EXOSC2 Mediates the Pro-tumor Role of WTAP in Breast Cancer Cells via Activating the Wnt/ß-Catenin Signal.

BC (breast cancer) is the leading cause of cancer death in women. Exosome component 2 (EXOSC2), an RNA exosome component, is elevated in BC tissues and may relate to BC carcinogenesis. In this work, the high EXOSC2 expression was correlated with TNM (Tumor Node Metastasis) stage. Moreover, overexpression of EXOSC2 enhanced tumorigenic capacity of BC cells via facilitating cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, increasing migration and angiogenesis, as well as exacerbating xenograft formation in vivo. Whereas, EXOSC2 knockdown showed anti-cancer effects, including inhibition of cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Mechanistically, EXOSC2 activated the wnt/ß-catenin pathway, which was also abolished by EXOSC2 knockdown. In addition, there were m6A methylation modification sites in the mRNA of EXOSC2. WTAP (Wilms tumor 1-associated protein) bound to EXOSC2 mRNA and increased its m6A methylation, resulting in extending the half-life of EXOSC2 mRNA. Luciferase data also confirmed that WTAP enhanced EXOSC2 mRNA stability through binding with the 3'-UTR containing m6A sites. Furthermore, WTAP silencing exhibited cancer-inhibiting effects on cell viability, cell cycle progression and tube formation, which was effectively reversed by EXOSC2 overexpression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that EXOSC2 promotes the malignant behaviors of BC cells via activating the wnt/ß-catenin pathway. In addition, EXOSC2 mediates the function of WTAP which contributes to the m6A modification of EXOSC2. Totally, this study suggested that EXOSC2 mediated the pro-tumor role of WTAP via activating the wnt/ß-catenin signal.

[Research Progress of Cytokines in the Prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia --Review].

At present, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is mainly treated with combination medication, high-dose, and early intensification. The treatment has achieved good results, but the long-term treatment effect is still not satisfactory. Studies have shown that the different levels of cytokine expression in AML patients can help AML risk stratification, search for treatment directions and predict the prognosis. It has been confirmed that the expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-ß1 are increased in AML patients, and they all indicate a poor prognosis. However, IL-8, IFN-γ, and CCL5 have great research value in chemotherapy resistance and improvement of treatment effect. This article reviews the research progress of cytokine biomarkers in the prognosis of AML patients.

Insights into the interaction of human serum albumin and carbon dots: Hydrothermal synthesis and biophysical study.

Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots (N,S-CDs) have been widely studied with high quantum yield (QY). The experimental conditions of three different N,S-CDs were optimized. Emission peak position of three different N,S-CDs shown almost remains unchanged or obvious excitation-dependent PL properties, that was likely owed to size distribution. In order to discuss the N,S-CDs stability of photoluminescence property in environment, various experiments such as the photostability, different pH, ionic strengths and temperature were designed. To sum up, three different N,S-CDs exhibited discrepancy property. Molecular interaction of three different N,S-CDs were produced via vary carbon source with human serum albumins have been investigate by various methods. The quenching mechanism, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, binding sites, electrochemical behavior of three different N,S-CDs with human serum albumins have some different, but conformational change of three different N,S-CDs with human serum albumins alike. The molecular docking had successful applied to study the N,S-CDs interaction with HSA. Different N,S-CDs possessed various characteristic that will have different quenching mechanism when they interaction with human serum albumin, study the mechanism of action at molecular level will help people to choose suitable CDs to apply in nanomedical.

Nomogram for predicting the risk of bone metastasis in breast cancer: a SEER population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Bone is the most common metastasis site of breast cancer. The prognosis of bone metastasis is better than other distant metastases, but patients with skeletal related events (SREs) have a poor quality of life, high healthcare costs and low survival rates. This study aimed to establish an effective nomogram for predicting risk of bone metastasis of breast cancer. METHODS: The nomogram was built on 4,895 adult/female/primary invasive breast cancer patients with complete clinicopathologic information, captured by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 2010 to 2015. Five biological factors (age, grade, histologic type, surgery of breast lesions and subtypes) were assessed with logistic regression to predict the risk of bone metastases. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability of the nomogram were determined by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and the calibration plot. Results were validated on a separate 2,093 cohort using bootstrap resampling from 2010 to 2015 as an internal group and a retrospective study on 120 patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from 2010 to 2014 at the same situation as an external group. RESULTS: On multivariate logistic regression of the primary cohort, independent factors for bone metastases were age, grade, histologic type, surgery of breast lesions and subtypes, which were all selected into the nomogram. The calibration plot for probability of incidence showed good agreement between prediction by nomogram and two observations. The ROC curves presented a good statistical model for risk of bone metastasis, and the corresponding AUC value of the development group, internal validation group and external validation group were 0.678, 0.689 and 0.704 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed nomogram resulted in more-accurate prognostic prediction for breast cancer patients with bone metastases.

Transcriptome and quality evaluation of Sichuan Dao-di herbs Zanthoxylum bungeanum / 中国中药杂志

"Huajiao" is dried ripe fruit peel of Zanthoxylum bungeanum or Z. schinifolium, is konwn as geoherbs, especially the "Dahongpao" cultivated in Hanyuan, Maoxian and Jiulong of Sichuan province. However, the genetic basis of Dao-di "Huajiao" is virtually unknown. The transcriptome of the fruit and leaf from Sichuan(Hanyuan, Jiulong, Lixian, Maoxian), Gansu(Wudu) province and Shaanxi(Fengxian) province was sequenced. Trinity de novo assembling resulted in a total of 177 616 unigenes. Through the KEGG, NR, SwissProt, Trembl, KOG/COG, GO, Pfam database comparision 106 644 annotated Unigene finally, 4 574 deferentially expressed genes were found in fruit between Sichuan and other provinces, including 3 740 up-regulated genes and 834 down-regulated genes. Among the up-regulated genes, 27 up-regulated genes were raleted to terpenoids, and 8 up-regulated genes were related to isoquinoline alkaloid bio-synthesis. Furthermore, it was also showed remarkable differences in groups which enrichment ratio of the diffe-rent expressed gene compared. The different expressed genes were annotated by the KEGG database into plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in fruit and leaf, but isoflavonoid bio-synthesis and betaine bio-synthesis were significantly different in fruit and leaf. The study laid a certain reference basis for comparison of quality and different expressed gene of Z. bungeanum from different groups.

Dao-di herbs pharmacology and new ideas of Dao-di herbs standard construction / 中国中药杂志

Guided by the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine and using modern scientific methods, Dao-di herbs pharmacology studies the nature, performance, interaction with the body and its clinical application.It is a bridge between the basic research and clinical application of Dao-di herbs. It can objectively describe the law of efficacy of Dao-di herbs, scientifically explain the mechanism of efficacy of Dao-di herbs, explore and establish the standards and methods of Dao-di herbs based on biological effect and clinical efficacy, and provide scientific basis for the special properties, pharmacology and clinical value of Dao-di herbs.Furthermore, we put forward a new idea of building the standard of Dao-di herbs based on the curative effect rather than the origin.The Dao-di herbs standard should come from the systematic research of traditional Dao-di herbs producing areas and form a new characteristic system, through the extraction of environmental, genetic, character, chemical, pharmacological and other characteristics.This standard originates from the tradition, but it is higher than the tradition. It may not have the origin meaning of strict administrative division, but it can better reflect the pharmacological characteristics and excellent clinical value of Dao-di herbs.

Hepatotoxicity Effect of Xanthii Fructus on Immune-sensitive Rat Model Induced by Endotoxin / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the pharmaceutical idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity effect of Xanthii Fructus on the immune-sensitive rat model induced by endotoxin lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. Method:The SD rats were randomly divided into five groups： control group， model group， and three Xanthii Fructucs groups. The immune-sensitive rat model was established by LPS （iv. 0.7 mg·kg-1， twice every 7 days）. Then， the rats in control and model groups received the equal volume of distilled water， while the rats in Xanthii Fructus groups were administrated with water extract of Xanthii Fructus intragastrically （1.67， 5.01， 16.7 g·kg-1， respectively） for 14 days. The serum and liver of the rats were collected on the 7th and 14th day to examine the levels of hepatotoxic biomarkers， including alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， total bilirubin （TBil）， alkaline phosphatase （ALP）， and total bile acids （TBA）， and liver histopathology. In addition， inflammatory factors， including interleukin-1β（IL-1β）， interleukin-2（IL-2）， interleukin-6（IL-6）， interleukin-10（IL-10）and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）of the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity rats， were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. Result:The immune-sensitive model rats showed elevated levels of IL-1β， IL-6（P<0.05，P<0.01）， and mild inflammatory cells infiltrated in portal area of liver significantly （P<0.05）， with no significant changes in hepatotoxic biomarkers. Meanwhile， there was no significant change between Xanthii Fructus groups and model rats in the levels of hepatotoxic biomarkers， inflammatory factors and hepatic lesions. Conclusion:Water extract of Xanthii Fructus intragastrically does not affect the levels of hepatotoxic biomarkers， inflammatory factors and hepatic lesions in rats induced by LPS intravenously. That is to say， Xanthii Fructus does not induce pharmaceutical idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.

Hierarchically Nanostructured Fe3O4/C Composite as a Promising Magnetic Targeted Drug Nanocarrier.

Nanostructured Fe3O4/C composites are very attractive for high-performance magnetic targeted drug carriers. Herein, Fe3O4/C composite nanospheres with good dispersity are prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent heat treatment in Ar. The composite nanospheres consist of clustered primary nanoparticles, and exhibit a hierarchical architecture with a high specific surface area of 119.3 m² g-1. The Fe3O4/C composite nanospheres show a high saturation magnetization value of 101 emu g-1 and good biocompatibility. In particular, the composite nanospheres deliver a large loading content (85.8%) of epirubicin hydrochloride (EPI), resulting from their unique composition and microstructure. More importantly, the release of EPI from the EPI-loaded magnetic carrier (Fe3O4/C-EPI) may be enhanced by both a slightly acidic environment and a rotating magnetic field induced by a simple motor-driven magnet system. The above favorable properties make the hierarchical Fe3O4/C composite sample a promising candidate for magnetic targeting nanocarriers of EPI.

Quality evaluation and toxicity assay for injectable traditional Chinese medicine using Microtox technology / 药学学报

Injectable traditional Chinese medicine often contains multiple components including undefined toxic substances, can have high variability between batches, with undefined mechanisms of action. It is urgent to improve the quality and consistency and reduce the toxicity risk of traditional Chinese medicine. The Microtox technology is a simple, rapid method for the detection of toxic substances in the environment that uses non-pathogenic luminescent bacteria as an indicator, and the change in luminosity as an index. Using this bioassay we have systematically applied Microtox technology for the detection of microtoxicity in injectable traditional Chinese medicine. As a new method of bioactivity characterization, Microtox technology is expected to be used in the detection of quality fluctuations and toxicity risks at an early stage in the preparation of injectable traditional Chinese medicines and to improve the quality of injectable traditional Chinese medicine.

Generalized science of Chinese material medica-from preventive treatment of disease to Chinese medicine health industry / 中国中药杂志

Based on the systematic summary of the results of the fourth general survey of traditional Chinese medicine resources, the cultivation of large varieties of Chinese material medica and the latest research on health industrial development, the novel concepts and scientific connotations of generalized science of Chinese material medica are put forward, and the basic ideas and methods of a new Chinese medicine academic system, the cultivation system of large varieties of Chinese medicinal materials and the application system of the large health industry are constructed. This kind of generalized science of Chinese material medica, rooted in the traditional Chinese culture and the theory of "preventive treatment of disease", can avoid the narrow prospect induced by the increasing specialization and refinement of knowledge of science of Chinese material medica. It will play an important role in the modernization, industrialization, internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine.

New method for evaluating pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine compounds based on its moderate regulation and principle of balanced adjustment of immunity under pan-immunomic / 中国中药杂志

For the basic research on the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), objective syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine and evaluation criteria of traditional Chinese medicine compounds are hardly to break though. While, the modern immunology points out that the body is a counterbalance state and immune imbalance is the root of sickness. The thinking mode of treating diseases in traditional Chinese medicine is also "balance", considering disease is the result of bias which present the imbalance of "Yin counters Yang", "exterior counters interior", "cold counters heat" and "weak counters strong". The Chinese herbal compound formula preparation was applied on disease therapy based on theory of Chinese medicine, which was confirmed by long period clinical application. It is composed of multi-compounds and has the characteristic of multi-targeting. Integrative medicine has spawned pan-immunomics, and the evaluation of immune function (immune balance) has become an important basis for diagnosis and treatment models of integrative medicine. In addition, balance is the core idea of whole-systemic conception of traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, we speculate that immune balance under pan-immunomic can bridge the traditional Chinese medicine and modern integrative medicine and is the important basis for objective syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine and evaluation criteria of traditional Chinese medicine compounds. According to the bridging theory, we attempt to utilize informatics and statistical methods to construct an evaluation system for pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine based on its moderate regulation and the balanced adjustment of immunity under pan-immunomic, which further reveal the scientific essence of the whole-systemic view of traditional Chinese medicine. This research brings out a new valuable strategy and provides a theoretical basis for accelerating the transformation of traditional Chinese medicine, especially the exploitation of Chinese herbal compound formula, and constructing the new drug innovation and review system for traditional Chinese medicine. Besides as a reference for traditional Chinese medicine objective syndrome and pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine compounds, the evaluation system can screen the immunity of sub-health population also. With the continuous accumulation of clinical sample and data, the evaluation system will be more accurate and intelligent.

Overexpression of LncRNA HOTAIR is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Thyroid Carcinoma: A Study Based on TCGA and GEO Data.

The role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) in thyroid carcinoma (TC) remains unclear. The current study was aimed to assess the clinical value of HOTAIR expression levels in TC based on publically available data and to evaluate its potential signaling pathways. The expression data of HOTAIR and clinical information concerning TC were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), respectively. Furthermore, 3 online biological databases, Starbase, Cbioportal, and Multi Experiment Matrix, were used to identify HOTAIR-related genes in TC. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Panther pathway analyses were then undertaken to study the most enriched signaling pathways in TC (EASE score<0.1, Bonferroni<0.05). The TCGA results demonstrated that the expression level of HOTAIR in TC tissues was significantly increased compared with non-cancerous tissues (p<0.001). HOTAIR over-expression was significantly associated with poor survival in TC patients (p=0.03). Meta-analyses of GEO datasets revealed a trend consistent with the above results on HOTAIR expression levels in TC (SMD=0.23; 95%CI, 0.00-0.45; p=0.047). Finally, the results of functional analysis for HOTAIR-related genes indicated that HOTAIR might participate in tumorigenesis via the Wnt signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that HOTAIR may be involved in thyroid carcinogenesis, and the over-expression of HOTAIR could act as a biomarker associated with a poor outcome in TC patients. Moreover, the Wnt signaling pathway may be the key pathway regulated by HOTAIR in TC.

Optimization of reaction conditions and methodological investigation on microtox-based fast testing system for traditional Chinese medicine injection / 中国中药杂志

Vibrio fischeri CS234 was used to establish and optimize microtox assay system, laying a foundation for the application of this method in comprehensive acute toxicity test of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injections. Firstly, the Plackett-Burman method was carried out to optimize the factors which would affect Vibrio fischeri CS234 luminescence. Secondly, ZnSO4•7H2O was chosen as reference substance to establish its reaction system with quality control samples. The optimal luminescence conditions were achieved as follows: ①At a temperature of (15±1) ℃, Vibrio fischeri CS234 lyophilized powders were balanced for 15 min, then, 1 mL resuscitation fluid was added and blended for 10 min. 100 μL bacteria suspension was taken to measure the initial luminescence intensity, and then 1 mL resuscitation fluid or test sample was immediately added; after reaction for 10 min, corresponding luminescence intensity was measured again. Resuscitation diluent, osmotic pressure regulator and ZnSO4•7H2O stock solution showed no interference to the determination of Vibrio fischeri CS234 luminescence intensity, so this method was of good specificity. The within-and between-batch precisions of quality controls and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) samples were <5% and <10% respectively, while the accuracy ranged between 85.8% and 103.2%. The standard curve equation of ZnSO4•7H2O ranged from 3.86 mg•L⁻¹ to 77.22 mg•L⁻¹ (final concentrations) was y=21.78lnx-15.14, R2=0.998; meanwhile, IC₅₀ of ZnSO4•7H2O to Vibrio fischeri CS234 was 19.90 mg•L⁻¹. ZnSO4•7H2O stock solution and its quality controls were continuously investigated for 120 h and 8 h respectively, and their RSD was lower than 2%, indicating stability at room temperature and 4 ℃ storage conditions. Between pH 4.5-8.0, luminescence intensity of Vibrio fischeri CS234 was controlled within ±10%, and such pH value range could meet the testing needs of the vast majority of traditional Chinese medicine injections. The Vibrio fischeri strain CS234 assay system was specific, stable, sensitive, accurate and adaptable after optimization, so it was suitable for the comprehensive acute toxicity assessment of TCM injections.

[RNAi-mediated gene silencing of livin synergistic with epirubicin enhance apoptosis of human breast cancer cells].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of silencing of livin gene expression combined with anthracycline chemotherapy on the apoptosis of human breast cancer cells. METHODS: Double stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting the livin gene was chemically synthesized in vitro and transfected into human breast cancer cells of the line ZR-75-30 mediated by lipofectamine 2000. The transfection efficiency was observed by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of livin at mRNA and protein levels. ZR-75-30 cells transfected with dsRNA targeting livin for 24 h were treated with 50 microg/ml epirubicin for 12 h, flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rate of the cells. RESULTS: The livin mRNA expression rates of the livin-siRNA transfected group was (29.68 +/- 2.7)%, with an inhibitory rate of 53.66%, significantly lower than those of the negative control and blank control groups [(52.01 +/- 2.9)% and (51.95 +/- 3.1)% respectively, both P < 0.01]. The livin protein expression rate of the livin-siRNA group was (27.80 +/- 2.1)%, significantly lower than those of the negative control siRNA group and blank control group [(53.80 +/- 3.0)% and (55.12 +/- 2.8)% respectively, both P < 0.01]. 36 h after the treatment of siRNA against livin combined with epirubicin the apoptosis rate was (15.18 +/- 0.05)%, significantly higher than those of the negative control group and blank control group [(2.78 +/- 0.08)% and (2.65 +/- 0.12)% respectively, both P < 0.01]. CONCLUSIONS: Sequence specific siRNA targeting livin synergistic with epirubicin is capable of enhancing the apoptosis rate of human breast cancer cells. Silencing of livin gene expression with siRNA combined with anthracycline chemotherapy may hold great promise as a novel therapy for livin expressing breast cancer.