ABSTRACT
Surgical treatment of advanced facial tumours is often physically, functionally and emotionally debilitating. The resulting defects often give grounds for surgical reconstruction, prosthetic reconstruction or a combination of both. During the past two decades, huge advances have been achieved in the development of prostheses. This has led to improved rehabilitation of facial defects. In the clinic of the Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, both adhesive- and implant-retained facial prostheses are used. In recent decades, implant-retained prostheses have been used increasingly often. Patient satisfaction rates are very high for both types of prostheses.
Subject(s)
Ear Neoplasms/surgery , Head and Neck Neoplasms/surgery , Orbital Neoplasms/surgery , Patient Satisfaction , Prostheses and Implants , Ear, External/surgery , Face , Humans , Nose/surgery , Orbital ImplantsABSTRACT
During the autumn of 1989 a feed contamination induced a widespread lead intoxication of cattle in the northern provinces of The Netherlands (Groningen and Friesland). Over 300 farms were involved, affecting about 15,500 animals (mostly dairy cattle). For a period of one to four weeks these animals took up a thousand kg of lead. This resulted in lead levels in milk, livers, and kidneys above the regulatory safety limits. Due to the chelating therapy, which was rapidly applied by the local veterinarians, only about 30 animals died of an acute lead intoxication. A joint action of the governmental and private authorities prevented exposure of consumers to lead-contaminated animal products. Based on observations, measurements and literature data, predictions were made of the lead levels to be expected in animal products and the time needed for depletion of these levels. The appropriate animals were ear-tagged to ensure their identification, and the decline in time of the lead levels in milk and offals was conscientiously monitored. In the second week of 1990 the lead concentrations were decreased to levels well below the regulatory limits, and hence the tags were removed. The present paper reports our observations and conclusions, especially regarding treatment, predictions and outcome of this incident.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed/analysis , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Food Contamination , Lead Poisoning/veterinary , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/etiology , Cattle Diseases/metabolism , Cattle Diseases/mortality , Lead Poisoning/diagnosis , Lead Poisoning/etiology , Lead Poisoning/metabolism , OryzaABSTRACT
By the end of 1989 a serious lead intoxication of cattle occurred in the northern part of the Netherlands (provinces Groningen and Friesland). This intoxication appeared to be caused by contaminated feed. Over 300 farms were stricken, with about 15,500 animals (mostly dairy cattle). In a period of one to four weeks these animals consumed about 1,000 kg of lead. This resulted in lead levels in milk, livers, and kidneys above the regulatory safety limits. Thanks to the chelating therapy that was rapidly applied by the local veterinarians, only about 30 animals died of an acute lead intoxication. The cooperating governmental and private authorities took action to prevent exposure of consumers to lead-contaminated animal products. Based on careful estimations, predictions were made of the lead levels to be expected in animals products and the time needed for depletion of these levels. The appropriate animals were marked to ensure their identification, and the decline in time of the lead levels in milk and offals was conscientiously monitored. In the second week of 1990 the lead concentrations were decreased to levels well below the regulatory limits, and hence the marks were removed from the animals.
