ABSTRACT
The design and synthesis of a new class of p38alpha MAP kinase inhibitors based on 4-fluorobenzylpiperidine heterocyclic oxalyl amides are described. Many of these compounds showed low-nanomolar activities in p38alpha enzymatic and cell-based cytokine TNFalpha production inhibition assays. The optimal linkers between the piperidine and the oxalyl amide were found to be [6,5] fused ring heterocycles. Substituted indoles and azaindoles were favored structural motifs in the cellular assay.
Subject(s)
Amides/chemistry , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14/antagonists & inhibitors , Oxalates/chemistry , Piperidines/chemistry , Amides/metabolism , Amides/pharmacology , Crystallography, X-Ray , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemistry , Heterocyclic Compounds/metabolism , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology , Humans , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14/metabolism , Oxalates/metabolism , Oxalates/pharmacology , Piperidines/metabolism , Piperidines/pharmacology , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Non-ATP competitive pyrimidine-based inhibitors of CaMKIIdelta were identified. Computational studies were enlisted to predict the probable mode of binding. The results of the computational studies led to the design of ATP competitive inhibitors with optimized hinge interactions. Inhibitors of this class possessed improved enzyme and cellular activity compared to early leads.
Subject(s)
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Drug Design , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Binding, Competitive , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Models, Chemical , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
The effects of small-molecule p38 inhibitors in numerous models of different disease states have been published, including those of SD-282, an indole-5-carboxamide inhibitor. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacological activity of SD-282 on cytokine production in vitro as well as in 2 in vivo models of inflammation in order to illuminate the role of this particular inhibitor in diverse disease states. The results presented here provide further characterization of SD-282 and provide a context in which to interpret the activity of this p38 inhibitor in models of arthritis, pain, myocardial injury, sepsis and asthma; all of which have an inflammatory component. SD-282 represents a valuable tool to elucidate the role of p38 MAP kinase in multiple models of inflammation.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Indoles/pharmacology , Inflammation/drug therapy , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Female , Granulocytes/drug effects , Granulocytes/metabolism , Guinea Pigs , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Indoles/pharmacokinetics , Lung/drug effects , Lung/pathology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Ovalbumin , Sepsis/drug therapy , Sepsis/physiopathology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/drug effectsABSTRACT
p38alpha Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAP kinase) is an intracellular soluble serine threonine kinase. p38alpha kinase is activated in response to cellular stresses, growth factors and cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The central role of p38alpha activation in settings of both chronic and acute inflammation has led efforts to find inhibitors of this enzyme as possible therapies for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, where p38alpha activation is thought to play a causal role. Herein, we report structure-activity relationship studies on a series of indole-based heterocyclic inhibitors that led to the design and identification of a new class of p38alpha inhibitors.
