillary X-ray lens in measuring thickness].

A confocal micro X-ray fluorescence thickness gauge based on a polycapillary focusing X-ray lens, a polycapillary parallel X-ray lens and a laboratory X-ray source was designed in order to analyze nondestructively the thickness of thin film and cladding material. The performances of this confocal thickness gauge were studied. Two Ni films with a thickness of about 25 and 15 microm respectively were measured. The relative errors corresponding to them were 3.5% and 7.1%, respectively. The thickness uniformity of a Ni films with a thickness of about 10 microm was analyzed. This confocal technology for measuring the thickness was both spatially resolved and elemental sensitive, and therefore, it could be used to measure the thickness of the multilayer sample and analyze the thickness uniformity of the sample. This confocal thickness gauge had potential applications in analyzing the thickness of sample.

Suppression of Bragg reflection glitches of a single-crystal diamond anvil cell by a polycapillary half-lens in high-pressure XAFS spectroscopy.

In combination with a single-crystal diamond anvil cell (DAC), a polycapillary half-lens (PHL) re-focusing optics has been used to perform high-pressure extended X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements. It is found that a large divergent X-ray beam induced by the PHL leads the Bragg glitches from single-crystal diamond to be broadened significantly and the intensity of the glitches to be reduced strongly so that most of the DAC glitches are efficiently suppressed. The remaining glitches can be easily removed by rotating the DAC by a few degrees with respect to the X-ray beam. Accurate X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectra of polycrystalline Ge powder with a glitch-free energy range from -200 to 800 eV relative to the Ge absorption edge are obtained using this method at high pressures up to 23.7 GPa, demonstrating the capability of PHL optics in eliminating the DAC glitches for high-pressure XAFS experiments. This approach brings new possibilities to perform XAFS measurements using a DAC up to ultrahigh pressures.

[Application of confocal micro-beam X-ray fluorescence in nondestructive scanning analysis of the distribution of elements in a single hair].

The confocal micro X-ray fluorescence (XRF) based on polycapillary X-ray lens and conventional X-ray source was used to carry out the scanning analysis of the distribution of the elements in a single hair. The elemental distribution in the single hair was obtained. In the confocal micro XRF technology, the output focal spot of the polycapillary focusing X-ray lens and the input focal spot of the polycapillary parallel X-ray lens were adjusted confocally. The detector could only detect the X-rays from the overlapping foci. This confocal structure decreased the effects of the background on the X-ray spectra, and was accordingly helpful for improving the accuracy of this XRF technology. A polycapillary focusing X-ray lens with a high gain in power density was used to decrease the requirement of power of the X-ray source used in this confocal technology, and made it possible to perform such confocal micro XRF analysis by using the conventional X-ray source with low cost. Experimental results indicated that the confocal micro X-ray fluorescence based on polycapillary X-ray lens had potential applications in analyzing the elemental distribution of individual hairs.

Near-field effect of output mirror misalignment in an axisymmetric folded and combined CO2 laser cavity.

The cavity axes change when the output mirror is misaligned because these cavities possess a common output mirror. We use 4x4 augmented matrices to establish new cavity axes, which result in different line deviations for different cavities. These deviations increase the diffraction losses and decrease the output power. The coordinate transforms are used to solve the output light fields because the output beams do not have a common propagation direction. We show that the shapes of the combined laser beams change when the output mirror is misaligned. These studies provide references for the design and application of CO(2) lasers.

Influences of misalignment of control mirror of axisymmetric-structural CO2 laser on phase locking.

Based on the principle of phase locking of an axisymmetric-fold combination CO2 laser under the normal state condition, the mechanisms of phase locking are analyzed when the control mirror is misaligned. Then the overlapping rate (OR) of the mode volume is introduced: the main influences on phase locking are the OR, the average life of the light wave, the root mean square phase error, and the mode coupling coefficient; these influences on phase locking are studied. The distribution of the light intensity reflects the effect of phase locking. It is shown that the misaligned angle has little influence on the phase locking if it is within tolerance.

Near-field anomalous spectral behavior in diffraction of a Gaussian pulsed beam from an annular aperture.

Based on the Fresnel diffraction integral and by introducing a hard-aperture function into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions, the approximate analytical expression for the near-field spectral intensity distribution of a space-time-dependent Gaussian pulsed beam passing through an annular aperture is derived, which permits us to study the on- and off-axis spectral anomalies that are near phase singularities of the diffracted Gaussian pulsed beam in the near-field. The expressions for a circular black screen and a circular aperture are given as special cases of the general results. The relative spectral shift of a space-time-dependent Gaussian pulsed beam versus the different values of the truncation parameters and the position parameters of observation points are also studied and illustrated with numerical calculations. It is shown that the spectral switch appears near phase singularities in the near-field, and the near-field spectral behavior depends on the truncation parameters, the pulse duration tau, and the position parameter. The results of this work have potential applications in free-space information encoding and transmission.

Study of performance of a He-Ne laser having an annular gain zone.

A He-Ne laser with an annular gain zone is studied theoretically. It is demonstrated that the He-Ne medium in the annular discharge zone possesses enough gain to maintain laser oscillation. A multipass ring resonator, which is composed of two annular spherical mirrors, is described, and it is shown that the resonator is suitable for extracting optical energy from the He-Ne medium in the annular gain zone. Considering the availability of population inversion in the traveling-wave cavity and the influence of the crossover of the folded light beam in the resonator on the output power, a calculation formula for the output power of the laser with the multipass ring resonator is given. Calculating results prove that a 1 W output of the He-Ne laser can be obtained by a 1 m length annular discharge zone.