Neuroprotective effect of Cerebralcare Granule after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Cerebralcare Granule (CG) improves cerebral microcirculation and relieves vasospasm, but studies investigating its therapeutic effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury are lacking. In the present study, we administered CG (0.3, 0.1 and 0.03 g/mL intragastrically) to rats for 7 consecutive days. We then performed transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, followed by reperfusion, and administered CG daily for a further 3 or 7 days. Compared with no treatment, high-dose CG markedly improved neurological function assessed using the Bederson and Garcia scales. At 3 days, animals in the high-dose CG group had smaller infarct volumes, greater interleukin-10 expression, and fewer interleukin-1ß-immunoreactive cells than those in the untreated model group. Furthermore, at 7 days, high-dose CG-treated rats had more vascular endothelial growth factor-immunoreactive cells, elevated angiopoietin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and improved blood coagulation and flow indices compared with untreated model animals. These results suggest that CG exerts specific neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

The effects of artemisinin on the proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells of rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of artemisinin on the proliferation and apoptosis of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). METHOD: Primary rat VSMCs were treated with various doses of artemisinin. Cell proliferation was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the messenger RNA and protein expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen were determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was measured using annexin V and propidium iodide double staining evaluated by flow cytometry. Protein expression of Bax, Bcl2, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 was determined by Western blot. RESULTS: After 72 h of treatment, artemisinin significantly inhibited VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with 1 mM artemisinin for 72 h significantly reduced the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen messenger RNA. On the other hand, the same treatment increased the apoptosis of VSMCs, the activation of caspase-3, the Bax protein expression, and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that artemisinin can effectively inhibit VSMC proliferation and induce VSMC apoptosis.

[Distribution and seasonal dynamics of meiofauna in intertidal zone of Qingdao sandy beaches, Shandong Province of East China].

An investigation was conducted on the abundance, group composition, and distribution of meiofauna at the Second Beach of Taiping Bay and the Shilaoren Beach in Qingdao in January, April, July, and October 2008, aimed to analyze the distribution and seasonal dynamics of meiofauna in the intertidal zone of Qingdao sandy beaches. The measurements of environmental factors, including sediment grain size, interstitial water salinity, interstitial water temperature, organic matter content (TOC), and chlorophyll a (Chl a) content, were made simultaneously. There existed obvious seasonal differences in the environment factors, which could be clustered into two groups, i. e. , spring-winter group (January and April) and summer-autumn group (July and October). At the Second Beach of Taiping Bay, the mean annual abundance of meiofauna was (1167.3 +/- 768.3) ind x 10 cm(-2), and the most dominant group was Nematoda, accounting for 91% of the total. The meiofaunal group composition and abundance at the Second Beach differed horizontally, with the abundance ranked as high tide zone < middle tide zone < low tide zone. The meiofaunal group composition and abundance also varied seasonally, with high values in spring/winter and low values in summer/autumn (spring > winter > autumn > summer). The vertical distribution of the meiofauna in the high and middle tide zones of the Second Beach varied seasonally too. The meiofauna migrated downward with increasing temperature, concentrated in surface layer in winter and migrated downward in summer. At the Shilaoren Beach, the mean annual abundance of meiofauna was (1130.2 +/- 1419.1) ind x 10 cm(-2), and Nematoda accounted for 85% of the total. There was a great similarity of the environmental factors in the middle tide zone of the Second Beach and Shilaoren Beach, which led to no differences in the meiofaunal group composition and abundance. However, the vertical distribution of the meiofauna differed between the two beaches. When the temperature decreased, the meiofauna at Shilaoren Beach migrated downward. The ANOVA and BIOENV analyses showed that the TOC and MD phi were most responsible for the distribution of meiofauna among the tidal zones, the interstitial water temperature, MD phi, and TOC were the main causes of the seasonal variation of meiofaunal group composition and abundance, whereas the sediment Chl a affected the vertical migration of meiofauna. Tourism-induced sediment variation was another factor affecting the meiofaunal abundance, group composition, and distribution.

Serum bilirubin level is negatively correlated with disease progression of peripheral arterial disease: an observational cohort study.

We determined whether low bilirubin level is a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). We recruited 318 patients with PAD and 100 healthy volunteers. Patients were divided into 4 groups by the Fontaine classification for PAD, namely, group 1 (grade 1, n = 4); group 2 (grade 2, n = 114), group 3 (grade 3, n = 164), and group 4 (grade 4, n = 36). Total bilirubin (T-BIL), direct bilirubin (D-BIL), and indirect bilirubin (I-BIL) levels were compared using stepwise multiple regressions adjusted for selected factors. After adjusting for gender, age, smoking, and diastolic blood pressure, serum levels of T-BIL, D-BIL, and I-BIL were significantly lower in the PAD group (P < .05). Patients with grade 4 PAD showed significantly (P < .05) lower levels of T-BIL when compared with grade 2 patients. We concluded that serum bilirubin levels are negatively correlated with the severity and progression of PAD.

Potential number of human cases of H5N1 avian influenza in Egypt.

OBJECTIVES: H5N1 is one of the avian influenza virus subtypes that has the potential to evolve into a global pandemic that could cause millions of human deaths and great economic losses. Cases involving humans have occurred in 15 countries. Costly interventions have been used by governments and health organisations. Thus, a challenging question arises regarding how many cases of the disease may actually have been prevented as a result of such interventions. STUDY DESIGN: This paper answers such a question by applying a statistical model to the 2006-January 2009 outbreak in Egypt. Egypt was chosen as it had the highest number of human avian influenza cases outside Asia, and the second highest number in that period worldwide. METHODS: Brookmeyer and Blades' statistical model was applied. The sensitivities of the estimated number of human cases and exposure dates to the assumed incubation period, the delay in intervention and the coverage/effectiveness of the intervention were investigated. RESULTS: In the absence of intervention, it appears that the outbreak could have been approximately 1.5 times as large, but it is unlikely it would have exceeded 150 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results underscore the importance of early detection of an outbreak and intervention, together with effective public health control measures.

A spatiotemporal statistical model of the risk factors of human cases of H5N1 avian influenza in South-east Asian countries and China.

OBJECTIVES: This article aims to quantify the risk factors associated with the human cases of H5N1 avian influenza in South-east Asian countries and China; a dangerous region for this disease that has the potential for a pandemic outbreak. STUDY DESIGN: A statistical model with time and spatial dimensions was built to capture the international spread patterns of this disease. METHODS: The grid search method was used to fit the model with 2004-2006 data. The grid search approach is a simple procedure that allows the fit of any function to data. RESULTS: This study found that: (1) when the number of domestic H5N1 human cases increases by one person in a certain time period, the chance that the country will have a human case in the next period increases by 22.10%; (2) when the number of human cases in a neighbouring country increases by one person in a certain time period, the chance that the country will have a human case in the next period increases by 1.62%; (3) when the number of avian cases in a neighbouring country increases by one, the chance that the country will have a human case increases by 0.02%; (4) as the human population increases by one unit, the chance that the country will have a human case increases by 0.10%; (5) when the quantity of imported poultry increases by 1000 metric tons, the chance that the country will have a human case increases by 0.03%; (6) when the outbreak of the disease among domestic birds increases by one, the chance that the country will have a human case increases by 0.19%; and finally (7) when the number of birds destroyed increases by 1000, the chance that the country will have a human case decreases by 0.30%. CONCLUSIONS: These findings shed new light on the spatiotemporal characteristics of the epidemic, and thus need to be taken into consideration in interdisciplinary and scientific discussion of the disease.

Gene expression profiles of early pneumococcal otitis media in the rat.

OBJECTIVE: To define the gene expression patterns during the early phases of a bacterial middle ear infection in the rat model. METHOD: Using cDNA gene array technology, we profiled the mRNA expression of 1176 genes in a rat model of acute otitis media. We identified changes in gene expression two-fold or greater 12 and 48 h after bilateral ME inoculation with either tryptic soy broth (TSB) or Streptococcus pneumoniae in TSB. RESULTS: Transcripts of cytokines and cell adhesion molecules were up-regulated by 12 h, but returned to placebo transcription levels by 48 h. Three of six stress-response genes, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, GADD45 and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) were up-regulated by 12 h, with HSP27 transcription levels continuing to rise through 48 h. All assayed transcription factors were up-regulated by 12 h, but only c-fos and c-jun up-regulation persisted to the 48-h time point. Up-regulation of apoptosis-related genes, except for bcl-x, was not evident until 48 h. These gene expression patterns reflected an early proinflammatory response consisting of cytokines, cell adhesion and stress-response molecules at 12 h followed by an up-regulation of apoptosis-related genes at 48 h. CONCLUSION: Downstream targets of several transcription factors, up-regulated transiently at 12 h, control secondary effects of S. pneumoniae infection, including apoptosis of neutrophils and mucosal epithelial cells, bone proliferation and promotion of leukocyte differentiation. These observations lead to a greater understanding of the early events in the pathogenesis of an AOM episode and highlight therapeutic targets, which may play a roll in the sequelae of AOM.

Changes in transient receptor potential cation channel superfamily V (TRPV) mRNA expression in the mouse inner ear ganglia after kanamycin challenge.

The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V (TRPV) is a non-specific cation ion channel receptor family that is gated by heat, protons, low extracellular osmolarity and arachidonic acid derivatives. Since some of these endogenous agonists of TRPV receptors are reactive oxygen intermediates produced by lipoxygenases, it has been hypothesized that some members of the TRPV family may respond to challenges by reactive oxygen species. This study used real-time PCR to quantitatively track changes in TRPV1-4 mRNA expression in the spiral, vestibular, and trigeminal ganglia and the kidney from kanamycin (KM)-treated mice. TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3 and TRPV4 mRNAs were expressed in spiral and vestibular ganglia, and TRPV2 and TRPV1 mRNAs were most predominant in control mice. After KM (700 mg/kg s.c. b.i.d., 14 days), TRPV1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly up-regulated both in the spiral and vestibular ganglia, but expression was unaffected in the trigeminal ganglion and kidney. Real-time PCR also demonstrated a significant down-regulation in TRPV4 mRNA expression in the inner ear ganglia and kidney after KM treatment. All these mRNA and protein expression changes were eliminated by simultaneous administration of dihydroxybenzoate (300 mg/kg s.c. b.i.d., 14 days), an anti-oxidant that blocks KM ototoxicity. It is proposed that up-regulated TRPV1 expression during KM exposure may promote ganglion cell survival by contributing to neuronal depolarization, with KM-induced tinnitus and dizziness as consequences.

Topiramate and Sodium Valproate Retard Tablets in Treating Childhood Epilepsy: Cost - minimization Analysis / 中国药房

0.05), respectively; the costs of topiramate or sodium valproate retard tablets were 1 305.00 yuan and 588.60 yuan, respectively. CONCLUSION: Sodium valproate retard tablet is superior to topiramate tablet in terms of cost - effectiveness.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis on3Chinese and Western Medicines in the Treatment of Senile Functional Constipation / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of3Chinese and western medicines in treating senile func?tional constipation.METHODS:186patients with senile functional constipation were randomly assigned to receive Forlax powder preparation for infusion,Liuweianxiao capsule and Buzhongyiqitang respectively,the therapeutic efficacies of the3groups were observed and the cost-effectiveness analysis were conducted12weeks after treatment.RESULTS:The cure rates for the3groups were77.6%,83.3%and85.5%,respectively;the costs for the3groups were963.52yuan,877.00yuan and850.12yuan,respectively;the ratio of cost to effectiveness were1241,1052and975,respectively;the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of Group A and B were1435and1221as compared with Group C.CONCLUSION:Liuweianxiao capsule(Group B)was the preferred option for the treatment of senile functional constipation.

Localization of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein family in the rat inner ear.

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are a proton transporter family located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. The molecular expression and activity of UCPs in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle are regulated by factors as diverse as chronic overeating and cold exposure, suggesting roles in energy expenditure and heat production. Although UCP2, UCP4 and brain mitochondrial carrier protein-1 (BMCP-1, i.e. UCP5) mRNAs are expressed in the central nervous system, their central function is unknown. This study presents the first evidence on localization and quantitative expression of UCPs in the rat inner ear by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR studies revealed that UCP2 mRNA was expressed in the vestibular and spiral ganglia more abundantly than any other UCP. Neocortex, by contrast, contained UCP2 and UCP4 equally. Notably, UCP3 and UCP4 mRNAs were expressed in inner ear ganglia, but brain UCP3 mRNA expression level was undetectable by simple PCR. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that both UCP2- and UCP3-like immunoreactivities were detected in vestibular and spiral ganglion cells and co-localized with a mitochondrial marker, MitoFluorGreen. According to previous reports, UCP2 and UCP3 are thermogenic in yeast and brain UCP2 has been suggested to modulate pre- and post-synaptic events by axonal thermogenesis. It has also been reported recently that UCP2 and UCP3 responses to superoxide application may be an antioxidant protective mechanism. Therefore, it is suggested that mitochondrial UCPs (UCP2, UCP3, UCP4) may play both a protective role against oxidative damage and a thermal signaling role in the eighth nerve.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from different azobenzene self-assembled monolayers and sandwiches.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of functionalized azobenzene thiols (RAzoCnSH, n=3-6 for R=H, abbreviated as AzoCnSH; and n=4 for R=CH(3)CONH, abbreviated as aaAzoC4SH) on different substrates RAzoCnSz.sbnd;z.sfnc;S (S represents substrates of vacuum-deposited gold (Au), silver foil (Ag), HNO(3) etched silver foil (EAg), and silver mirror (mAg)) have been studied by SERS in the near-infrared region. SERS of the SAMs on EAg and/or mAg exhibit SERS effects that vary with etching time and/or deposition time. The most appropriate time is 5 s for etching in 1:1 HNO(3) and 40 s for deposition in 0.1 M Ag(NH(3))(2)NO(3). Further, a layer of Ag mirror was conveniently deposited on the top of the SAMs on different substrates, yielding a more efficient SERS-active system possessing a "sandwiched" structure of mAgz.sfnc;RAzoCnS-z.sfnc;S. An appropriate surface roughness is required for the strongest SERS effect. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that there exist a large number of projects around 100 nm on the surface showing the strongest SERS effect. When the surface roughness is decreased or increased, the SERS effect decreases sharply. The relationship between the SERS effect and the structural nature was investigated and showed that the enhancement factor decays exponentially with increasing in distances of the azobenzene group from the underlying substrate or the overlying silver mirror. This result reveals that the SERS effect may be the result of the electromagnetic coupling effect between two metal layers.

Analysis and prevention of factors predisposing to infections associated with severe acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze factors predisposing to the infections associated with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and work out ways for their prevention. METHODS: 208 patients with SAP treated at our hospital from January 1986 to December 2001 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Statistical difference in the incidence of the infections was found between the following pairs: the groups of bloody or non-bloody ascites, paralytic ileus lasting shorter or longer than 5 days, Ranson's scores lower or higher than 5, hematocrit lower or higher than 45%, CT Balthazar scores lower or higher than 7, and between January 1986-June 1992 or July 1992-December 2001 admissions (chi2>7.58, P<0.05), while no statistical difference established between the groups of biliogenic and non-biliogenic pancreatitis, serum amylase <200 U/L and >/=200 U/L, serum calcium <2 mmol/L and >/=2 mmol/L or groups of total parenteral nutrition shorter or longer than 7 days (chi2<1.61, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Occurrence of infection in patients with SAP is closely related with bloody ascites, paralytic ileus (>/=5 days), Ranson's scores (>/=5), hematocrit (>/=45%) and CT Balthazar scores (>/=7), but not with pathogenesis, serum calium or total parenteral nutrition. Comprehensive prevention of pancreatic infection and individualized therapy may reduce the incidence of infection.

Mucosal expression of genes encoding possible upstream regulators of Na+ transport during pneumococcal otitis media.

OBJECTIVE: Recently, we reported that gene transcripts encoding 3 Na+ transport proteins (pump, channel and exchanger) in the middle ear mucosa (MEM) were simultaneously suppressed at 12 and 48 h after Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) challenge of rat middle ears. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From cDNA microarray screening of those specimens, several gene clusters, including Nos2 and the transcription factors Fos, Fosl1, Jun and Nfkb1, were identified as possible upstream regulators of Na+ transport protein expression. The altered expression of those genes in MEM was validated and quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction and MEM protein expression for Atp1a1, Nos2 and Nfkb1 was studied using Western blot and/or immunohistochemistry assays. RESULTS: At both time-points. Atp1a1 mRNA and protein were decreased and Nos2 mRNA and protein were increased in MEM. While Nfkb1 protein was decreased at those times. the corresponding mRNA was increased at 12 h but decreased at 48 h. Gene expression for Fos was suppressed at both times, while that for Fosl1 and Jun was augmented at 12 h and suppressed at 48 h. Immunohistochemical study of specimens challenged with SP showed a swollen MEM with infiltration of inflammatory cells that stained positive for Nos2. CONCLUSION: Given the known activities of Nos2, these results can be interpreted as evidencing a transcriptional suppression of Na+ transport protein synthesis secondary to upregulated Nos2 expression during SP infection of the rat MEM. This proposed signaling pathway does not require the continuous upregulation of Nfkb1 or the other assayed transcription factors as early as 12 h after middle ear infection.

Factors predisposing to severe acute pancreatitis: evaluation and prevention.

AIM: To analyze factors predisposing to the infections associated with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and to work out ways for its prevention. METHODS: Total 208 cases of SAP treated in this hospital from Jan. 1980 to Dec. 2001 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Statistical difference in the incidence of the aforementioned infections was found between the following pairs: between the groups of bloody or non-bloody ascites, paralytic ileus lasting shorter or longer than 5 days, Ranson scores lower or higher than 5, hematocrit lower or higher than 45 %, CT Balthazar scores lower or higher than 7 and between 1980.1-1992.6 or 1992.7-2001.12 admissions (chi(2)>3.84, P<0.05), while no statistical difference was established between the groups of biliogenic and non - biliogenic pancreatitis, serum amylase <200 U/L and > or =200 U/L, serum calcium <2 mmol /L and > or =2 mmol/L or groups of total parenteral nutrition shorter or longer than 7 days (chi(2)<3.84, P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Occurrence of infection in patients with SAP is closely related with bloody ascites, paralytic ileus > or =5 days, Ranson scores > or =5, hematocrit > or =45 % and CT Balthazar Scores > or =7, but not with pathogens, serum calcium and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Comprehensive prevention of pancreatic infection and practice of individualized therapy contribute to reducing the incidence of infection.

Type 1 vanilloid receptor expression by mammalian inner ear ganglion cells.

The type 1 vanilloid receptor (VR1) is a non-specific cation channel activated by capsaicin, lipoxygenase (LOX) products, heat and acid. This study demonstrates VR1 and 5-LOX expression by inner ear ganglion cells. A PCR product (210 bp) was amplified from both oligo(dT)- and random primer-generated cDNAs of rat spiral ganglion cells using VR1 gene-specific primers constructed from the 3' non-homologous region. This PCR product shared 100% sequence homology to a rat VR1 cDNA (GenBank accession no. AF029310) and a rat vanilloid receptor splice variant mRNA (GenBank accession no. AF158248). Frozen sections of PLP-fixed, decalcified Long-Evans rat temporal bones were stained immunohistochemically for VR1. Neurons and satellite cells in both the vestibular and spiral ganglia were VR1-immunopositive. Neurons and supporting cells in adjacent sections of these ganglia were immunopositive for 5-LOX. These findings raise the hypothesis that activation of VR1 by endogenous ligands may contribute to hypersensitivity of the eighth nerve to hair cell inputs in a variety of pathologic conditions, such as tinnitus, Meniere's disease and migraine. In particular, these data suggest that LOX activation during inflammatory processes or during cyclo-oxygenase inhibition (e.g. by aspirin) is a potential intrinsic source of VR1 activation in inner ear ganglia.

Suppression of epithelial ion transport transcripts during pneumococcal acute otitis media in the rat.

Until recently, it was not feasible to conduct genome-wide screening for gene transcript variations that play key roles in the pathogenesis of otitis media. In this study microarray technology was used to profile differential gene expression patterns from rat middle ear mucosa at 12 and 48 h after Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for independent verification of the microarray results. Three ion transport mRNAs were simultaneously suppressed more than 4-fold at 12 h in bacteria-challenged ears, including Na,K-ATPase alpha I subunit (SPATPa1), sodium channel beta 2 subunit (SCNB2) and sodium-hydrogen exchange protein isoform 2 subunit (NHE2). At 48 h after infection, the mRNA levels of SCNB2 and NHE2 had decreased 7- and 10-fold, respectively, whereas the relatively abundant SPATPa1 transcript showed recovery. The downregulation of Na(+)-transporting transcripts suggests a reduced number of epithelial cells and transporting proteins and/or the dysfunction of sodium transporters secondary to the bacterial infection. These changes can disrupt the coupling of the apical Na + entry and basolateral Na + extrusion, deplete the electrochemical Na+ transmembrane gradient, disrupt the intracellular osmotic equilibrium and lead to intracellular acidification and the accumulation of excess sodium, water and other organic and inorganic molecules in the middle ear cavity. Any or all of these changes may contribute to the initiation and persistence of middle ear mucosa inflammation and effusion during an episode of bacterial acute otitis media.

Sex differences in hepatic gene expression in a rat model of ethanol-induced liver injury.

Sex differences in susceptibility to alcohol-induced liver injury have been observed in both humans and experimental animal models. Using a standard model of alcohol-induced fatty liver injury and microarray analysis, we have identified differential expression of hepatic genes in both sexes. The genes that exhibit differential expression are of three types: those that are changed only in male rats fed alcohol, those that change in only female rats fed alcohol, and those that change in both sexes, although not always in the same manner. Certain of the differentially expressed genes have previously been identified as participants in the induction of alcohol-induced liver injury. However, this analysis has identified a number of genes that heretofore have not been implicated in alcoholic liver injury; such genes may provide new areas of investigation into the pathogenesis of this disease.

Pancreatic cholesterol esterase, ES-10, and fatty acid ethyl ester synthase III gene expression are increased in the pancreas and liver but not in the brain or heart with long-term ethanol feeding in rats.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic alcohol consumption predisposes susceptible individuals to both acute and chronic pancreatitis. AIMS: Our hypothesis was that alcohol increases the risk of pancreatitis by disrupting defense mechanisms and/or enhancing injury-associated pathways through altered gene expression. Hence, we studied the expression of pancreatic genes in rats chronically exposed to ethanol. METHODOLOGY: Male Wistar rats were pair-fed liquid diets without and with ethanol for 4 weeks. Total RNA was extracted from rat pancreas and other organs. The mRNA expression patterns among pancreatic samples from ethanol-fed rats and controls were compared with use of mRNA differential display. The differentially expressed cDNA tags were isolated, cloned, and sequenced. RESULTS: One cDNA tag that was overexpressed in the pancreas showed 99% sequence homology to a rat pancreatic cholesterol esterase mRNA (CEL; Enzyme Commission number [EC] 3.1.1.13). The differential expression was confirmed by realtime PCR. Gene expression was also increased in the liver but not in the heart or brain of the alcohol-fed rats. Because CEL has fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE)-generating activity and FAEEs play a major role in acute alcoholic pancreatitis, we determined the expression of other genes encoding for FAEE-generating enzymes and showed similar organ-specific expression patterns. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that chronic ethanol consumption induced expression of FAEE-related genes in the pancreas and liver. This upregulation may be a central mechanism leading to acinar cell injury.

Comparison of Therapeutic Effects between2Kinds of Gangliosides in Treating Neonatal Hypoxic Is-chemic Encephalopathy and Their Cost-minimization Analysis / 中国药房

0.05),but the total expenses and cost of the main medical treatment were(2765.85?484.99)and(737.50?100.30)yuan;(4506.70?671.31)and(2648.80?331.10)yuan,respectively,which demonstrated significant difference(P