Cardioprotection by Poloxamer 188 is Mediated through Increased Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury significantly contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiac events. Poloxamer 188 (P188), a nonionic triblock copolymer, has been proposed to mitigate I/R injury by stabilizing cell membranes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood, particularly concerning endothelial cell function and nitric oxide (NO) production. We employed human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) to elucidate the effects of P188 on cellular survival, function, and NO secretion under simulated I/R conditions. iPSC-CMs contractility and iPSC-ECs' NO production were assessed following exposure to P188. Further, an isolated heart model using Brown Norway rats subjected to I/R injury was utilized to evaluate the ex-vivo cardioprotective effects of P188, examining cardiac function and NO production, with and without the administration of a NO inhibitor. In iPSC-derived models, P188 significantly preserved CM contractile function and enhanced cell viability after hypoxia/reoxygenation. Remarkably, P188 treatment led to a pronounced increase in NO secretion in iPSC-ECs, a novel finding demonstrating endothelial protective effects beyond membrane stabilization. In the rat isolated heart model, administration of P188 during reperfusion notably improved cardiac function and reduced I/R injury markers. This cardioprotective effect was abrogated by NO inhibition, underscoring the pivotal role of NO. Additionally, a dose-dependent increase in NO production was observed in non-ischemic rat hearts treated with P188, further establishing the critical function of NO in P188 induced cardioprotection. In conclusion, our comprehensive study unveils a novel role of NO in mediating the protective effects of P188 against I/R injury. This mechanism is evident in both cellular models and intact rat hearts, highlighting the potential of P188 as a therapeutic agent against I/R injury. Our findings pave the way for further investigation into P188's therapeutic mechanisms and its potential application in clinical settings to mitigate I/R-related cardiac dysfunction.

Synthesis of All-Benzene Multi-Macrocyclic Nanocarbons via Post-Functionalization of meta-Cycloparaphenylenes.

Expanding the diversity of multi-macrocyclic nanocarbons, particularly those with all-benzene scaffolds, represents intriguing yet challenging synthetic tasks. Complementary to the existing synthetic approaches, here we report an efficient and modular post-functionalization strategy employing iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of the highly strained meta-cycloparaphenylenes (mCPPs) and an mCPP-derived catenane. Based on the functionalized macrocyclic synthons, a number of novel all-benzene topological structures including linear and cyclic chains, polycatenane, and pretzelane have been successfully prepared and characterized, thereby showcasing the synthetic utility and potential of the post-functionalization strategy.

A serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferase catalyzes consecutive four-step reactions of hydrolyzable tannin biosynthesis in Camellia oleifera.

Hydrolyzable tannins (HTs), a class of polyphenolic compounds found in dicotyledonous plants, are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries because of their beneficial effects on human health. Although the biosynthesis of simple HTs has been verified at the enzymatic level, relevant genes have not yet been identified. Here, based on the parent ion-fragment ion pairs in the feature fragment data obtained using UPLC-Q-TOF-/MS/MS, galloyl phenolic compounds in the leaves of Camellia sinensis and C. oleifera were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Correlation analysis between the transcript abundance of serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases (SCPL-ATs) and the peak area of galloyl products in Camellia species showed that SCPL3 expression was highly correlated with HT biosynthesis. Enzymatic verification of the recombinant protein showed that CoSCPL3 from C. oleifera catalyzed the four consecutive steps involved in the conversion of digalloylglucose to pentagalloylglucose. We also identified the residues affecting the enzymatic activity of CoSCPL3 and determined that SCPL-AT catalyzes the synthesis of galloyl glycosides. The findings of this study provide a target gene for germplasm innovation of important cash crops that are rich in HTs, such as C. oleifera, strawberry, and walnut.

Dan-Lou tablets reduce inflammatory response by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome for coronary heart disease.

BACKGROUND: The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has recently been revealed as a novel pathological mechanism of coronary heart disease (CHD). The Dan-Lou tablets (DLT) is widely used in the clinical treatment of CHD and prescription characterized by multi-component and multi-target regulation. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of DLT in the treatment of CHD remains unclear. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of DLT in the treatment of CHD on the priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and to investigate the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms. METHODS: First, CHD rats model were established by a high-fat diet combined with left anterior coronary artery ligation (LADCA) followed by DLT intervention. The therapeutic effect of DLT was evaluated according to cardiac function, lipid level, and cardiac histopathology. Next, data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics was used to identify the key differential proteins of DLT intervention in CHD rats, and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Finally, the differentially expressed proteins in the NOD-like signaling pathway were verified based on bioinformatics results, and the priming and activation steps of the NLRP3 inflammasome were detected. RESULTS: In this study, a high-fat diet combined with LADCA was utilized to generate a CHD model, and DLT alleviated myocardial ischemia injury by inhibiting lipid deposition and inflammatory response. Proteomic studies observed that the RNF31, TXN2, and GBP2 of the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway were verified as the key targets of DLT in inhibiting myocardial injury in CHD rats. Furthermore, DLT in the treatment of CHD rats may function through the downregulation of P2X7R expression, thereby interfering with the priming (TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB) and activation (NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1) of the NLRP3 inflammasome regulated by HSP90, and may then reduce the release of the IL-1ß and IL-18 inflammatory factors to play an anti-myocardial injury effect. CONCLUSION: Our findings elucidate a novel mechanism of DLT and provide some new drug evaluation targets and therapeutic strategies for CHD. This study innovatively proposed that DLT further exerts an anti-myocardial injury effect by inhibiting P2X7R expression, thereby interfering with the priming (TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB) and activation (NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1) of the NLRP3 inflammasome regulated by HSP90, and then downregulates the release of the IL-1ß and IL-18 inflammatory factors.

Biological scaffold as potential platforms for stem cells: Current development and applications in wound healing.

Wound repair is a complex challenge for both clinical practitioners and researchers. Conventional approaches for wound repair have several limitations. Stem cell-based therapy has emerged as a novel strategy to address this issue, exhibiting significant potential for enhancing wound healing rates, improving wound quality, and promoting skin regeneration. However, the use of stem cells in skin regeneration presents several challenges. Recently, stem cells and biomaterials have been identified as crucial components of the wound-healing process. Combination therapy involving the development of biocompatible scaffolds, accompanying cells, multiple biological factors, and structures resembling the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) has gained considerable attention. Biological scaffolds encompass a range of biomaterials that serve as platforms for seeding stem cells, providing them with an environment conducive to growth, similar to that of the ECM. These scaffolds facilitate the delivery and application of stem cells for tissue regeneration and wound healing. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current developments and applications of biological scaffolds for stem cells in wound healing, emphasizing their capacity to facilitate stem cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and paracrine functions. Additionally, we identify the pivotal characteristics of the scaffolds that contribute to enhanced cellular activity.

CD22-targeted glyco-engineered natural killer cells offer a further treatment option for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

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Research on the signaling pathway and the related mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine intervention in chronic gastritis of the "inflammation-cancer transformation".

Objective: The aim of this study is to uncover the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatments for chronic gastritis and their potential targets and pathways involved in the "inflammation-cancer" conversion in four stages. These findings can provide further support for future research into TCM and its active components. Materials and methods: The literature search encompassed PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP, employing keywords such as "chronic gastritis", "gastric cancer", "traditional Chinese medicine", "medicinal herb", "Chinese herb", and "natural plant". Results: Herbal remedies may regulate the signaling pathways linked to the advancement of chronic gastritis. Under the multi-target and multi-pathway independent or combined reaction, the inflammatory microenvironment may be enhanced, leading to repair of damaged gastric mucosal cells, buffering the progress of mucosal atrophic degeneration via the decrease of inflammatory factor expression, inhibition of oxidative stress-induced damage, facilitation of microvascular neovascularization in the gastric mucosa and regulation of the processes of gastric mucosal cell differentiation and proliferation. Simultaneously, the decreased expression of inflammatory factors may impact the expression of associated oncogenes and regulate the malignant proliferation of cells, thereby achieving the treatment and prevention objectives of gastric cancer through the reduction of cell metastasis and apoptosis. Conclusion: Chinese medicine formulations and individual drugs can be utilised at various stages of the "inflammation-cancer" progression of chronic gastritis to prevent and treat gastric cancer in a multi-level, multi-targeted, and multi-directional fashion. This can provide guidance for the accurate application of medicines during different stages of "inflammation-cancer" transformation. New insights into the mechanism of inflammation-cancer transformation and the development of novel drugs for chronic gastritis can be gained through an extensive investigation of TCM treatment in this condition.

Engineering Ultrathin CuxS Layer on Planar Sb2S3 Photocathode to Enhance Photoelectrochemical Transformation.

Sb2S3 has been extensively used as light absorber for photoelectrochemical cell. However, its p-type nature may result in the formation of Schottky junction with substrates, thus hindering the collection of photogenerated holes. Herein, an ultrathin CuxS layer is successfully engineered as the bottom junction for Sb2S3 for the first time. Capitalizing on its impressive electrical properties and superior optical properties, the CuxS layer exhibits a high work function of 4.90 eV, which causes the upward band bending of p-type Sb2S3, forming a hole-transparent structure with ohmic contact. The transparency of the ultrathin CuxS layer enables back-illumination of the Sb2S3/CuxS platform, facilitating the integration of intricate catalyst layers for photoelectrochemical transformation. When modified with Pt nanoparticles, the photocurrent density reaches -5.38 mA cm-2 at 0 V vs. RHE, marking a fourfold increase compared to the photocathode without CuxS layer. When introducing a molecular hybrid TC-CoPc@carbon black, a remarkable average photocurrent density of -0.44 mA cm-2 at the overpotential of 0 V is obtained for CO2 reduction reaction, while the photocurrent density is less than -0.03 mA cm-2 without CuxS.

Light control of three-dimensional chromatin organization in soybean.

Higher-order chromatin structure is critical for regulation of gene expression. In plants, light profoundly affects the morphogenesis of emerging seedlings as well as global gene expression to ensure optimal adaptation to environmental conditions. However, the changes and functional significance of chromatin organization in response to light during seedling development are not well documented. We constructed Hi-C contact maps for the cotyledon, apical hook and hypocotyl of soybean subjected to dark and light conditions. The resulting high-resolution Hi-C contact maps identified chromosome territories, A/B compartments, A/B sub-compartments, TADs (Topologically Associated Domains) and chromatin loops in each organ. We observed increased chromatin compaction under light and we found that domains that switched from B sub-compartments in darkness to A sub-compartments under light contained genes that were activated during photomorphogenesis. At the local scale, we identified a group of TADs constructed by gene clusters consisting of different numbers of Small Auxin-Upregulated RNAs (SAURs), which exhibited strict co-expression in the hook and hypocotyl in response to light stimulation. In the hypocotyl, RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) regulated the transcription of a SAURs cluster under light via TAD condensation. Our results suggest that the 3D genome is involved in the regulation of light-related gene expression in a tissue-specific manner.

Safety and efficacy of minimal transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a preferred treatment for patients with highly critical aortic stenosis (AS), which is a difficult and complicated procedure, leaving a heavy economical burden on patients and national health insurance. Minimalist TAVR can simplify a part of the operation procedures, but the surgical efficacy and safety are still under debated. OBJECTIVES: Explore the effectiveness and safety of minimalist TAVR in the treatment of patients with aortic stenosis. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was conducted for studies involving application of minimalist TAVR in patients with severe aortic stenosis, two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data and Meta-analysis was performed using STATA 16.0 software. RESULTS: Nine studies, involving a total of 3,148 AS patients, were included. Minimalist TAVR has similar surgical success rates compared to standardized TAVR, intraoperative fluoroscopy time, dosage of contrast agent, and total operative time were superior to standard TAVR. Regarding surgical complications, the incidence of permanent pacemaker placement and moderate to severe paravalvular leakage were similar for both TAVR, the risk of major vascular complications and major bleeding events in the minimalist TAVR was significantly lower than the standard TAVR. The risk of overall death, stroke, and cardiovascular-related readmission within 30 days was similar in both procedures. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe aortic stenosis treated with minimalist TAVR have similar short-term efficacy as well as 30-day clinical outcomes to standard TAVR, while minimalist TAVR could reduce the risk of major vascular complications and bleeding complications.

ATST-Net: A method to identify early symptoms in the upper and lower extremities of PD.

Bradykinesia, a core symptom of motor disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD), is a major criterion for screening early PD patients in clinical practice. Currently, many studies have proposed automatic assessment schemes for bradykinesia in PD. However, existing schemes suffer from problems such as dependence on professional equipment, single evaluation tasks, difficulty in obtaining samples and low accuracy. This paper proposes a manual feature extraction- and neural network-based method to evaluate bradykinesia, effectively solving the problem of a small sample size. This method can automatically assess finger tapping (FT), hand movement (HM), toe tapping (TT) and bilateral foot sensitivity tasks (LA) through a unified model. Data were obtained from 120 individuals, including 93 patients with Parkinson's disease and 27 age- and sex-matched normal controls (NCs). Manual feature extraction and Attention Time Series Two-stream Networks (ATST-Net) were used for classification. Accuracy rates of 0.844, 0.819, 0.728, and 0.768 were achieved for FT, HM, TT, and LA, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first to simultaneously evaluate the upper and lower limbs using a unified model that has significant advantages in both model training and transfer learning.

Photocatalytic Generation of Carbocation from Thiols and Application to Cross-Nucleophile Coupling.

Represented herein is a simple thiol identified as an effective precursor to photochemically form a carbocation. Thanks to the thiyl radical rapid transformation to disulfide, which serves not only to stabilize the generated thiyl radical but also to allow the second electron transfer to form a carbocation. The resulting carbocations, including primary benzylic, secondary, and tertiary carbocations, can smoothly couple with nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon nucleophilic coupling partners as well as complex drug molecules, accompanied by elemental sulfur formation in air.

Metformin reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation risk rather than atrial fibrillation burden in type 2 diabetes patients: A case-control study.

Background: The effects of metformin on atrial fibrillation (AF) in type 2 diabetes patients remain unclear. We aimed to explore the effects of metformin on AF, including new-onset AF and AF burden, in type 2 diabetes patients with pacemakers. Methods and results: This retrospective study included a total of 227 patients. Based on the presence of paroxysmal AF, the patients were divided into a paroxysmal AF group (n = 80) and a non-AF group (n = 147). In the non-AF group, a significant association was observed between metformin use and a lower risk of new-onset AF in multivariable Cox hazards models (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.36; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.14-0.91; p = 0.0311*) when adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), drinking, smoking, left atrial dimension, creatinine, complications, and drugs. In the paroxysmal AF group, univariable analysis indicated no association between the AF burden and metformin use (p = 0.817). Furthermore, when adjusted for metformin use, age, sex, BMI, drinking, smoking, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and ejection fraction in multivariable Cox hazards models, we found a lower proportion of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) both in the total (HR: 0.28; 95 % CI: 0.1-0.82; p = 0.0202*) and the non-AF group (HR: 0.19; 95 % CI: 0.05-0.79; p = 0.0223*) compared to that in the AF group (HR: 0.31; 95 % CI: 0.02-4.41; p = 0.3879). Conclusion: In type 2 diabetes patients with pacemakers, metformin reduced the probability of new-onset AF instead of addressing the AF burden. Furthermore, metformin therapy decreased the incidence of MACEs in type 2 diabetes patients without AF.

First report of Diaporthe eres causing leaf spot on Rosa roxburghii Tratt in Guizhou Province, China.

Rosa roxburghii Tratt is a plant from the Rosaceae family whose fruits are rich in vitamins, dietary fiber, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other active components (Jiang, et al. 2024). In July 2023, about R. roxburghii 500 plants were investigated in a field of 6000 m2 in Guiding County (107°14'E, 26°45'N), Guizhou province, China, and the results showed a leaf spot incidence of s 20 to 30%. . The affected leaves had irregular, black lesions with a clear blackish brown boundary and faint black conidiomata in a brown center. Fifteen symptomatic leaves were collected from 10 plants washed with sterile distilled water, and 5 × 5 mm pieces of the infected tissues were cut. After surface sterilization for30 s with 75% ethanol, 2 min with 3% NaOCl, three washes in sterilized distilled water, the leaf pieces were dried and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25℃ for 5 days. Three isolates (H3-Y-1-1, H3-Y-1-2, H3-Y-1-3) with identical morphology were obtained, and the isolate H3-Y-1-1was selected for further study. The colonies on PDA exhibited irregular growth patterns, with white felty aerial mycelium on the upper surface, and white mycelium on the lower surface. Conidiomata were irregularly distributed over the agar surface. The isolate H3-Y-1-1 produced darkly pigmented pycnidia on PDA after 30 days and oozed milky mucilaginous drops. The fungus produced two types of conidia, α and ß. Regular α conidia were 4.74 - 5.96 × 1.52 - 2.24 µm (n = 50), hyaline, elongated, biguttulate and non-septate. Beta conidia were 20.13 - 25.74 × 0.86 - 1.29 µm (n = 50), aseptate, hyaline, smooth, spindle shaped, slightly curved to bent. The morphological features were consistent with the description of Diaporthe eres (Pereira, et al. 2022). The pathogen was confirmed to be D. eres by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the partial ß-tubulin (TUB), the partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) genes using primers ITS1/ITS4, Bt-2a/Bt-2b, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, respectively. Sequences from PCR amplification were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers PP411998 (ITS), PP502153 (TUB), PP502156 (TEF). BLAST searches of the sequences revealed (96%) (500/523nt), 97% (479/494 nt) and 99% (334/338 nt) homology with those of D. eres CBS 138594 from GenBank (OM698848, OM752196 and OM752197), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods placed the isolate H3-Y-1-1 in a well-supported cluster with D. eres CBS 101742. The pathogen was thus identified as D. eres based on the morphological characterization and molecular analyses (Feng, et al. 2013; Tao, et al. 2020). To assess its pathogenicity, healthy R. roxburghii potted plants were inoculated with H3-Y-1-1 spore suspensions. Symptomatic leaves mirroring field symptoms were observed after XX days of incubations at XX°C, while control plants exhibited no symptoms. Diaporthe eres was consistently reisolated from the infected leaves showing brown irregular or round lesions at the initial stage of the disease, expanding and become more irregular over time ultimately causing leaf curling and plant death. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on R. roxburghii caused by D. eres in China. The disease may become a serious threat to fruit of R. roxburghii production in China. Therefore, detection of this pathogen is very important to ensure timely disease management.

Covalent targeted radioligands potentiate radionuclide therapy.

Targeted radionuclide therapy, in which radiopharmaceuticals deliver potent radionuclides to tumours for localized irradiation, has addressed unmet clinical needs and improved outcomes for patients with cancer1-4. A therapeutic radiopharmaceutical must achieve both sustainable tumour targeting and fast clearance from healthy tissue, which remains a major challenge5,6. A targeted ligation strategy that selectively fixes the radiopharmaceutical to the target protein in the tumour would be an ideal solution. Here we installed a sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) chemistry-based linker on radiopharmaceuticals to prevent excessively fast tumour clearance. When the engineered radiopharmaceutical binds to the tumour-specific protein, the system undergoes a binding-to-ligation transition and readily conjugates to the tyrosine residues through the 'click' SuFEx reaction. The application of this strategy to a fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitor (FAPI) triggered more than 80% covalent binding to the protein and almost no dissociation for six days. In mice, SuFEx-engineered FAPI showed 257% greater tumour uptake than did the original FAPI, and increased tumour retention by 13-fold. The uptake in healthy tissues was rapidly cleared. In a pilot imaging study, this strategy identified more tumour lesions in patients with cancer than did other methods. SuFEx-engineered FAPI also successfully achieved targeted ß- and α-radionuclide therapy, causing nearly complete tumour regression in mice. Another SuFEx-engineered radioligand that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) also showed enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Considering the broad scope of proteins that can potentially be ligated to SuFEx warheads, it might be possible to adapt this strategy to other cancer targets.

Magnetized bentonite modified rice straw biochar: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Cd(II) adsorption mechanism.

Industrialization has caused a significant global issue with cadmium (Cd) pollution. In this study, Biochar (Bc), generated through initial pyrolysis of rice straw, underwent thorough mixing with magnetized bentonite clay, followed by activation with KOH and subsequent pyrolysis. Consequently, a magnetized bentonite modified rice straw biochar (Fe3O4@B-Bc) was successfully synthesized for effective treatment and remediation of this problem. Fe3O4@B-Bc not only overcomes the challenges associated with the difficult separation of individual bentonite or biochar from water, but also exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of Cd(II) up to 241.52 mg g-1. The characterization of Fe3O4@B-Bc revealed that its surface was rich in C, O and Fe functional groups, which enable efficient adsorption. The quantitative calculation of the contribution to the adsorption mechanism indicates that cation exchange and physical adsorption accounted for 65.87% of the total adsorption capacity. In conclusion, Fe3O4@B-Bc can be considered a low-cost and recyclable green adsorbent, with broad potential for treating cadmium-polluted water.

Interfacial Charge Transfer Regulates Photoredox Catalysis.

Photoredox catalytic processes offer the potential for precise chemical reactions using light and materials. The central determinant is identified as interfacial charge transfer, which simultaneously engenders distinctive behavior in the overall reaction. An in-depth elucidation of the main mechanism and highlighting of the complexity of interfacial charge transfer can occur through both diffusive and direct transfer models, revealing its potential for sophisticated design in complex transformations. The fundamental photophysics uncover these comprehensive applications and offer a clue for future development. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on interfacial charge transfer in photoredox catalysis and sets the stage for further exploration of this fascinating area of research.

Application of ChatGPT-based blended medical teaching in clinical education of hepatobiliary surgery.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the effectiveness of incorporating the Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) into the clinical teaching of hepatobiliary surgery for undergraduate medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A group of 61 medical undergraduates from the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, undergoing hepatobiliary surgery training, were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (31 students) using ChatGPT-based blended teaching or a control group (30 students) with traditional teaching methods. The evaluation metrics included final exam scores, teaching satisfaction, and teaching effectiveness ratings, analyzed using SPSS 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) with t-tests and χ2 tests. RESULTS: The experimental group significantly outperformed the control group in final exam theoretical scores (86.44 ± 5.59 vs. 77.86 ± 4.16, p < .001) and clinical skills scores (83.84 ± 6.13 vs. 79.12 ± 4.27, p = .001). Additionally, the experimental group reported higher teaching satisfaction (17.23 ± 1.33) and self-evaluation of teaching effectiveness (9.14 ± 0.54) compared to the control group (15.38 ± 1.5 and 8.46 ± 0.70, respectively, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The integration of ChatGPT into hepatobiliary surgery education significantly enhances theoretical knowledge, clinical skills, and overall satisfaction among medical undergraduates, suggesting a beneficial impact on their educational development.

Visible-light-driven alkene dicarboxylation with formate and CO2 under mild conditions.

Low-cost formate salt was used as the reductant and part of the carboxyl source in a visible-light-driven dicarboxylation of diverse alkenes, including simple styrenes. The highly competing hydrocarboxylation side reaction was successfully overridden. Good yields of products were obtained under mild reaction conditions at ambient temperature and pressure of CO2. The dual role of formate salt may stimulate the discovery of a range of new transformations under mild and friendly conditions.