ABSTRACT
Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) represents undoubtedly a rare life-threatening condition. Herein, we present a rare case of a 69-year-old woman, with a history of hepatic flexure tumor and an indwelling central venous port, presenting with acute signs and symptoms of SVCS due to thrombosis of the catheter. The patient was treated with intravenous anticoagulation and fibrinolytic therapy and showed regression of symptoms. It is reported that central venous catheters are routinely used in clinical practice mainly in oncological cases for chemotherapy, parenteral nutrition or dialysis. However, complications related to implantation technique, care, or maintenance of these catheters may arise. High index of suspicion for SVCS should always arise when a patient presents with common symptoms and long-term central catheters, in order to avoid unfavorable outcomes. Local thrombolysis appears to be a safe and effective therapy for port catheter-associated thrombosis.
Subject(s)
Catheterization, Central Venous/adverse effects , Subclavian Vein/pathology , Superior Vena Cava Syndrome/etiology , Venous Thrombosis/etiology , Aged , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Chemotherapy, Adjuvant , Colectomy/methods , Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Colonic Neoplasms/surgery , Conservative Treatment , Dyspnea/etiology , Female , Headache/etiology , Humans , Nausea/etiology , Subclavian Vein/diagnostic imaging , Superior Vena Cava Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Superior Vena Cava Syndrome/drug therapy , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Venous Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging , Venous Thrombosis/drug therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Primary liver and biliary cancers are very aggressive tumors. Surgical treatment is the main option for cure or long term survival. The main purpose of this systematic review is to underline the indications for portal vein embolization (PVE), in patients with inadequate future liver remnant (FLR) and to analyze other parameters such as resection rate, morbidity, mortality, survival after PVE and hepatectomy for primary hepatobiliary tumors. Also the role of trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) before PVE, is investigated. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was performed in Pub Med and the Cochrane Library from 01.01.1990 to 30.09.2015. RESULTS: Forty articles were selected, including 2144 patients with a median age of 61 years. The median excision rate was 90% for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and 86% for hilar cholangiocarcinomas (HCs). The main indications for PVE in patients with HCC and presence of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis was FLR <40% when liver function was good (ICGR15 < 10%) and FLR < 50% when liver function was affected (ICGR15:10-20%). The combination of TACE and PVE increased hypertrophy rate and was associated with better overall survival and disease free survival and should be considered in advanced HCC tumors with inadequate FLR. In patients with HCs PVE was performed, after preoperative biliary drainage, when FLR was <40%, in the majority of studies, with very good post-operative outcome. However indications should be refined. CONCLUSION: PVE before major hepatectomy allows resection in a patient group with advanced primary hepato-biliary tumors and inadequate FLR, with good long term survival.
