Safety and efficacy of selumetinib in pediatric and adult patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and plexiform neurofibroma.

BACKGROUND: The MEK inhibitor, selumetinib, reduces plexiform neurofibroma (PN) in pediatric patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Its safety and efficacy in adults with PN and effectiveness in other NF1manifestations (e.g., neurocognitive function, growth reduction, and café-au-lait spots) are unknown. METHODS: This open-label, phase 2 trial enrolled 90 pediatric or adult NF1 patients with inoperable, symptomatic, or potentially morbid, measurable PN (≥ 3 cm). Selumetinib was administered at doses of 20 or 25 mg/m2 or 50 mg q 12 hrs for 2 years. Pharmacokinetics, PN volume, growth parameters, neurocognitive function, café-au-lait spots, and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated. RESULTS: Fifty-nine children and 30 adults (median age, 16 years; range, 3-47) received an average of 22±5 (4-26) cycles of selumetinib. Eighty-eight (98.9%) out of 89 per-protocol patients showed volume reduction in the target PN (median, 40.8%; 4.2%-92.2%), and 81 (91%) patients showed partial response (≥ 20% volume reduction). The response lasted until cycle 26. Scores of neurocognitive functions (verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, and full-scale IQ) significantly improved in both pediatric and adult patients (P <0.05). Prepubertal patients showed increases in height score and growth velocity (P <0.05). Café-au-lait spot intensity decreased significantly (P <0.05). Improvements in QoL and pain scores were observed in both children and adults. All adverse events were CTCAE grade 1 or 2 and were successfully managed without drug discontinuation. CONCLUSION: Selumetinib decrease PN volume in the majority of pediatric and adult NF1 patients while also showing efficacy in non-malignant diverse NF1 manifestations.

Clinician-Driven Reanalysis of Exome Sequencing Data From Patients With Inherited Retinal Diseases.

Importance: Despite advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS), a significant proportion of patients with inherited retinal disease (IRD) remain undiagnosed after initial genetic testing. Exome sequencing (ES) reanalysis in the clinical setting has been suggested as one method for improving diagnosis of IRD. Objective: To investigate the association of clinician-led reanalysis of ES data, which incorporates updated clinical information and comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, with the diagnostic yield in a cohort of patients with IRDs in Korea. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study involving 264 unrelated patients with IRDs, conducted in Korea between March 2018 and February 2020. Comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations and ES analyses were performed, and ES data were reanalyzed by an IRD specialist for single nucleotide variants, copy number variants, mobile element insertions, and mitochondrial variants. Data were analyzed from March to July 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: Diagnostic rate of conventional bioinformatic analysis and clinician-driven ES reanalysis. Results: A total of 264 participants (151 [57.2%] male; mean [SD] age at genetic testing, 33.6 [18.9] years) were enrolled, including 129 patients (48.9%) with retinitis pigmentosa and 26 patients (9.8%) with Stargardt disease or macular dystrophy. Initial bioinformatic analysis diagnosed 166 patients (62.9%). Clinician-driven reanalysis identified the molecular cause of diseases in an additional 22 patients, corresponding to an 8.3-percentage point increase in diagnostic rate. Key factors associated with new molecular diagnoses included clinical phenotype updates (4 patients) and detection of previously overlooked variation, such as structural variants (9 patients), mitochondrial variants (3 patients), filtered or not captured variants (4 patients), and noncanonical splicing variants (2 patients). Among the 22 patients, variants in 7 patients (31.8%) were observed in the initial analysis but not reported to patients, while those in the remaining 15 patients (68.2%) were newly detected by the ES reanalysis. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, clinician-centered reanalysis of ES data was associated with improved molecular diagnostic yields in patients with IRD. This approach is important for uncovering missed genetic causes of retinal disease.

Digital therapeutics using virtual reality-based visual perceptual learning for visual field defects in stroke: A double-blind randomized trial.

INTRODUCTION: Visual field defects (VFDs) represent a debilitating poststroke complication, characterized by unseen parts of the visual field. Visual perceptual learning (VPL), involving repetitive visual training in blind visual fields, may effectively restore visual field sensitivity in cortical blindness. This current multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial investigated the efficacy and safety of VPL-based digital therapeutics (Nunap Vision [NV]) for treating poststroke VFDs. METHODS: Stroke outpatients with VFDs (>6 months after stroke onset) were randomized into NV (defective field training) or Nunap Vision-Control (NV-C, central field training) groups. Both interventions provided visual perceptual training, consisting of orientation, rotation, and depth discrimination, through a virtual reality head-mounted display device 5 days a week for 12 weeks. The two groups received VFD assessments using Humphrey visual field (HVF) tests at baseline and 12-week follow-up. The final analysis included those completed the study (NV, n = 40; NV-C, n = 35). Efficacy measures included improved visual area (sensitivity ≥6 dB) and changes in the HVF scores during the 12-week period. RESULTS: With a high compliance rate, NV and NV-C training improved the visual areas in the defective hemifield (>72 degrees2) and the whole field (>108 degrees2), which are clinically meaningful improvements despite no significant between-group differences. According to within-group analyses, mean total deviation scores in the defective hemifield improved after NV training (p = .03) but not after NV-C training (p = .12). CONCLUSIONS: The current trial suggests that VPL-based digital therapeutics may induce clinically meaningful visual improvements in patients with poststroke VFDs. Yet, between-group differences in therapeutic efficacy were not found as NV-C training exhibited unexpected improvement comparable to NV training, possibly due to learning transfer effects.

Serum proteins for monitoring and predicting visual function in patients with recent optic neuritis.

It is unclear whether serum proteins can serve as biomarkers to reflect pathological changes and predict recovery in inflammation of optic nerve. We evaluated whether serum proteins could monitor and prognosticate optic neuritis (ON). We prospectively recruited consecutive patients with recent ON, classified as ON with anti-aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-ON), ON with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-ON), and double-seronegative ON (DSN-ON). Using ultrasensitive single-molecule array assays, we measured serum neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). We analyzed the markers according to disease group, state, severity, and prognosis. We enrolled 60 patients with recent ON (15 AQP4-ON; 14 MOG-ON; 31 DSN-ON). At baseline, AQP4-ON group had significantly higher serum GFAP levels than did other groups. In AQP4-ON group, serum GFAP levels were significantly higher in the attack state than in the remission state and correlated with poor visual acuity. As a prognostic indicator, serum BDNF levels were positively correlated with follow-up visual function in the AQP4-ON group (r = 0.726, p = 0.027). Serum GFAP reflected disease status and severity, while serum BDNF was identified as a prognostic biomarker in AQP4-ON. Serum biomarkers are potentially helpful for patients with ON, particularly those with AQP4-ON.

Clinical and Genetic Features of Korean Patients with Achromatopsia.

This multicenter study aimed to characterize Korean patients with achromatopsia. The patients' genotypes and phenotypes were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty-one patients (with a mean age at the baseline of 10.9 years) were enrolled and followed up for a mean of 7.3 years. A targeted gene panel or exome sequencing was performed. The pathogenic variants of the four genes and their frequencies were identified. CNGA3 and PDE6C were equally the most prevalent genes: CNGA3 (N = 8, 38.1%), PDE6C (N = 8, 38.1%), CNGB3 (N = 3, 14.3%), and GNAT2 (N = 2, 9.5%). The degree of functional and structural defects varied among the patients. The patients' age exhibited no significant correlation with structural defects. During the follow-up, the visual acuity and retinal thickness did not change significantly. In CNGA3-achromatopsia patients, a proportion of patients with a normal foveal ellipsoid zone on the OCT was significantly higher than that of patients with other causative genes (62.5% vs. 16.7%; p = 0.023). In PDE6C-achromatopsia patients, the same proportion was significantly lower than that of patients with other causative genes (0% vs. 58.3%; p = 0.003). Korean patients with achromatopsia showed similar clinical features but a higher prevalence of PDE6C variants than those of other ethnic groups. The retinal phenotypes of the PDE6C variants were more likely to be worse than those of other genes.

Expanding SPG7 dominant optic atrophy phenotype: Infantile nystagmus and optic atrophy without spastic paraplegia.

Spastic paraplegia is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive leg weakness and spasticity due to degeneration of corticospinal axons. SPG7 encodes paraplegin, and pathogenic variants in the gene cause hereditary spastic paraplegia as an autosomal recessive trait. Various ophthalmological findings including optic atrophy, ophthalmoplegia, or nystagmus have been reported in patients with spastic paraplegia type 7. We report a 15-year-old male patient with a novel heterozygous variant, c.1224T>G:p.(Asp408Glu) in SPG7 (NM_003119.3) causing early onset isolated optic atrophy and infantile nystagmus prior to the onset of neurological symptoms. Therefore, SPG7 should be considered a cause of infantile nystagmus with optic atrophy.

Genetic spectrum and characteristics of autosomal optic neuropathy in Korean: Use of next-generation sequencing in suspected hereditary optic atrophy.

Aims: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and causative genetic variants in autosomal optic atrophy diagnosed using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Methods: A cohort of 57 unrelated families affected with bilateral optic atrophy were recruited from two university-based tertiary referral hospitals from May 2016 to April 2022. Genetic variants were detected using a target enrichment panel consisting of 429 or 595 genes and known deep intronic variants associated with inherited eye diseases, exome sequencing, or genome sequencing. The results of detailed clinical examinations, disease-causing variants, and clinical diagnoses were analyzed. Results: Among the 57 probands, 33 (57.9%) were men, and the median age at genetic testing was 19.1 years (interquartile range, 7.6-42.5 years). We identified 22 likely causative variants in 18 families and corresponding diagnostic yields of 31.6% (95% confidence interval, 21.0-44.5%). The diagnostic rate of NGS was higher in patients with infantile or early childhood onset optic atrophy than in those with late-onset or unknown optic atrophy (18/39, 46.2% vs. 0/18, 0%, P < 0.001). Among the 22 variants, 15 were novel in our cohort. The OPA1 variants (n = 7) were found to be the major genetic causes, followed by the NR2F1 variant (n = 4). The causative variants in PTPN23, TMEM126A, NBAS, and WFS1 genes were identified in 4 probands with a recessive form of optic atrophy. Conclusions: Based on the results of diagnostic NGS for optic atrophy, the causative variant could be detected in 31.6% of patients. Our study also demonstrated that NGS is unlikely to help identify molecular causes in late-onset unexplained optic atrophy.

Effect of preoperative eyedrops on cytokine concentrations in aqueous humor of patients undergoing femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery.

PURPOSE: To compare the anti-inflammatory activity of preoperatively applied eyedrops, as determined by cytokine concentrations in aqueous humor collected during surgery in patients undergoing femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery. METHODS: A total of 120 patients undergoing femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery were randomly assigned to four groups of 30 patients each. Groups were administered 0.1% fluorometholone eyedrops, 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine eyedrops, both 0.1% fluorometholone and 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine eyedrops, or no eyedrops. Eyedrops were instilled 1 h, 20 min, and just before surgery. After anterior capsulotomy and nuclear fragmentation using a femtosecond laser, 0.1 cc aqueous humor was obtained using a needle and syringe. Cytokine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations were quantitatively determined. RESULTS: The 120 patients included 59 men and 61 women, of mean age 65.02 years. The mean interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations after treatment did not differ significantly in the four groups. The average interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations were significantly lower in the fluorometholone (4.80 pg/mL), ketorolac tromethamine (4.84 pg/mL), and fluorometholone + ketorolac tromethamine (4.68 pg/mL) groups than in the control group (6.83 pg/mL). Furthermore, the average PGE2 concentrations were significantly lower in the ketorolac tromethamine (270.04 pg/mL) and fluorometholone + ketorolac tromethamine (239.00 pg/mL) groups, but not in the fluorometholone (393.16 pg/mL) group, than in the control group (472.36 pg/mL). CONCLUSION: Preoperative fluorometholone instillation reduced IL-8, and ketorolac tromethamine instillation reduced IL-8 and PGE2, in aqueous humor of patients undergoing femtosecond laser surgery, with the combination of both eyedrops being more effective than either alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION: KCT0005717.

Clinical characteristics of choroidal microvasculature dropout in normal-tension glaucoma versus nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.

The present study investigated the characteristics of choroidal microvasculature dropout (CMvD) in eyes with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) versus those in eyes with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). This study included 27 NAION, 27 NTG, and 27 healthy control subjects. CMvD was observed in 15 eyes (55.6%) of the NAION group and 20 (74.1%) of the NTG group. The area and angular width of CMvD were significantly greater in eyes with NAION (0.278 ± 0.172 mm2 and 86.5 ± 42.3°) than in those with NTG (0.138 ± 0.068 mm2 and 35.1 ± 16.2°, p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). CMvD in eyes with NAION were distributed in 120-250° and most frequently located at the temporal region, while CMvD in eyes with NTG showed double peaks at 220-280° and 110-140° and most frequently located at the inferotemporal region. The factors associated with the discrimination of NAION from NTG were greater area of CMvD (OR, 1.181; 95% CI, 1.021-1.366; p = 0.025) and location closer to the temporal region of the CMvD (OR, 0.904; 95% CI, 0.838-0.975; p = 0.009). The clinical characteristics of CMvD differed between eyes with NAION and those with NTG. Optical coherence tomography angiography may provide an additional approach to differentiating glaucoma from NAION.

Digital Therapeutics: Exploring the Possibilities of Digital Intervention for Myopia.

Pediatric myopia is increasing globally and has become a major public health issue. However, the mechanism of pediatric myopia is still poorly understood, and there is no effective treatment to prevent its progression. Based on results from animal and clinical studies, certain neuronal-humoral factors (NHFs), such as IGF-1, dopamine, and cortisol may be involved in the progression of pediatric myopia. Digital therapeutics uses evidence-based software as therapeutic interventions and it has the potential to offer innovative treatment strategies for pediatric myopia beyond conventional treatment methods. In this perspective article, we introduce digital therapeutics SAT-001, a software algorithm that modulates the level of NHFs to reduce the progression of pediatric myopia. The proposed mechanism is based on a theoretical hypothesis derived from scientific research and clinical studies and will be further confirmed by evidence generated from clinical studies involving pediatric myopia.

Genetic Characteristics and Phenotype of Korean Patients with Stickler Syndrome: A Korean Multicenter Analysis Report No. 1.

Stickler syndrome is an inherited connective tissue disorder of collagen. There are relatively few reports of East Asian patients, and no large-scale studies have been conducted in Korean patients yet. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the genetic characteristics and clinical features of Korean Stickler syndrome patients. Among 37 genetically confirmed Stickler syndrome patients, 21 types of gene variants were identified, of which 12 were novel variants. A total of 30 people had variants in the COL2A1 gene and 7 had variants in the COL11A1 gene. Among the types of pathogenic variants, missense variants were found in 11, nonsense variants in 8, and splice site variants in 7. Splicing variants were frequently associated with retinal detachment (71%) followed by missense variants. This is the first large-scale study of Koreans with Stickler syndrome, which will expand the spectrum of genetic variations of Stickler syndrome.

An Overview of the Korean Intermittent Exotropia Multicenter Study by the Korean Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.

The Korean Intermittent Exotropia Multicenter Study (KIEMS), which was initiated by the Korean Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, is a collaborative multicenter study on intermittent exotropia in Korea. The KIEMS was designed to provide comprehensive information, including subjective and objective findings of intermittent exotropia in a large study population. A total of 65 strabismus specialists in 53 institutions contributed to this study, which, to date, is one of the largest clinical studies on intermittent exotropia. In this article, we provide a detailed methodology of the KIEMS to help future investigations that may use the KIEMS data.

In Silico identification of a common mobile element insertion in exon 4 of RP1.

Mobile element insertions (MEIs) typically exceed the read lengths of short-read sequencing technologies and are therefore frequently missed. Recently, a founder Alu insertion in exon 4 of RP1 has been detected in Japanese patients with macular dystrophy by PCR and gel electrophoresis. We aimed to develop a grep search program for the detection of the Alu insertion in exon 4 of RP1 using unprocessed short reads. Among 494 unrelated Korean patients with inherited eye diseases, 273 patients with specific retinal phenotypes who were previously genotyped by targeted panel or whole exome sequencing were selected. Five probands had a single heterozygous truncating RP1 variant, and one of their unaffected parents also carry this variant. To find a hidden genetic variant, whole genome sequencing was performed in two patients, and it revealed AluY c.4052_4053ins328/p.(Tyr1352Alafs*9) insertion in RP1 exon 4. This AluY insertion was additionally identified in other 3 families, which was confirmed by PCR and gel electrophoresis. We developed simplified grep search program to detect this AluY insertion in RP1 exon 4. The simple grep search revealed a median variant allele frequency of 0.282 (interquartile range, 0.232-0.383), with no false-positive results using 120 control samples. The MEI in RP1 exon 4 was a common founder mutation in Korean, occurring in 1.8% of our cohort. The RP1-Alu grep program efficiently detected the AluY insertion, without the preprocessing of raw data or complex installation processes.

High Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation Ratio Consecutive Esotropia Following Surgery for Intermittent Exotropia: Clinical Feature, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Consecutive esotropia is a common and stereopsis-threatening consequence of surgery for intermittent exotropia. However, too little attention has been paid to the accommodative convergence per accommodation (AC/A) ratio in this condition. We aimed to describe the clinical features of patients who developed consecutive esotropia with a high AC/A following surgery for intermittent exotropia, compared to those with normal AC/A. In this retrospective cohort study, we identified 54 patients with consecutive esotropia who remained esotropic at one month after surgery. Patients were divided into two groups: normal AC/A and high AC/A groups. Clinical features and outcomes were compared between the two groups. Fourteen (25.9%) of the 54 were classified as high AC/A consecutive esotropia. Good preoperative control at near was the only significant preoperative factor associated with the development of high AC/A consecutive esotropia. Bifocal glasses were prescribed for all patients with high AC/A consecutive esotropia, and 11 (78.6%) of them achieved satisfactory alignment at distance and near fixations using bifocals. Patients with high AC/A consecutive esotropia had a significantly more successful alignment (0.9 vs. 13.0 prism diopters, p < 0.001) and better stereopsis (67.9 vs. 670.0 arc seconds, p = 0.04) than the normal AC/A counterparts at the final follow-up. We suggest that high AC/A consecutive esotropia could be successfully managed by wearing bifocals in most cases. A high AC/A ratio in patients with consecutive esotropia may be considered as a clinical marker heralding a better prognosis.

Ocular biometric features of pediatric patients with fibroblast growth factor receptor-related syndromic craniosynostosis.

Ametropia is reported as a common ophthalmic manifestation in craniosynostosis. We retrospectively compared childhood refractive error and ocular biometric features of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-related syndromic craniosynostosis patients with those of non-syndromic craniosynostosis and control subjects. Thirty-six eyes (18 patients) with FGFR-related syndromic craniosynostosis, 76 eyes (38 patients) with non-syndromic craniosynostosis, and 114 eyes (57 patients) of intermittent exotropes were included in the analysis. Mean age at examination was 7.82 ± 2.51 (range, 4-16) years and mean spherical equivalent was -0.09 ± 1.46 Diopter. Mean age and refractive error were not different between groups, but syndromic craniosynostosis patients had significantly longer axial length, lower corneal power, and lower lens power than other groups (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.01, respectively). Axial length was positively correlated and keratometry and lens power were negatively correlated with age in non-syndromic craniosynostosis and controls, while these correlations between age and ocular biometric parameters were not present in the FGFR-related syndromic craniosynostosis. In conclusion, ocular biometric parameters in FGFR-related syndromic craniosynostosis differed from those of non-syndromic craniosynostosis and age-matched controls, and did not show the relations with age, suggesting this cohort may have abnormal refractive growth.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Characteristics and Predictors of Visual Outcomes in Patients With Acute and Chronic Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the correlation between optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) characteristics and visual outcomes in patients with acute and chronic nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data and OCTA images of 26 eyes of 26 patients who had been diagnosed with unilateral NAION. OCTA images were acquired from 17 eyes at the acute stage and from 21 eyes at the chronic stage of NAION. We analyzed the peripapillary vessel density (VD) and macular VD in various layers of the retina and choroid for all images. Possible correlations between the OCTA parameters and visual outcomes were investigated. RESULTS: Among the OCTA parameters for the acute stage of NAION, the temporal peripapillary VD was found to be positively correlated with final visual acuity and visual field with statistical significance (P = 0.039 and 0.009, respectively). In the chronic stage of NAION, both peripapillary and superficial macular VDs were positively correlated with visual outcomes. The nasal perifoveal VD in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) also had a significant correlation with final visual acuity for both acute and chronic stages (the Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.565 and 0.685, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with NAION, significant correlations were found between OCTA parameters and visual outcomes. The temporal peripapillary VD measured during the acute stage was a significant predictor of final visual outcomes. The decreased nasal perifoveal VD in the SCP was strongly associated with poor visual prognosis.

Aberrant expression of PAX6 gene associated with classical aniridia: identification and functional characterization of novel noncoding mutations.

The PAX6 is essential for ocular morphogenesis and is known to be highly sensitive to changes in gene expression, where neither over- nor under-expression ensures normal ocular development. Two unrelated probands with classical aniridia who were previously considered "PAX6-negative", were studied by whole-genome sequencing. Through the use of multiple in silico deep learning-based algorithms, we identified two novel putative causal mutations, c.-133_-132del in the 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) and c.-52 + 5G>A in an intron upstream of the PAX6 gene. The luciferase activity was significantly increased and VAX2 binding was disrupted with the former 5'-UTR variant compared with wild-type sequence, which resulted in a striking overexpression of PAX6. The minigene assay showed that the c.-52 + 5G>A mutation caused defective splicing, which resulted in the formation of truncated transcripts.

Relationship between peripapillary atrophy and myopia progression in the eyes of young school children.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Myopia progression is of great concern because of its association with an increased risk of sight-threatening conditions. This study aims to determine whether certain clinical and optic disc features are associated with the rate of myopia progression. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this retrospective longitudinal observational study, we reviewed the medical records of 95 patients aged 6-11 years with myopia (spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) at baseline ≤ -0.5 D) and collected data regarding medical history, comprehensive ophthalmologic examination, and fundus photography. Using fundus photographs, we measured the ratio of horizontal to vertical disc diameter (HVDR), ratio of maximum ß-zone peripapillary atrophy (ß-PPA) width to vertical disc diameter (PVDR), and optic disc torsion. Outcome measurements included 2-year myopia progression (D/year) and overall myopia progression during the entire follow-up with a mean of 51 months. RESULTS: Mean age at initial visit was 7.67 ± 1.50 years and mean SER at baseline was -2.91 ± 1.68 D (range, -5.75 to -0.50 D). In the univariate analysis, age, parental myopia, SER at baseline, HVDR, and PVDR were significantly associated with myopia progression (P < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, however, only age at initial visit and PVDR were significant factors associated with both 2-year and overall myopia progression. CONCLUSIONS: Children with younger age and smaller ß-PPA at baseline showed a faster myopia progression. This study suggests that the width of ß-PPA, regardless of SER, might be used as a quantitative parameter to predict the potential for further myopia progression associated with scleral stretching.

Neuro-Ophthalmologic Features and Outcomes of Thalamic Infarction: A Single-Institutional 10-Year Experience.

BACKGROUND: Neuro-ophthalmologic deficit after thalamic infarction has been of great concern to ophthalmologists because of its debilitating impacts on patients' daily living. We aimed to describe the visual and oculomotor features of thalamic infarction and to delineate clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of the oculomotor deficits from an ophthalmologic point of view. METHODS: Clinical and neuroimaging data of all participants were retrospectively reviewed. Among the 12,755 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke, who were registered in our Stroke Data Bank between January 2009 and December 2018, 342 were found to have acute thalamic infarcts on MRI, from whom we identified the patients exhibiting neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations including visual, oculomotor, pupillary, and eyelid anomalies. RESULTS: Forty (11.7%) of the 342 patients with thalamic infarction demonstrated neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations, consisting of vertical gaze palsy (n = 19), skew deviation with an invariable hypotropia of the contralesional eye (n = 18), third nerve palsy (n = 11), pseudoabducens palsy (n = 9), visual field defects (n = 7), and other anomalies such as isolated ptosis and miosis (n = 7). Paramedian infarct was the most predominant lesion of neuro-ophthalmologic significance, accounting for 84.8% (n = 28) of all patients sharing the oculomotor features. Although most of the patients with oculomotor abnormalities rapidly improved without sequelae, 6 (18.2%) patients showed permanent oculomotor deficits. Common clinical features of patients with permanent oculomotor deficits included the following: no improvement within 3 months, combined upgaze and downgaze palsy, and the involvement of the paramedian tegmentum of the rostral midbrain. CONCLUSIONS: Thalamic infarction, especially in paramedian territory, can cause a wide variety of neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations, including vertical gaze palsy, skew deviation, and third nerve palsy. Although most oculomotor abnormalities resolve spontaneously within a few months, some may persist for years when the deficits remain unimproved for more than 3 months after stroke.

Assessing Variability of Control Within a Single Day in Intermittent Exotropia.

PURPOSE: To assess intra-individual hour-to-hour variability of control in intermittent exotropia using a simple office scale: Look And Cover, then Ten seconds of Observation Scale for Exotropia (LACTOSE). METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, the degree of control for distance and near was measured using the LACTOSE, a 5-point scale ranging from 0 to 4. A single investigator performed multiple measurements of the control of each patient with at least an hour interval between measurements. RESULTS: Of the 95 patients with intermittent exotropia enrolled, 66 (69.5%) were assessed two times and 29 (30.5%) were assessed three times for their control. Most patients had consistent control scores across multiple assessments for distance (n = 63, 66.3%) and near (n = 70, 73.7%). Forty-five (47.4%) patients demonstrated variable control for either distance or near, mostly (n = 27, 60.0%) showing a one-step difference. None presented with more than a two-step difference in the control score on repeated measurements. An initial LACTOSE score of 4 (very poor control) or 1 (very good control) remained unchanged in subsequent assessments for both distance (P = .049) and near (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: One-third of patients with intermittent exotropia showed variable control scores even during a single day across multiple measurements using the LACTOSE scale. Those who showed consistent control had very good or very poor control, whereas those with variable control had not had very good or very poor control on their initial LACTOSE measurements. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020;57(6):378-383.].