ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: BGN belongs to class of small leucine rich proteoglycans, which is high expression in plenty of human cancers. However, the detailed role of BGN remains unclear in Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we assessed the transcriptional expression, protein expression, prognosis, co-expressed genes, functional enrichment, and hub genes in HNSC patients based on the data published in the following databases: ONCOMINE, GEPIA, GEO, LinkedOmics, and HPA databases. Data from the TCGA database was used to analyze the correlations between BGN expression and different clinicopathological features, as well as prognostic analysis. RESULTS: We found that the expression of BGN is higher in patients with HNSC than in control tissues. Pathologically, high BGN expression was significantly correlated with T3 and T4 stage. Besides, high expression of BGN is a poor prognostic factor for overall surviva, not disease free survival. The co-expression genes associated with BGN expression exhibited enriched in various function and pathway, such as extracellular matrix, mitochondrion, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. A total of 10 hub genes were identified from the co-expressed genes, within which five genes, including FSTL1, LAMB1, SDC2, VCAN, and IGFBP7, were significantly increased in patient's with HNSC. BGN exhibited weak correlations with tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T, macrophages cell, and dendritic cells. Futhermore, many markers of infiltrating immune cells, such as Treg, showed different BGN-related immune infiltration patterns. BGN expression showed strong correlations with diverse immune marker sets in COAD and STAD. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that BGN is high expression in HNSC and is a poor prognostic factor for clinical outcome in patients with HNSC. It could serve as a potential prognostic biomarker for patients survival in HNSC.
Subject(s)
Biglycan , Follistatin-Related Proteins , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck , Biglycan/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics , Humans , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Prognosis , Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the morphology of bone markers around the parapharyngeal internal carotid artery and its adjacent relationship. Methods:The imaging date of 30 cases which had normal structure of the skull by CTA were randomly selected. Through maxillary sinus approach, the morphology of peripheral bony landmarks ï¼sphenoid spine, vaginal process of the tympanic bone, tympanic crestï¼ from the parapharyngeal internal carotid artery to the entrance of the internal carotid artery and the adjacent relationship with the parapharyngeal internal carotid artery were observed for imaging anatomy. Results:With the external opening of the internal carotid artery as the reference point, the parapharyngeal internal carotid artery was divided into 10 sides ï¼16.7%ï¼ in the direction of atlas and 6 sidesï¼10%ï¼ in the direction of temporomandibular joint, 44 sides ï¼73.3%ï¼ were close to midline. On 53 sides ï¼88.3%ï¼, the morphology of sphenoid spine became triangular shape with upper width and lower width, 6 sides ï¼10%ï¼ became irregular type with terminal bifurcation, and 1 side ï¼1.7%ï¼ had sphenoid spine missing. The shape of the vaginal process of the tympanic bone ï¼VPTBï¼ was a flat, irregular polygon with a smooth surface and no loss on 60 sides ï¼100%ï¼. The tympanic crest ï¼TCï¼ was a continuation of the VPTB to the sphenoid spine. It was located between the sphenoid spine and the VPTB. 51 sides ï¼85%ï¼ of the TC and 9 sides ï¼15%ï¼ of the TC were missing. The three constituted a special anatomical structure located in front of the internal carotid artery of the parapharyngeal segment, which can be divided into 43 inverted J-types ï¼71.7%ï¼ and 17 irregular types ï¼28.3%ï¼. Conclusion:The special anatomical area composed of sphenoid spine, vaginal process of the tympanic bone, tympanic crest is closely related to the parapharyngeal internal carotid artery observed by maxillary sinus approach, which is the anatomical basis for endoscopic surgery to find the parapharyngeal internal carotid artery. CTA can provide individualized surgical basis.
