[Commensal microflora and endogenous inductors of pathophysiological reactions of innate immunity].

This paper content analytical review of literature on commensal microflora and endogenous inductors of pathophysiological reactions of innate immunity. The important role of participation in the homeostasis of the intestinal microflora, the repair of tissue damage, maintaining the innate immune system in a state of physiological tone by interacting with receptors pattern recognition receptors. Effects of the interaction of components commensal flora and innate immune receptors play an important role in physiological processes of microorganism in maintaining the balance of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial substances.

[Intestinal microflora, obesity and type 2 diabetes].

The review of data of the literature on a role of intestinal microflora, genetic features of a macroorganism, exogenic factors and character of a food is presented at obesity and a type 2 diabetes. Researches establish, that development in experimental animals of the induced obesity and the type 2 diabetes, depends on a diet and presence of intestinal microflora. The factors increasing permeability mucous intestines, promote a translocation of intestinal automicroflora and its toxins into macroorganism and a system blood-circulation. Long introduction LPS (endotoxin) of gram-negative bacteria to the special laboratory animals led to development of inflammatory reaction, adiposity and resistance to insulin. The specified phenomena did not develop at LPS introduction to the animals, who have lost receptor CD14 which is necessary for linkage and endotoxin action. Data about change of intestinal microflora and a role of immune infringements are discussed at obesity and the type 2 diabetes occurring into background of low-grade chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders.

[Persistence of biologically active components of gastrointestinal tract microflora].

The article is dedicated to examination and analysis of materials on translocation of microflora and its products from intestine to the internal environment of the macroorganism and persistence of biologically active substances of microflora in the bloodstream. High frequency of translocation and persistence of intestine microflora and its components in system bloodstream is shown. Persistent biologically active substances of endogenous microorganisms take part in human physiology and pathology.

[Recognition of commensal microflora by pattern recognition receptors in human physiology and pathology].

Contemporary data on the interaction of commensal microflora and Toll-like pattern recognition receptors are presented. These receptors recognize normal intestine microflora in physiological conditions, and this interaction is necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis and damage reparation of the intestine, for the induction of heat shock cytoprotective proteins. As a side effect in disruption of immunologic tolerance and misbalance of protective immunological mechanisms, multiorgan pathologic changes of organs and tissues may develop, including chronic inflammation processes of various localization.

[The receptor theory of atherosclerosis].

Lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria can interact with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and induce atheroma formation. The risk of atherosclerosis is decreased in case of TLR4 mutation. Other bacterial ligands and endogenous ligands of TLRs can also be involved in induction of atherogenesis. The general concept of atherosclerosis pathogentsis is presented. According to this concept atherogenesis can be initiated by some reactions resulting from interaction of exogenous and endogenous microbial ligands with Toll-like receptors.

[Role of Toll-like receptors in the therapeutic effect of probiotics].

We considered data on the interaction of probiotics with Toll-like receptors. Is was shown that the probiotic effect may have and intact bacterial cells, living or dead, and their structural components. The basis of the surface structures and the DNA of probiotics is the ability to interact with Toll-like receptors, and this interaction can lead to uneven effects, which greatly depends on the strain of probiotic. Hence the obvious need for a more detailed study of the effects of the interaction of probiotic strains with the Toll-receptors. The criteria for evaluating new drugs probiotioticheskih and feasibility of optimal probiotic in a particular clinical case.

[Microbial factor and toll-like receptors in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis].

Lypopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria can interact with TLR4 with subsequent formation of atheromas. Mutational deletion of TLR4 decreases risk of development of atherosclerosis. Other bacterial ligands, in particular, peptidoglycan as well as endogenous ligands reacting with TLRs and emerging in microorganism under the action of stress factors can contribute to induction of atherosclerosis. It has been concluded, that reactions initiated by interaction of TLRs with exogenous and endogenous ligands lie in the basis of atherosclerosis pathogenesis.

[Ideas of I.I Mechnikov and contemporary microecology of human intestine].

Contemporary state of microecology of human gut was considered in light of ideas of I.I Mechnikov. It was shown that many ideas of our great countryman, which were expressed as far back as in the beginning of previous century, were confirmed in studies conducted in the last decades. It was calculated that total gene pool of microflora present in human organism which was named "microbiom", consists from 400,000 genes that is 12 times higher of human genome size. Such wide spectrum determines also huge functional activity of microorganisms, which participate in regulation of many physiological and immune reactions that provide protection of an organism from diseases, including infectious. Conception about fundamental role of facultative microflora in development of chronic inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal tract was confirmed; the role of Gram-negative bacteria endotoxin in the development of atherosclerosis was established. Processes of interaction between products of intestinal microflora and pattern-recognizing Toll-like receptors (TLR), particularly TLR4, which recognizes endotoxins (lypopolysaccharides of Gram-negative microflora), were considered. It was shown that loss of TLR4 induced by mutation results in lowering of the risk of atherosclerosis.

[Detection of endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria on the basis of electromagnetic radiation frequency spectrum].

Method of Gram-negative bacteria endotoxins detection on the basis of their own spectrum of electromagnetic radiation frequency was developed. Frequency spectrum typical for chemotype Re glycolipid, which is a part of lypopolysaccharides in the majority of Gram-negative bacteria, was used. Two devices--"Mini- Expert-DT" (manufactured by IMEDIS, Moscow) and "Bicom" (manufactured by Regumed, Germany)--were used as generators of electromagnetic radiation. Detection of endotoxin using these devices was performed by electropuncture vegetative resonance test. Immunoenzyme reaction with antibodies to chemotype Re glycolipid was used during analysis of preparations for assessment of resonance-frequency method specificity. The study showed that resonance-frequency method can detect lypopolysaccharides of different enterobacteria in quantities up to 0.1 pg as well as bacteria which contain lypopolysaccharides. At the same time, this method does not detect such bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus, Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., and Candida albicans. The method does not require preliminary processing of blood samples and can be used for diagnostics of endotoxinemia, and detection of endotoxins in blood samples or injection solutions.

[Immunoregulation of the population of intestinal gram-negative microflora]. / Immunoreguliatsiia chislennosti gramotritsatel'noi mikroflory kishechnika.

The authors present summarized data obtained in their studies on the presence of close feedback relationship between the state of immunity to common antigenic determinants of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), localized on the cell-wall surface of Gram-negative bacteria, and the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis. The problems dealing with the regulation of the amount of intestinal microflora with immunity factors taking part in the mechanism of such regulation are discussed and analyzed. The state of immunity to common antigenic determinants of LPS of Gram-negative bacteria re-flects, seemingly, the total resistance level of the body, i.e. the functional state of the immune system as a whole. The suggestion has been made that the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis may be basically caused by functional disturbances of the immune system, induced by different exogenous and endogenous damaging factors.

[Detection of the endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria in human blood]. / Opredelenie éndotoksina gramotritsatel'nykh bakterii v krovi cheloveka.

Recent new data on the important role played by lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin) of Gram negative bacteria in physiology and pathogenesis of the most important human infectious and noninfectious diseases testify to the necessity of wide clinical trials of different methods for LPS detection in blood and other physiological fluids. Among presently available diagnostic methods for endotoxinemia detection, the highly sensitive LAL (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate) test in various modifications is most widely used. The LAL test is known to be non-specific, however many drawbacks of this test have been successfully overcome. The results of clinical studies on the determination of the LPS activity in the systemic blood stream and antibody titers to its most common determinants, as well as the reserves of endotoxin binding with granulocytes give grounds for optimistic evaluation of the future studies on the role of LPS in human physiology and pathology. In clinical practice both positive sides and drawbacks of the presently known methods for LPS detection, including the LAL test, must be borne in mind for the complex evaluation of endotoxinemia levels.

[Intestinal microflora and concomitant gastrointestinal diseases in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C]. / Kishechnaia mikroflora i soputstvuiushchie zabolevaniia zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta u bol'nykh khronicheskimi virusnymi gepatitami B and C.

In chronic viral hepatitis B and C the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis and high occurrence of concomitant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were observed. In cases of increased dysbacteriosis degree and in the presence of concomitant diseases the blood plasma of patients exhibited higher activity in reaction with the of amebocytes lysate obtained from crabs of the genus Limulus. A suggestion was made that the endotoxin of Gram negative intestinal microflora could probably play some role in the development of pathological processes in chronic viral hepatitis B and C.

[The role of endotoxin of gram negative bacteria in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis]. / Rol' éndotoksina gramotritsatel'nykh bakterii v patogeneze ateroskleroza.

Literature data and the results of own research on the role played by lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) of Gram negative bacteria in the initiation and progressing of atherosclerosis are summarized. Endotoxin promotes activation of all cells taking part in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, induces the transformation of macrophages of arterial intima into foam cells as well as endothelial lesions and hyperlipidemia, reduces the ratio of cholesterol in lipoproteins of high specific density to total blood cholesterol. With chlamydiae and enterobacteria used as examples, the role of Gram negative bacteria and their endotoxin in the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is discussed.

[Functional activity of endotoxin binding factors in chronic viral hepatitis B and C]. / Funktsional'naia aktivnost' faktorov, sviazyvaiushchikh éndotoksin, pri khronicheskikh virusnykh gepatitakh B i C..

The functional state of cell-mediated and humoral antiendotoxin factors in patients with chronic viral hepatitides B and C has been studied. A decreased content of antibodies to glycolipid of chemotype Re and to Escherichia coli O14 with common enterobacterial antigen was shown to occur in these diseases. In addition, a decreased number of neutrophils, eosinophils and thrombocytes has been noted. The conclusion has been made that patients with chronic hepatitides are not protected from the pathogenic action of endotoxin penetrating from the intestines into the systemic blood stream.

[Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the etiology of atherosclerosis]. / Rol' Chlamydia pneumoniae v étiologii ateroskleroza.

The review of literature on the role of C. pneumoniae in the etiology of atherosclerosis is presented. The patients with coronary disease show a greater detection rate and higher titers of antibodies to C. pneumoniae. The causative agent can be detected in atheromas in of immunocytochemical studies and by means of electron microscopy, as well as in the polymerase chain reaction. In addition, live C. pneumoniae can be isolated from atheromas. The process of atherogenesis is modeled by infecting susceptible animals with chlamydiae. C. pneumoniae induce the formation of foam cells in the culture of human macrophages due tho the surplus absorption of cholesterol by macrophages from low-density lipoproteins. Chlamydial lipopolysaccharide is capable of inducing the formation of foam cells. The conclusion has been made that C. pneumoniae is one of the possible etiological agents of atherosclerosis. The possible role of the endotoxins of bacteria of the intestinal microflora, regularly supplied to the blood stream in the presence of sharply decreased immunity to endotoxins, in the etiology of atherosclerosis is also supposed.

[The microbiological characteristics of intestinal dysbacteriosis in children and adults in the city of Moscow]. / Mikrobiologicheskaia kharakteristika disbakteriozov kishechnika u detei i vzroslykh v g. Moskve.

The bacteriological analysis of 302 children has revealed that dysbacteriosis with the increased content of hemolytic Escherichia in the intestine develops more frequently in the presence of the deficiency of bifido- and lactobacteria. The development of other kinds of dysbacteriosis with the increased content of different opportunistic enterobacteria, staphylococci, enterococci and fungi, as well as dysbacteriosis with the decreased content of Escherichia, does not practically depend on the deficiency of bifido- and lactobacteria. In patients with the increased content of Escherichia an increase in the content of opportunistic enterobacteria, staphylococci and fungi is observed more frequently than in patients with the low content of Escherichia.

[Indices of immunity to endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria in intestinal dysbacteriosis]. / Pokazateli immuniteta k éndotoksinu gramotritsatel'nykh bakterii pri kishechnykh disbakteriozakh.

The examination of 52 patients with different forms of intestinal dysbacteriosis revealed a considerable decrease in the indices of immunity to endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria. In particular, a decrease in the content of antibodies to chemotype Re glycolipid, as well as in the content of polymorphonuclear leukocytes binding antibodies in the blood stream of the examined patients and leukocytes capable of binding endotoxin in endotoxin-treated blood smears, was registered, which was indicative of the loss of endotoxin binding reserves by leukocytes.

[The corrective action of antibodies in experimental intestinal dysbacteriosis]. / Korektiruiushchee deistvie antitel pri éksperimental'nom kishechnom disbakterioze.

As shown in this work, antisera obtained after the immunization of animals with vaccines, prepared from Salmonella minnesota strain R595 (Re mutant) or Escherichia coli O14 having enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), as well as human antisera with elevated titers of antibodies to Re glycolipid or to LPS O14 (ECA), inhibited the development of experimental intestinal dysbacteriosis in white mice, induced by the administration of ampyox in large doses. The degree of the inhibiting action of the antisera was proportional to antibody titers, which was indicative of the fact that antibodies possibly played some role in the regulation of the amount of intestinal microflora.

[Antiendotoxin immunity in experimental intestinal dysbacteriosis in mice]. / Sostoianie antiéndotoksinovogo immuniteta pri éksperimental'nom kishechnom disbakterioze u myshei.

The development of intestinal dysbacteriosis in white mice, caused by the administration of ampyox in large doses, was shown to be accompanied by a considerable decrease in cell-mediated and humoral antiendotoxin immunity, which was manifested by a decrease in the titers of antiendotoxin antibodies and in the content of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, capable of binding endotoxin.