ABSTRACT
Immunotherapy occupies a growing place in urologic oncology, mainly for kidney and bladder cancers. On the basis of encouraging preclinical work, the combination of immunotherapy with radiotherapy aims to increase the tumor response, including in metastatic tumors, which raises many hopes, which this article reviews.
Subject(s)
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Kidney Neoplasms/therapy , Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy , Radiotherapy/methods , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/therapy , Combined Modality Therapy/methods , Humans , Immunomodulation , Kidney Neoplasms/immunology , Male , Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunologyABSTRACT
There are very few data on the expansion from the clinical target volume (CTV) to the planning target volume (PTV) in the anal cancer treatment. This article aims to collect the different elements needed for the construction of a PTV from scientific data based on a literature analysis. We reviewed the articles published in the medical literature from the last 20years. They concerned setup errors and internal organ mobility of the different volumes of patients treated by conformational radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (anal canal, meso-rectum, common, intern and extern, inguinal and pre-sacral lymph nodes). CTV to PTV margins admitted in the guidelines and atlas of consensus groups (SFRO, RTOG, AGITG) are from 0.7 to 1cm in all directions, based on expert's opinions but not on scientific data. There are no specific studies on the canal anal mobility. Most of the data are from other pelvis cancers (gynecologic, rectum and prostate). Setup errors can be reduced by daily imaging. Patient repositioning and immobilization modalities are mostly local habits rather than scientific consensus. A three-dimensional 1cm margin is generally admitted. Margins reduction must be careful and has to be assessed.
