ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To examine the expression and clinical significance of circulating CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in peripheral blood of 35 patients with active RA, 17 with RA in stable remission, and 24 healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum IgG and circulating plasmablast percentages were measured and correlations with CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells were systematically analyzed. Disease Activity Scale 28 (DAS28) scores were also calculated and correlation analysis with CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells was conducted. The levels of CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells were compared before and after disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment. Cytokine levels in plasma and cytokine secretion in CD4 cells were measured and their correlations with CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells were further analyzed. RESULTS: The levels of CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in the peripheral blood of patients with active RA were significantly increased compared with healthy controls. CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in patients with active RA were positively correlated with serum IgG and DAS28 scores. CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells were significantly decreased in patients after treatment. Plasma interleukin-10 concentrations and interleukin-10-positive CD4 cell percentages were significantly positively correlated with CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cell levels. CONCLUSION: Circulating CD4+ FoxP3- CXCR5- CXCR3+ PD-1hi cells in patients with active RA are increased and could reflect the severity of the disease, which may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of RA.
Subject(s)
Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Forkhead Transcription Factors/blood , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/blood , Receptors, CXCR3/blood , Receptors, CXCR5/blood , Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Biomarkers/blood , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Cells, Cultured , Flow Cytometry , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunophenotyping , Interleukin-10/blood , Interleukins/blood , Phenotype , Remission Induction , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Bovine rotavirus (BRV) is one of main pathogens responsible for diarrhea, fever, and vomiting. In this study, we developed a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip for detecting BRV according to the principle of double-antibody sandwich. The monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were prepared and purified. On the strip, the purified mAbs labeled with the colloidal gold were used as the detector, and the goat anti-mouse antibodies and purified pAbs were coated on the nitrocellulose membranes as the control line and the test line, respectively. We optimized different reaction conditions, including the amount of mAbs, the pH of colloidal gold solution, coating solution, blocking solution, sample pad treatment solution, antibody concentration in control line, and antibody concentration in detection line. In specificity assay, the strip had high specificity in detecting BRV. No cross-reaction was observed in detecting other viruses. The detection sensitivity of the strip was found to be 1 × 103 TCID50/0.1 mL. Two hundred twenty clinical samples were detected with the strip compared to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. No false-negative or false-positive results were found, and the results obtained by the two methods were similar. In conclusion, we developed a novel immunochromatographic strip to rapidly detect BRV. The strip developed exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for BRV detection. It could be a rapid, convenient, and effective method for the rapid diagnosis of BRV infection in the fields.
