ABSTRACT
A series of novel linear aliphatic amine-linked triaryl derivatives as inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In this chemical series, compound 58 showed the most potent inhibitory activity and binding affinity with hPD-L1, with an IC50 value of 12 nM and a KD value of 16.2 pM, showing a binding potency approximately 2000-fold that of hPD-1. Compound 58 could bind with hPD-L1 on the cellular surface and competitively block the interaction of hPD-1 with hPD-L1. In a T cell function assay, 58 restored the T cell function, leading to increased IFN-γ secretion. Moreover, in a humanized mouse model, compound 58 significantly inhibited tumor growth without obvious toxicity and showed moderate PK properties after intravenous injection. These results indicated that 58 is a promising lead for further development of small-molecule PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , B7-H1 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Design , Fatty Acids/chemical synthesis , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , B7-H1 Antigen/chemistry , B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Fatty Acids/pharmacology , Female , Humans , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/chemistry , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism , RAW 264.7 Cells , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Treatment Outcome , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Kinase inhibitor sorafenib is the most widely used drug for advanced HCC clinical treatment nowadays. However, sorafenib administration is only effective for a small portion of HCC patients, and the majority develop sorafenib-resistance during treatment. Thus, it is urgent to discover the endogenous mechanism and identify new pharmaceutical targets of sorafenib-resistance. METHODS: Pregnane X receptor (PXR) was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. GST-pull down and LC-MS/MS was used to detect the interaction of PXR and Sorafenib. To test the properties of HCC tumor growth and metastasis, in vivo tumor explant model, FACS, trans-well assay, cell-survival inhibitory assay and Western blot were performed. In terms of mechanistic study, additional assays such as ChIP and luciferase reporter gene assay were applied. RESULTS: In the present work, we found high PXR level in clinical specimens is related to the poor prognosis of Sorafenib treated patients. By the mechanistic studies, we show that sorafenib binds to PXR and activates PXR pathway, and by which HCC cells develop sorafenib-resistance via activating. Moreover, PXR overexpression helps HCC cells to persist to sorafenib treatment. CONCLUSION: This study reports the endogenous sorafenib-resistance mechanism in HCC cells, which offers an opportunity to design new therapeutic approaches for HCC treatment. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: PXR mediates sorafenib-resistance in HCC cells and targeting PXR can be a useful approach to facilitate HCC treatment.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy , Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy , Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives , Phenylurea Compounds/therapeutic use , Receptors, Steroid/genetics , Animals , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cell Survival/genetics , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Liver Neoplasms/genetics , Liver Neoplasms/metabolism , Mice, SCID , Niacinamide/metabolism , Niacinamide/therapeutic use , Phenylurea Compounds/metabolism , Pregnane X Receptor , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , RNA Interference , Receptors, Steroid/metabolism , Sorafenib , Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methodsABSTRACT
Many kinds of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), for example, the environmental estrogens bisphenol A and nonylphenol, may regulate the activity of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and therefore induce potential disruption of normal endocrine function. However, the involvement of EDCs in human cancers, especially in endocrine-related cancer neuroblastoma regulation, is not very clear. In this work, results showed that upon bisphenol A or nonylphenol treatment, the transcription factor activity of ERα was significantly increased in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Bisphenol A and nonylphenol could enhance ERα activity via recruiting it to the target gene promoter. Furthermore, treatment of bisphenol A and nonylphenol enhanced the in vitro proliferation, invasion, and migration ability of neuroblastoma cells. By investigating the role of EDC-induced ERα upregulation, our data extend the understanding of the function of EDCs and further suggest that ERα might be a potential therapeutic target in human neuroblastoma treatment.
ABSTRACT
MiR-122 is a novel tumor suppresser and its expression induces cell cycle arrest, or apoptosis, and inhibits cell proliferation in multiple cancer cells, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Radioresistance of cancer cell leads to the major drawback of radiotherapy for NSCLC and the induction of radiosensitization could be a useful strategy to fix this problem. The present work investigates the function of miR-122 in inducing radiosensitization in A549 cell, a type of NSCLC cells. MiR-122 induces the radiosensitization of A549 cells. MiR-122 also boosts the inhibitory activity of ionizing radiation (IR) on cancer cell anchor-independent growth and invasion. Moreover, miR-122 reduced the expression of its targeted genes related to tumor-survival or cellular stress response. These results indicate that miR-122 would be a novel strategy for NSCLC radiation-therapy.
