Synthesis and antitumor activity of dolutegravir derivatives bearing 1,2,3-triazole moieties.

Modification of marketed drugs is an important way to develop drugs because its safety and clinical applicability. Oxygen-nitrogen heterocycles are a class of important active substances discovered in the process of new drug development. Dolutegravir, an HIV drug with a nitrogen-oxygen heterocycle structure, has the potential ability to inhibit cell survival. In order to find and explore novel anti-tumor drugs, new dolutegravir derivatives bearing different 1,2,3-triazole moieties were prepared via click reactions. In vitro biological experiments performed in several lung cancer cell lines suggested that these novel compounds displayed potent anti-tumor ability. Especially, the compound 9e with a substituent of 2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl and the compound 9p with a substituent of 3-trifluoromethylphenyl were effective against PC-9 cell line with IC50 values of 3.83 and 3.17 µM, respectively. Moreover, compounds 9e and 9p were effective against H460 and A549 cells. Further studies suggested that compounds 9e and 9p could induce cancer cell apoptosis in PC-9 and H460, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, change the cell cycle, and increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which further induce tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, compounds 9e and 9p increased LC3 protein expression which was the key regulator in autophagy signaling pathway in PC-9 cells. Compound 9e also showed low toxicity against normal cells, and could be regarded as an interesting lead compound for further structure optimization.

Supported Biomembrane Systems Incorporating Multiarm Polymers and Bioorthogonal Tethering.

To functionalize interfaces with supported biomembranes and membrane proteins, the challenge is to build stabilized and supported systems that mimic the native lipid microenvironment. Our objective is to control substrate-to-biomembrane spacing and the tethering chemistry so proteoliposomes can be fused and conjugated without perturbation of membrane protein function. Furthermore, the substrates need to exhibit low protein and antibody nonspecific binding to use these systems in assays. We have employed protein orthogonal coupling schemes in concert with multiarm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) technology to build supported biomembranes on microspheres. The lipid bilayer structures and tailored substrates of the microsphere-supported biomembranes were analyzed via flow cytometry, confocal fluorescence, and super-resolution imaging microscopy, and the lateral fluidity was quantified using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) techniques. Under these conditions, the 4-arm-PEG20,000-NH2 based configuration gave the most desirable tethering system based on lateral diffusivity and coverage.

Cu(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Aza-Friedel-Crafts Reaction of 1-Naphthols and Electron-Rich Phenols with Isatin-Derived Ketimines.

New chiral ligands could be obtained by introducing proline moieties and imidazoline moieties to binaphthyl skeletons. The chiral ligands exhibited balanced rigidity and flexibility which could allow the change of the conformations during the reactions on one hand, and could provide sufficient asymmetric induction on the other. The proline moiety could act as a linker connecting the binaphthyl skeletons and the imidazoline moieties as well as a coordinating group for the central metal, and the electronic and steric properties of the imidazoline groups could be carefully fine-tuned by the use of different substituents. In the presence of Cu(II) catalyst bearing such chiral ligands, aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction of 1-naphthols and electron-rich phenols with isatin-derived ketimines provided the desired products with good to excellent yields and up to 99 % ee. The reactions showed good scalability, and excellent ee could still be obtained when the reaction was carried out in gram-scale.

HuM195 and its single-chain variable fragment increase Aß phagocytosis in microglia via elimination of CD33 inhibitory signaling.

CD33 is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage and regulates innate immunity. CD33 is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and targeting CD33 has been a promising strategy drug development. However, the mechanism of CD33's action is poorly understood. Here we investigate the mechanism of anti-CD33 antibody HuM195 (Lintuzumab) and its single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and examine their therapeutic potential. Treatment with HuM195 full-length antibody or its scFv increased phagocytosis of ß-amyloid 42 (Aß42) in human microglia and monocytes. This activation of phagocytosis was driven by internalization and degradation of CD33, thereby downregulating its inhibitory signal. HumM195 transiently induced CD33 phosphorylation and its signaling via receptor dimerization. However, this signaling decayed with degradation of CD33. scFv binding to CD33 leads to a degradation of CD33 without detection of the CD33 dimerization and signaling. Moreover, we found that treatments with either HuM195 or scFv promotes the secretion of IL33, a cytokine implicated in microglia reprogramming. Importantly, recombinant IL33 potentiates the uptake of Aß42 in monocytes. Collectively, our findings provide unanticipated mechanistic insight into the role of CD33 signaling in both monocytes and microglia and define a molecular basis for the development of CD33-based therapy of AD.

Copper(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Aza-Friedel-Crafts Reaction of Indoles with Isatin-Derived N-Boc-Ketimines.

The copper(II)-catalyzed enantioselective aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles with isatin-derived N-Boc-ketimines was developed by using tunable chiral O-N-N tridentate ligands derived from BINOL and proline. In general, the reaction afforded chiral 3-indolyl-3-aminooxindoles under mild conditions in high yields (83-97%) with excellent ee (69-99%).

New Binaphthyl-Proline-Based Chiral Ligands Bearing Imidazoline Groups: Design, Synthesis, and Their Application in Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of 4-Hydroxycoumarin and Related Nucleophiles to ß,γ-Unsaturated α-Ketoesters.

This paper describes the design and application of new binaphthyl-proline-based chiral ligands bearing imidazoline functional groups. These chiral ligands incorporate the advantages of both the binaphthyl and proline skeletons, they are featured with regulatable electronic and steric properties for the imidazoline functional groups, and form chiral complexes with different metal salts such as cuprous acetate. In the presence of an appropriate amount of a chiral catalyst, enantioselective conjugate addition of 4-hydroxycoumarin or related nucleophiles to different ß,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters proceeded readily, giving the desired products in high yield (up to 99%) and excellent enantiomeric excess (up to 99%).

γ-Secretase fanning the fire of innate immunity.

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens, alerting the individual cell and surrounding area to respond to this potential invasion. γ-secretase is a transmembrane protease complex that plays an intricate role in nearly every stage of this innate immune response. Through regulation of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as TREM2 and RAGE γ-secretase can modulate pathogen recognition. γ-secretase can act on cytokine receptors such as IFNαR2 and CSF1R to dampen their signaling capacity. While γ-secretase-mediated regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) can further moderate innate immune responses through downstream signaling pathways. Furthermore, γ-secretase has also been shown to be regulated by the innate immune system through cytokine signaling and γ-secretase modulatory proteins such as IFITM3 and Hif-1α. This review article gives an overview of how γ-secretase is implicated in innate immunity and the maintenance of its responses through potentially positive and negative feedback loops.

Nanosensor-based monitoring of autophagy-associated lysosomal acidification in vivo.

Autophagy is a cellular process with important functions that drive neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. Lysosomal hyperacidification is a hallmark of autophagy. Lysosomal pH is currently measured by fluorescent probes in cell culture, but existing methods do not allow for quantitative, transient or in vivo measurements. In the present study, we developed near-infrared optical nanosensors using organic color centers (covalent sp3 defects on carbon nanotubes) to measure autophagy-mediated endolysosomal hyperacidification in live cells and in vivo. The nanosensors localize to the lysosomes, where the emission band shifts in response to local pH, enabling spatial, dynamic and quantitative mapping of subtle changes in lysosomal pH. Using the sensor, we observed cellular and intratumoral hyperacidification on administration of mTORC1 and V-ATPase modulators, revealing that lysosomal acidification mirrors the dynamics of S6K dephosphorylation and LC3B lipidation while diverging from p62 degradation. This sensor enables the transient and in vivo monitoring of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway.

Zn(II)-catalysed enantioselective addition of alcohols and tert-butyl hydroperoxide to isatin-derived N-Boc ketimines.

Using binaphthyl-proline-based chiral ligands, Zn(II)-catalysed addition of alcohols and tert-butyl hydroperoxide to isatin-derived N-Boc ketimines provided the isatin-derived C3 N,O-aminals in up to 99% yield and up to 99% ee. The reactions could be carried out under mild conditions and a gram-scale reaction could be realized without the loss of the yield and enantioselectivity.

Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with ß,γ-Unsaturated α-Ketoesters Catalyzed by New Copper(I) Catalysts.

New Cu(I) catalysts are effective in enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of a variety of indoles with different ß,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters. A control study shows that such a catalyst system is less sensitive to air, and the reactions can be carried out without special cares such as glovebox operation or moisture/oxygen-free conditions. Preliminary computation results suggest that there exists π-π stacking between the substrate and the catalyst, and such an interaction seems to play a role in stabilizing the reaction intermediate and enhancing the stereoselectivity of the reactions. The desired products can be obtained in up to 98% yield at 99% enantiomeric excess. The same high enantioselectivity can be observed when the reaction is carried in a gram scale, indicating a good scalability of the catalyst system in enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of different indoles with ß,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters.

Enantioselective Michael addition of malonates to ß,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters catalysed by Cu(II) complexes bearing binaphthyl-proline hybrid ligands.

High yields (up to 96%) and high ee (up to 92%) were achieved for chiral copper(II) complex-catalysed enantioselective Michael addition of malonates to ß,γ-unsaturated-α-ketoesters. The chiral ligands took advantage of both the binaphthyl and the proline moieties, and substituents with different electronic and steric features could be tolerated. The reactions could be carried out under mild conditions, and a gram scale reaction could be realised without the loss of yield and enantioselectivity.

Gut microbes modulate neurodegeneration.

Microbiota mediate neuroinflammation in a genetic- and sex-specific manner in mice.

An Integrated Design of Electrodes for Flexible Dual-Ion Batteries.

Due to the widespread employment of carbon materials in novel dual-ion batteries (DIBs) with high energy density, they possess the potential for large-scale energy storage and are inexpensive and environmentally friendly. However, drawbacks such as Al current collector corrosion and significant self-weight, as well as lithium metal abuse and poor deposition reversibility, impair the energy density and cycle performance of lithium-graphite DIBs (Li-G DIBs), severely limiting their application potential. Therefore, an integrated electrode structure design was proposed. That is, the flexible graphite and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) composite cathode (GSC), which is light-weight and self-supporting, and the self-supporting lithium metal anode, which is loaded on the flexible carbon cloth (CC) derived from waste mask (Li@CC), were prepared. Not only were the impacts of current collector corrosion and active material exfoliation avoided on the electrochemical performance, but the areal loading of Li metal was also regulated and its reversibility of deposition enhanced. At a current density of 200 mA g-1 , the constructed Li@CC//GSC full cell could release a specific capacity of 100.5 mAh g-1 , and the capacity retention rate after 300 cycles was greater than 80 %. Moreover, the fabricated flexible Li@CC//GSC full cell is not only recyclable and produces less environmental pollution but also has potential applications in wearable devices.

Binaphthyl-Proline Hybrid Chiral Ligands: Modular Design, Synthesis, and Enantioswitching in Cu(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Henry Reactions.

Chiral O-N-N tridentate ligands were designed from proline and BINOL. Their design strategy and performance were evaluated using a copper(II)-catalyzed asymmetric Henry reaction as a model. The desired ß-nitroalcohols were obtained in up to 94% ee's. Preliminary results suggested that the stereofacial selection of the reactions was mainly controlled by the chiral diamine moiety derived from proline, and matching of the central and axial chiralities was essential for the high stereoselectivity of the reaction. Enantioswitching was observed when an appropriate substituent was introduced to the binaphthyl group. Si-selections were found in reactions using 2a without 3-substituents as chiral ligand, and Re-selections were found with the same high enantioselectivities when 2i bearing the 3-trifluoromethyl group was used as the chiral ligand.

Icotinib derivatives as tyrosine kinase inhibitors with anti-esophageal squamous carcinoma activity.

Previous report showed that a variety of icotinib derivatives bearing different 1,2,3-triazole moieties, which could be readily prepared via copper (I)-catalyzed cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction between icotinib and different azides, exhibited interesting activity against different lung cancer cell lines such as H460, H1975, H1299, A549 or PC-9. To further expand the application scope of the compounds and to validate the function of triazole groups in drug design, the anti-cancer activity of these compounds against esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) cells was tested herein. Preliminary MTT experiments suggested that these compounds were active against different ESCC cell lines such as KYSE70, KYSE410, or KYSE450 as well as their drug-resistant ones. Especially, compound 3l showed interesting anticancer activity against these cell lines. The mode of action was studied via molecular docking, SPR experiments and other biochemical studies, and 3l exhibited higher binding potential to wild-type EGFR than icotinib did. In vivo anticancer study showed that 3l could inhibit tumor growth of cell-line-derived xenografts in ESCC. Study also suggested that 3l was a potent inhibitor for EGFR-TK pathway. Combining these results, 3l represents a promising lead compound for the design of anti-cancer drugs against ESCC.

Radiomic analysis based on multi-phase magnetic resonance imaging to predict preoperatively microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor and relapse occurs in more than half of patients within 2 years after hepatectomy. In terms of recent studies, microvascular invasion (MVI) is one of the potential predictors of recurrence. Accurate preoperative prediction of MVI is potentially beneficial to the optimization of treatment planning. AIM: To develop a radiomic analysis model based on pre-operative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to predict MVI in HCC. METHODS: A total of 113 patients recruited to this study have been diagnosed as having HCC with histological confirmation, among whom 73 were found to have MVI and 40 were not. All the patients received preoperative examination by Gd-enhanced MRI and then curative hepatectomy. We manually delineated the tumor lesion on the largest cross-sectional area of the tumor and the adjacent two images on MRI, namely, the regions of interest. Quantitative analyses included most discriminant factors (MDFs) developed using linear discriminant analysis algorithm and histogram analysis with MaZda software. Independent significant variables of clinical and radiological features and MDFs for the prediction of MVI were estimated and a discriminant model was established by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Prediction ability of the above-mentioned parameters or model was then evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Five-fold cross-validation was also applied via R software. RESULTS: The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the MDF (0.77-0.85) outperformed that of histogram parameters (0.51-0.74). After multivariate analysis, MDF values of the arterial and portal venous phase, and peritumoral hypointensity in the hepatobiliary phase were identified to be independent predictors of MVI (P < 0.05). The AUC value of the model was 0.939 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.893-0.984, standard error: 0.023]. The result of internal five-fold cross-validation (AUC: 0.912, 95%CI: 0.841-0.959, standard error: 0.0298) also showed favorable predictive efficacy. CONCLUSION: Noninvasive MRI radiomic model based on MDF values and imaging biomarkers may be useful to make preoperative prediction of MVI in patients with primary HCC.

Cyclic microchip assay for measurement of hundreds of functional proteins in single neurons.

Despite the fact that proteins carry out nearly all cellular functions and mark the differences of cells, the existing single-cell tools can only analyze dozens of proteins, a scale far from full characterization of cells and tissue yet. Herein, we present a single-cell cyclic multiplex in situ tagging (CycMIST) technology that affords the comprehensive functional proteome profiling of single cells. We demonstrate the technology by detecting 182 proteins that include surface markers, neuron function proteins, neurodegeneration markers, signaling pathway proteins, and transcription factors. Further studies on cells derived from the 5XFAD mice, an Alzheimer's Disease (AD) model, validate the utility of our technology and reveal the deep heterogeneity of brain cells. Through comparison with control mouse cells, we have identified differentially expressed proteins in AD pathology. Our technology could offer new insights into cell machinery and thus may advance many fields including drug discovery, molecular diagnostics, and clinical studies.

Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α binds and activates γ-secretase for Aß production under hypoxia and cerebral hypoperfusion.

Hypoxic-ischemic injury has been linked with increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). The underlying mechanism of this association is poorly understood. Here, we report distinct roles for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) in the regulation of BACE1 and γ-secretase activity, two proteases involved in the production of amyloid-beta (Aß). We have demonstrated that Hif-1α upregulates both BACE1 and γ-secretase activity for Aß production in brain hypoxia-induced either by cerebral hypoperfusion or breathing 10% O2. Hif-1α binds to γ-secretase, which elevates the amount of active γ-secretase complex without affecting the level of individual subunits in hypoxic-ischemic mouse brains. Additionally, the expression of full length Hif-1α increases BACE1 and γ-secretase activity in primary neuronal culture, whereas a transcriptionally incompetent Hif-1α variant only activates γ-secretase. These findings indicate that Hif-1α transcriptionally upregulates BACE1 and nontranscriptionally activates γ-secretase for Aß production in hypoxic-ischemic conditions. Consequently, Hif-1α-mediated Aß production may be an adaptive response to hypoxic-ischemic injury, subsequently leading to increased risk for AD. Preventing the interaction of Hif-1α with γ-secretase may therefore be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD treatment.

Uniform Zn2+ Flux Distribution Achieved by an Artificial Three-Dimensional Framework: The Enhanced Ion-Transfer Kinetics for Long-Life and Dendrite-Free Zn Anodes.

Zinc metal has been naturally considered as the most anticipated anode material for zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), given the benefits of large volume specific capacity, low electrode potential, and inexpensive cost. However, the growth of zinc dendrites and the corrosion of hydrogen evolution during the Zn2+ ion deposition process are the bottlenecks restricting the large-scale application of zinc metal. Herein, we report the modification of zinc anodes by utilizing a ball-milling clay precipitate (designated as BMC, consisting of the unetched MAX phase and the Ti3C2Tx phase) to construct a three-dimensional (3D) framework on the surface of zinc foil (Zn@BMC). Different from the close stacking of conventionally prepared MXene sheets after film formation, the BMC coating firmly adheres to the zinc surface through the binder. The abundant internal space relieves the stress during the volume change of the Zn metal and uniformizes the Zn2+ ion flux. Consequently, Zn@BMC not only achieves a stable long cycle (2000 h, 0.5 mA h cm-2) but also inhibits the side reaction of hydrogen evolution by physically separating the electrolyte and the zinc metal anode. We reckon that our research will aid in clarifying the design principles governing the interface of the zinc metal anode in ZIBs.

Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Activity of Erlotinib Derivatives.

Nineteen erlotinib derivatives bearing different 1,2,3-triazole moieties were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their potential against different cancer cell lines. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed via 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HR MS. Preliminary antitumor activity assay results suggested that some compounds showed remarkable inhibitory activity against different cancer cell lines including the corresponding drug-resistant ones. Among these compounds, 3d was the most promising one with an IC50 of 7.17 ± 0.73 µM (KYSE70TR), 7.91 ± 0.61 µM (KYSE410TR), 10.02 ± 0.75 µM (KYSE450TR), 5.76 ± 0.3 3 µM (H1650TR), and 2.38 ± 0.17 µM (HCC827GR). A preliminary mechanism study suggested that compound 3d suppressed cancer cell proliferation through the EGFR-TK pathway.