Kinetics of UV-H2O2 advanced oxidation in the presence of alcohols: the role of carbon centered radicals.

UV photolysis of aqueous hydrogen peroxide samples was carried out in the presence of methanol, ethanol, or t-butanol. The concentrations of H(2)O(2), dissolved O(2), and the alcohols were monitored as a function of time, and a quantitative chemical kinetics model for the photolysis of the solutions is presented. The observed kinetics consisted of an initial rapid consumption of dissolved oxygen followed by a significant acceleration in the photodecomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The acceleration phase was identified to originate from the fast feedback reaction between hydrogen peroxide and the carbon centered radicals resulting from hydrogen atom abstraction from the primary alcohols. In tertiary butanol solutions the radical species formed are more stable and do not react directly with H(2)O(2). As a consequence no significant acceleration of H(2)O(2) photolysis was observed in the presence of t-butanol.

Modeling hydroxyl radical distribution and trialkyl phosphates oxidation in UV-H2O2 photoreactors using computational fluid dynamics.

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) promoted by ultraviolet light are innovative and potentially cost-effective solutions for treating persistent pollutants recalcitrant to conventional water and wastewater treatment. While several studies have been performed during the past decade to improve the fundamental understanding of the UV-H(2)O(2) AOP and its kinetic modeling, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has only recently emerged as a powerful tool that allows a deeper understanding of complex photochemical processes in environmental and reactor engineering applications. In this paper, a comprehensive kinetic model of UV-H(2)O(2) AOP was coupled with the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations using CFD to predict the oxidation of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and tri(2-chloroethtyl) phosphate (TCEP) in two different photoreactors: a parallel- and a cross-flow UV device employing a UV lamp emitting primarily 253.7 nm radiation. CFD simulations, obtained for both turbulent and laminar flow regimes and compared with experimental data over a wide range of UV doses, enabled the spatial visualization of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical distributions in the photoreactor. The annular photoreactor displayed consistently better oxidation performance than the cross-flow system due to the absence of recirculation zones, as confirmed by the hydroxyl radical dose distributions. Notably, such discrepancy was found to be strongly dependent on and directly correlated with the hydroxyl radical rate constant becoming relevant for conditions approaching diffusion-controlled reaction regimes (k(C,OH) > 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)).

The role of weathering on fly ash charge distribution during triboelectrostatic beneficiation.

Triboelectrostatic beneficiation of coal combustion fly ashes with high-unburned carbon contents can produce low-carbon ash products having value as mineral admixtures and meeting technical requirements for replacing cement in concrete. This capability is a result of establishing bipolar charge on mineral ash versus carbon particles where, typically, unburned carbon attains positive surface charge and ash attains negative surface charge under the tribocharging conditions employed in triboelectrostatic technologies. However, long-term exposure of fly ash to weathering conditions, such as moisture or high humidity, before beneficiation is known to dramatically diminish carbon-ash separation efficiencies. Although experimentation has shown that water soluble surface species can be redistributed on fly ash particles after exposure to moisture, which could affect the extent of charging and polarities, measurement of the actual amount of charge and polarity on particles after weathering exposure versus after removal of surface moisture has not been accomplished. Hence, a new experimental methodology was developed and applied to measure charge distributions on tribocharged ash and carbon particles in a fly ash that had been exposed to weathering conditions for 6 months before and after removal of the surface moisture. Weathered ash particles were found to have an average zero charge, whereas carbon particles attained an average negative charge, opposite of the normal polarity for carbon. Although the extent of uncharged particles decreased and ash particles attained an average negative charge after drying, carbon particles attained only an average zero charge. These changes were reflected in very small increases in carbon-ash separation efficiency, in contrast to previous beneficiation tests in which fly ash drying led to significant increases in carbon-ash separation efficiency. It is suggested that removal of surface moisture in the absence of other processes like surface ion redistribution would beneficially impact carbon-ash triboelectrostatic beneficiation.

Health risk assessment of air emissions from a municipal solid waste incineration plant--a case study.

A health risk assessment of long-term emissions of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic air pollutants has been carried out for the municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) of the city of Taranto, Italy. Ground level air concentrations and soil deposition of carcinogenic (Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins/Furans and Cd) and non-carcinogenic (Pb and Hg) pollutants have been estimated using a well documented atmospheric dispersion model. Health risk values for air inhalation, dermal contact, soil and food ingestion have been calculated based on a combination of these concentrations and a matrix of environmental exposure factors. Exposure of the surrounding population has been addressed for different release scenarios based on four pollutants, four exposure pathways and two receptor groups (children and adults). Spatial risk distribution and cancer excess cases projected from plant emissions have been compared with background mortality records. Estimated results based on the MSWI emissions show: (1) individual risks well below maximum acceptable levels, (2) very small incremental cancer risk compared with background level.

Wastewater disinfection by peracetic acid: assessment of models for tracking residual measurements and inactivation.

With its potential for low (if any) disinfection byproduct formation and easy retrofit for chlorine contactors, peracetic acid (PAA) or use of PAA in combination with other disinfectant technologies may be an attractive alternative to chlorine-based disinfection. Examples of systems that might benefit from use of PAA are water reuse schemes or plants discharging to sensitive receiving water bodies. Though PAA is in use in numerous wastewater treatment plants in Europe, its chemical kinetics, microbial inactivation rates, and mode of action against microorganisms are not thoroughly understood. This paper presents results from experimental studies of PAA demand, PAA decay, and microbial inactivation, with a complementary modeling analysis. Model results are used to evaluate techniques for measurement of PAA concentration and to develop hypotheses regarding the mode of action of PAA in bacterial inactivation. Kinetic and microbial inactivation rate data were collected for typical wastewaters and may be useful for engineers in evaluating whether to convert from chlorine to PAA disinfection.

Air pollution from a large steel factory: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from coke-oven batteries.

A systematic investigation of solid and gaseous atmospheric emissions from some coke-oven batteries of one of Europe's largest integrated steel factory (Taranto, Italy) has been carried out. In air monitoring samples, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were consistently detected at concentrations largely exceeding threshold limit values. By means of PAHs speciation profile and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) equivalent dispersion modeling from diffuse sources, the study indicated that serious health risks exist not only in working areas, but also in a densely populated residential district near the factory.

Chloride extraction for quality improvement of municipal solid waste incinerator ash for the concrete industry.

Coal ash from power stations has long been used successfully in the cement industry as binders in several Portland formulations. This is not the case for municipal solid waste (MSW) ash as chloride concentrations, ranging from 10 to 200 g kg(-1) dry weight in the bottom and fly ash, respectively, exceed the maximum allowable concentration in most cement mixtures. To reduce chloride content in MSW bottom ash, a laboratory investigation was carried out based on the exhaustive washing in tap water. The influence of operative parameters such as temperature, granulometric properties and solid/liquid ratio of extraction was evaluated. In addition to optimization of the mentioned operative parameters for full-scale application, the paper gives preliminary indications on mechanistic aspects of the washing operation.