ABSTRACT
Anti-caries strategies that based on the regulation of oral micro-ecology have recently drawn broad attention. Intelligent antibacterial materials have shown great potential for ecological anti-caries strategies, which can response to microenvironment of dental caries or external stimuli and inhibit cariogenic biofilms precisely. This technology could improve local anti-caries effect and help maintain oral micro-eubiosis. Here, we reviewed recent progress in intelligent anti-bacterial materials for dental caries. The future research direction was also prospected. We hope that by discussing about this new technology of prevention and treatment for dental caries, this review could provide ideas for the research on novel anti-caries materials.
Subject(s)
Nervous System/embryology , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Zebrafish/embryology , Zebrafish/genetics , Animals , Hedgehog Proteins , Mutation/genetics , Nervous System/metabolism , Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics , Phenotype , Trans-Activators/genetics , Zebrafish Proteins/genetics , Zebrafish Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
The vertebrate brain develops from a bilaterally symmetric neural tube but later displays profound anatomical and functional asymmetries. Despite considerable progress in deciphering mechanisms of visceral organ laterality, the genetic pathways regulating brain asymmetries are unknown. In zebrafish, genes implicated in laterality of the viscera (cyclops/nodal, antivin/lefty and pitx2) are coexpressed on the left side of the embryonic dorsal diencephalon, within a region corresponding to the presumptive epiphysis or pineal organ. Asymmetric gene expression in the brain requires an intact midline and Nodal-related factors. RNA-mediated rescue of mutants defective in Nodal signaling corrects tissue patterning at gastrulation, but fails to restore left-sided gene expression in the diencephalon. Such embryos develop into viable adults with seemingly normal brain morphology. However, the pineal organ, which typically emanates at a left-to-medial site from the dorsal diencephalic roof, becomes displaced in position. Thus, a conserved signaling pathway regulating visceral laterality also underlies an anatomical asymmetry of the zebrafish forebrain.
Subject(s)
Body Patterning/physiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , Nuclear Proteins , Pineal Gland/embryology , Signal Transduction/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics , Zebrafish Proteins , Animals , Brain/embryology , Diencephalon/embryology , Endoderm , Epiphyses , Female , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Left-Right Determination Factors , Male , Mutagenesis , Nodal Protein , Paired Box Transcription Factors , Prosencephalon/embryology , Zebrafish/embryology , Zebrafish/genetics , Homeobox Protein PITX2ABSTRACT
Zebrafish cyclops (cyc) mutations cause deficiencies in the dorsal mesendoderm and ventral neural tube, leading to neural defects and cyclopia. Here we report that cyc encodes a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-related intercellular signalling molecule that is similar to mouse nodal. cyc is expressed in dorsal mesendoderm at gastrulation and in the prechordal plate until early somitogenesis. Expression reappears transiently in the left lateral-plate mesoderm, and in an unprecedented asymmetric pattern in the left forebrain. Injection of cyc RNA non-autonomously restores sonic hedgehog-expressing cells of the ventral brain and floorplate that are absent in cyc mutants, whereas inducing activities are abolished by cyc, a mutation of a conserved cysteine in the mature ligand. Our results indicate that cyc provides an essential non-cell-autonomous signal at gastrulation, leading to induction of the floorplate and ventral brain.
Subject(s)
Brain/embryology , Embryonic Induction , Signal Transduction , Trans-Activators , Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology , Animals , Body Patterning/physiology , Gastrula/physiology , Hedgehog Proteins , Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins , Mesoderm/physiology , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutation , Nodal Protein , Protein Biosynthesis , Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics , Xenopus , Xenopus Proteins , Zebrafish , Zebrafish ProteinsABSTRACT
We have compared the abilities of mammalian ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) 1, 5, and 6 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARF2 to serve as substrates for the rat liver Golgi membrane guanine nucleotide exchange factor and to initiate the formation of clathrin- and coatomer protein (COP) I-coated vesicles on these membranes. While Golgi membranes stimulated the exchange of GTPgammaS for GDP on all of the ARFs tested, mammalian ARF1 was the best substrate, with an apparent Km of 5 microM. In all cases myristoylation of ARF was required for stimulation. Agents that inhibit the Golgi membrane guanine nucleotide exchange factor (the fungal metabolite brefeldin A and trypsin treatment) selectively inhibited the guanine nucleotide exchange on mammalian ARF1. Taken together, these data indicate that of the ARFs tested, only mammalian ARF1 is activated efficiently by the Golgi guanine nucleotide exchange factor. The other ARFs are activated mainly by another mechanism, possibly phospholipid-mediated. Once activated, all of the membrane-associated, myristoylated ARFs promoted the recruitment of coatomer to about the same extent. Mammalian ARFs 1 and 5 were the most effective in promoting the recruitment of the AP-1 adaptor complex, whereas yeast ARF2 was the least active. These data indicate that the specificity for ARF action on the Golgi membranes is primarily determined by the Golgi guanine nucleotide exchange factor, which has a strong preference for myristoylated mammalian ARF1.
Subject(s)
Coated Vesicles/metabolism , GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Golgi Apparatus/metabolism , Liver/metabolism , ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 , ADP-Ribosylation Factors , Animals , Brefeldin A , Cyclopentanes/pharmacology , Golgi Apparatus/drug effects , Guanine Nucleotides/metabolism , Intracellular Membranes/drug effects , Intracellular Membranes/metabolism , Liver/drug effects , Liver/ultrastructure , Myristic Acid , Myristic Acids/metabolism , Protein Binding , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Trypsin/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Mammalian ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (mARF1) is a small GTP-binding protein that is activated by a Golgi guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Once bound to the Golgi membranes in the GTP form, mARF1 initiates the recruitment of the adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) complex and coatomer (COPI) onto these membranes and activates phospholipase D1 (PLD1). To map the domains of mARF1 that are important for these activities, we constructed chimeras between mARF1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARF2, which functions poorly in all of these processes except COPI recruitment. The carboxyl half of mARF1 (amino acids 95-181) was essential for activation by the Golgi guanine nucleotide exchange factor, whereas a separate domain (residues 35-94) was required to effectively activate PLD1 and to promote efficient AP-1 recruitment. Since residues 35-94 of mARF1 are critical for optimal activity in both PLD1 activation and AP-1 recruitment, we hypothesize that this region of ARF contains residues that interact with effector molecules.