ABSTRACT
Large-dimension complex integral thin-shell components are widely used in advanced transportation equipment. However, with the dimensional limitations of raw blanks and the manufacturing process, there are inhomogeneous geometric and mechanical properties at welded joints after welding, which have a significant effect on the subsequent forming process. Therefore, in this paper, the microstructure of welded joints with a sharp property change was accurately characterized by the proposed isothermal treatment method using the BR1500HS welded tube as an example. In addition, an accurate constitutive model of welded tubes was established to predict the deformation behavior. Firstly, the heat-treated specimens were subjected to uniaxial tensile tests and the stress-strain curves under different heat treatment conditions were obtained. Then, the continuous change in flow stress in the direction of the base metal zone, the heat-affected zone and the weld zone was described by the relationship between the microhardness, flow stress and center angle of the welded tube. Using such a method, a continuous constitutive model of welded tubes has been established. Finally, the constitutive model was compiled into finite-element software as a user material subroutine (VUHARD). The reliability of the established constitutive model was verified by simulating the free hydro-bulging process of welded tubes. The results indicated that the continuous constitutive model can well describe the deformation response during the free hydro-bulging process, and accurately predicted the equivalent strain distribution and thickness thinning rate. This study provides guidance in accurately predicting the plastic deformation behavior of welded tubes and its application in practice in hydroforming industries.
ABSTRACT
The 2195 Al-Li alloy, as one of the representative third-generation Al-Li alloys, has extensive applications in lightweight aerospace structures. In this paper, the anisotropy in mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of 2195 Al-Li alloy sheets were investigated under a strain rate of 0.01, 0.1, 1 s-1 and a temperature of 440 and 500 °C. Experimental results showed that the hot tensile properties of the 2195 Al-Li alloy sheet exhibited a strong dependence on loading directions. The peak stress (PS) and elongation (EL) along the rolling direction (RD) were larger than the transverse direction (TD). For the tests carried out at 440 °C-1 s-1, the PS values of the sheets stretched along the RD and TD are 142.9 MPa and 110.2 MPa, respectively. And, most of the PS anisotropy values are larger than 15%. The anisotropy in EL is less significant than in PS. All the differences are about 10%. Moreover, dimples in the samples stretched along RD were more and deeper than those along TD at 440 °C. The fracture morphology along RD and TD were similar, and both were cleavage fractures at 500 °C. Particularly, the fractions of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) along TD were all about 5% larger than those of RD. And, there were more small-sized continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) grains inside the initial grains and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) grains featured with the local bulge of grain boundaries along TD. This was due to the smaller average Schmid factor and the vertical EL trend of the initial grains when the samples were stretched along TD. A model of grain evolution during the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) along RD and TD was proposed based on EBSD results. The Schmid factor and banded structure had a more prominent effect on the hot ductility of the 2195 Al-Li alloy compared with the degree of DRX, thus presenting a higher EL and better hot ductility along RD.
