Impact of Esterification with Octenyl Succinic Anhydride on the Structural Characteristics and Glucose Response in Mice of Wheat Starch.

In this study, we investigated the structural properties and digestibility of wheat starch treated with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA). For the experiment, the samples were reacted with 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% OSA (pH 8.5-9.0) for 2 h. A light micrograph showed that there was no difference in the morphology and Maltese cross between native and OSA-treated starch. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the native and OSA-treated starches showed typical A-type diffraction. In addition, the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum showed a distinct carbonyl peak at approximately 1730 cm-1, indicating the stretching vibration of the C=O bond of the ester group. The degree of substitution (DS) and content of resistant starch (RS) increased with increasing concentrations of treated OSA because of the increase in ester bonds. In particular, RS was thermostable compared to the RS content in uncooked and cooked starch. Blood glucose levels and response in vivo decreased as the OSA concentration increased. Treatment of wheat starch with 8% OSA concentration produced 35.6% heat-stable resistant starch. These results suggest that starch modified with OSA can be used to produce functional foods for diabetes.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment for Accelerating Rehydration of Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis).

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), which provides plant-based proteins and functional substances, requires a long soaking time during processing, which limits its usefulness to industries and consumers. To improve this, ultrasonic treatment using high pressure and shear force was judged to be an appropriate pretreatment method. This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions of ultrasound treatment for the improved hydration of adzuki beans using the response surface methodology (RSM). Independent variables chosen to regulate the hydration process of the adzuki beans were the soaking time (2-14 h, X1), treatment intensity (150-750 W, X2), and treatment time (1-10 min, X3). Dependent variables chosen to assess the differences in the beans post-immersion were moisture content, water activity, and hardness. The optimal conditions for treatment deduced through RSM were a soaking time of 12.9 h, treatment intensity of 600 W, and treatment time of 8.65 min. In this optimal condition, the values predicted for the dependent variables were a moisture content of 58.32%, water activity of 0.9979 aw, and hardness of 14.63 N. Upon experimentation, the results obtained were a moisture content of 58.28 ± 0.56%, water activity of 0.9885 ± 0.0040 aw, and hardness of 13.01 ± 2.82 g, confirming results similar to the predicted values. Proper ultrasound treatment caused cracks in the hilum, which greatly affects the water absorption of adzuki beans, accelerating the rate of hydration. These results are expected to help determine economically efficient processing conditions for specific purposes, in addition to solving industrial problems associated with the low hydration rate of adzuki beans.

Blood transcriptomic differences in the immune response under stressful environmental according to stocking density in pigs.

The implementation of animal welfare in the pig industry is becoming a global trend, and welfare can be improved through livestock management. In modern and intensive farming systems, it has become important to find a reasonable compromise between stocking density and productivity. The simultaneous detection of behavioral and physiological parameters is helpful when considering welfare levels for stocking density. This study aimed to confirm the effect of stocking density through transcriptome linkage. A comparison of three groups according to stocking density (low density, eight pigs and 1.0 m2 per head; normal density, eight pigs and 0.8 m2 per head; and high density, eight pigs and 0.6 m2 per head) was performed, and their transcriptomic changes were observed using the RNA-Seq method. Differentially expressed genes were identified for each comparison group (low density vs. normal density, 95 upregulated genes and 112 downregulated genes; high density vs. normal density, 133 upregulated genes and 217 downregulated genes; and high density vs. low density, 245 upregulated genes and 237 downregulated genes). Biological mechanisms according to stocking density were identified through functional annotation. T-cell differentiation and immune disease pathway enriched in the high-density group caused immune imbalance through dysregulated T-cell signaling. Moreover, oxidative stress, together with DNA damage, can lead to high susceptibility to disease. Our study confirmed the biological mechanisms through immunological expression patterns according to stocking density. The study results are expected to provide comprehensive insight into systematic operation strategies considering stocking density and biomarkers for use in welfare evaluation.

Animal welfare in the pig industry is a worldwide trend, and appropriate livestock management can improve welfare. Balancing stocking density and productivity is crucial in intensive farming systems. This study used behavioral and physiological parameters to assess welfare levels related to stocking density. The study identified biological mechanisms and immunological expression patterns influenced by stocking density by analyzing the transcriptome. These results offer comprehensive insights into operational strategies considering stocking density and biomarkers.

Combination of UHPLC-MS/MS with context-specific network and cheminformatic approaches for identifying bioactivities and active components of propolis.

Discovering new bioactivities and identifying active compounds of food materials are major fields of study in food science. However, the process commonly requires extensive experiments and can be technically challenging. In the current study, we employed network biology and cheminformatic approaches to predict new target diseases, active components, and related molecular mechanisms of propolis. Applying UHPLC-MS/MS analysis results of propolis to Context-Oriented Directed Associations (CODA) and Combination-Oriented Natural Product Database with Unified Terminology (COCONUT) systems indicated atopic dermatitis as a novel target disease. Experimental validation using cell- and human tissue-based models confirmed the therapeutic potential of propolis against atopic dermatitis. Moreover, we were able to find the major contributing compounds as well as their combinatorial effects responsible for the bioactivity of propolis. The CODA/COCONUT system also provided compound-associated genes explaining the underlying molecular mechanism of propolis. These results highlight the potential use of big data-driven network biological approaches to aid in analyzing the impact of food constituents at a systematic level.

Comparison of the pretreatment methods for enhancing hydration of water-soaked adzuki beans (Vigna angularis).

Five pretreatments methods, cold plasma, pressure drop, heating, and bath-type and probe-type sonications were compared to shorten the rehydration process of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) soaked before the cooking in terms of the hydration and softening efficacies. Moisture content and water activity of the probe-type sonicated beans were most dramatically increased as 11-45% and 0.59-0.97 after soaking for only 2 h, respectively (non-treated: 11-12% and 0.59-0.66). Accordingly, the probe-type sonicated beans were most rapidly softened as 27-5 N in the 2 h-soaking and exhibited the lowest hardness after soaking/cooking as ~ 0.97 N (non-treated: 27-21 N and ~ 5.5 N, respectively). According to scanning electron micrographs, these results can be attributed to formation of prominent fissures or scars in the hilum of the probe-type sonicated beans. Consequently, this study will be provide valuable information for developing a rational process in food industry to shorten the rehydration of the adzuki beans.

Picoampere Dark Current and Electro-Opto-Coupled Sub-to-Super-linear Response from Mott-Transition Enabled Infrared Photodetector for Near-Sensor Vision Processing.

Light-intensity selective superlinear photodetectors with ultralow dark current can provide an essential breakthrough for the development of high-performing near-sensor vision processing. However, the development of near-sensor vision processing is not only conceptually important for device operation (given that sensors naturally exhibit linear/sublinear responses), but also essential to get rid of the massive amount of data generated during object sensing and classification with noisy inputs. Therefore, achieving the giant superlinear photoresponse while maintaining the picoampere leakage current, irrespective of the measurement bias, is one of the most challenging tasks. Here, Mott material (vanadium dioxide) and silicon-based integrated infrared photodetectors are developed that show giant superlinear photoresponse (exponent >18) and ultralow dark current of 4.46 pA. Specifically, the device demonstrates an electro-opto-coupled insulator-to-metal transition, which leads to outstanding photocurrent on/off ratio (>106 ), a high responsivity (>1 mA W-1 ), and excellent detectivity (>1012  Jones), while maintaining response speed (τr  = 6 µs and τf  = 10 µs). Further, intensity-selective near-sensor processing is demonstrated and night vision pattern reorganization even with noisy inputs is exhibited. This research will pave the way for the creation of high-performance photodetectors with potential uses, such as in night vision, pattern recognition, and neuromorphic processing.

Applications and perspectives of polyphenol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers for foods.

Imbalanced nutrition in modern society is one of the reasons for disorders, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, which have attracted the interest in bioactives (particularly polyphenols) to assist in the balanced diet of modern people. Although stability can be maintained during preparation and storage, the ingested polyphenols undergo harsh gastrointestinal digestion processes, resulting in limited bioaccessibility and low gut-epithelial permeation and bioavailability. Several lipid-based formulations have been proposed to overcome these issues. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have also been highlighted as carrier systems for the oral delivery of lipophilic bioactives, including polyphenols. This paper summarizes the research on the ingredients, production methods, post-processing procedures, general characteristics, and advantages and disadvantages of SLNs and NLCs. Overall, this paper reviews the applications and perspectives of polyphenol-loaded SLNs and NLCs in foods, as well as their regulation, production, storage, and economic feasibility.

4-phenylpyridine suppresses UVB-induced skin inflammation by targeting c-Src in vitro and in vivo.

Acute or repetitive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) cause disruptions to the skin barrier and subsequent inflammatory skin disease. 4-phenylpyridine (4-PP) is a constituent of Brassica campestris L. ssp. Pekinensis and its effect on skin inflammation and molecular target remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to confirm the anti-inflammatory efficacy of 4-PP on UVB-induced skin inflammation in human keratinocytes HaCaT and mouse skin and validation of its molecular target. 4-PP also attenuated UVB-induced phosphorylation of p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MKK) 3/6, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2, MKK 4/7, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2. Additionally, 4-PP inhibited UVB-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Y1068, Y1045 and 854 residues but not the proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase c-Src. Drug affinity responsive target stability assay revealed that 4-PP directly binds to c-Src and inhibits pronase c-proteolysis. Knockdown of c-Src inhibited UVB-induced COX-2 expression and phosphorylation of MAPKs and EGFR in HaCaT cells. Dorsal treatment of 4-PP prevented UVB (0.5 J/cm2 )-induced skin thickness, phosphorylation of EGFR and COX-2 expression in mouse skin. Our findings suggest that 4-PP can be used as anti-inflammatory agent with an effect of skin inflammation by inhibiting the COX-2 expression via suppressing the c-Src/EGFR/MAPKs signalling pathway.

A Review of Extraction Techniques and Food Applications of Flaxseed Mucilage.

Flaxseed contains significant concentration of mucilage or gum (a type of hydrocolloid). Flaxseed mucilage (FM) predominantly occurs in the outermost layer of the seed's hull and is known to possess numerous health benefits such as delayed gastric emptying, reduced serum cholesterol, and improved glycemic control. FM is typically composed of an arabinoxylan (neutral in nature) and a pectic-like material (acidic in nature). Similar to gum arabic, FM exhibits good water-binding capacity and rheological properties (similar functionality); therefore, FM can be used as its replacement in foods. In this review, an overview of methods used for FM extraction and factors influencing the extraction yield were discussed initially. Thereafter, food applications of FM as gelling agent/gel-strengthening agent, structure-forming agent, stabilizing agent, fat replacer, anti-retrogradation agent, prebiotic, encapsulating agent, edible coatings and films/food packaging material, and emulsifier/emulsion stabilizer were included. At the end, some limitations to its wide application and potential solutions were added.

Delayed Quality Deterioration of Low-Moisture Cereal-Based Snack by Storing in an Active Filler-Embedded LDPE Zipper Bag.

This study focused on controlling the vapor permeability of an active zipper bag and preserving the quality of cereal-based snacks during the storage period at home. The active zipper bag was prepared by extruding low-density polyethylene with active fillers obtained from natural mineral materials. The active zipper bag showed the same transparent appearance as the existing one but showed 21% lower water vapor capability. As a result, during a 20-day storage period, three types of grain-based snacks (biscuits, shortbread cookies, and puffed snacks) showed delayed increases in weight, moisture content, and moisture activity when stored in an active zipper bag. In addition, this also affected the texture of the biscuits and shortbread cookies, in which the area under the curve was reduced significantly after appearing at a peak during the hardness measurement. On the other hand, the decrease in the number of air cell fracture events in puffed snacks was remarkable. This result suggests that the inner microstructure is preserved better when stored in an active zipper bag. In conclusion, the active zipper bag showed poor water vapor permeability, suggesting that the prepared zipper bag can be developed as snack packaging.

Biocontrol Approaches against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Foods.

Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a well-known water- and food-borne zoonotic pathogen that can cause gastroenteritis in humans. It threatens the health of millions of people each year; several outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 infections have been linked to the consumption of contaminated plant foods (e.g., lettuce, spinach, tomato, and fresh fruits) and beef-based products. To control E. coli O157:H7 in foods, several physical (e.g., irradiation, pasteurization, pulsed electric field, and high-pressure processing) and chemical (e.g., using peroxyacetic acid; chlorine dioxide; sodium hypochlorite; and organic acids, such as acetic, lactic, and citric) methods have been widely used. Although the methods are quite effective, they are not applicable to all foods and carry intrinsic disadvantages (alteration of sensory properties, toxicity, etc.). Therefore, the development of safe and effective alternative methods has gained increased attention recently. Biocontrol agents, including bacteriophages, probiotics, antagonistic bacteria, plant-derived natural compounds, bacteriocins, endolysins, and enzymes, are rapidly emerging as effective, selective, relatively safe for human consumption, and environmentally friendly alternatives. This paper summarizes advances in the application of biocontrol agents for E. coli O157:H7 control in foods.

Relationship between porcine carcass grades and estimated traits based on conventional and non-destructive inspection methods.

As pork consumption increases, rapid and accurate determination of porcine carcass grades at abattoirs has become important. Non-destructive, automated inspection methods have improved slaughter efficiency in abattoirs. Furthermore, the development of a calibration equation suitable for non-destructive inspection of domestic pig breeds may lead to rapid determination of pig carcass and more objective pork grading judgement. In order to increase the efficiency of pig slaughter, the correct estimation of the automated-method that can accommodate the existing pig carcass judgement should be made. In this study, the previously developed calibration equation was verified to confirm whether the estimated traits accord with the actual measured traits of pig carcass. A total of 1,069,019 pigs, to which the developed calibration equation, was applied were used in the study and the optimal estimated regression equation for actual measured two traits (backfat thickness and hot carcass weight) was proposed using the estimated traits. The accuracy of backfat thickness and hot carcass weight traits in the estimated regression models through stepwise regression analysis was 0.840 (R 2) and 0.980 (R 2), respectively. By comparing the actually measured traits with the estimated traits, we proposed optimal estimated regression equation for the two measured traits, which we expect will be a cornerstone for the Korean porcine carcass grading system.

Time Series Ovarian Transcriptome Analyses of the Porcine Estrous Cycle Reveals Gene Expression Changes during Steroid Metabolism and Corpus Luteum Development.

The porcine estrous cycle is influenced by reproductive hormones, which affect porcine reproduction and result in physiological changes in the reproductive organs. The ovary is involved in ovulation, luteinization, corpus luteum development, and luteolysis. Here, we aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the gene expression patterns in porcine ovarian transcriptomes during the estrous cycle through differentially expressed genes profiling and description of molecular mechanisms. The transcriptomes of porcine ovary were obtained during the estrous cycle at three-day intervals from day 0 to day 18 using RNA-seq. At seven time points of the estrous cycle, 4414 DEG were identified; these were classified into three clusters according to their expression patterns. During the late metestrus and diestrus periods, the expression in cluster 1 increased rapidly, and steroid biosynthesis was significant in the pathway. Cluster 2 gene expression patterns represented the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction in significant pathways. In cluster 3, the hedgehog signaling pathway was selected as the significant pathway. Our study exhibited dynamic gene expression changes with these three different patterns of cluster 1, 2, and 3. The results helped identify the functions and related significant genes especially during the late metestrus and diestrus periods in the estrous cycle.

Buckwheat noodles: processing and quality enhancement.

In recent years, buckwheat noodles have gained increased importance because of their functional properties. These qualities are attributed to the abundance of bioactive compounds (e.g., rutin, quercetin) and nutraceuticals (e.g., B vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids). Buckwheat noodle consumption has been shown to be associated with improved metabolic health. Buckwheat flour exhibits properties similar to those of common cereal flours in food processing, but devoid of gluten. However, the maintenance of good textural properties and high sensory acceptability are key challenges in the development of gluten-free products, and these limitations prevented widespread application of buckwheat in the food industry. Nevertheless, continuous technological developments related to raw materials processing, noodle processing, and noodle quality enhancement have contributed to the growing popularity and acceptability of buckwheat noodles in recent times. These improvements could render buckwheat noodles a healthy gluten-free alternative to wheat noodles.

Real-time analysis and predictability of the health functional food market using big data.

This study conducted a real-time analysis of the health functional food market using big data. To assess the scope of big data in market analysis, big data of the health food category were compared and analyzed with actual market data. Data were first collected using a program to obtain data, through application programming interfaces, followed by SPSS to compare and analyze the actual market index and shopping search word data. The correlation between the online search data and the actual market was high, indicating that online search data can be used to predict the trend of the actual market. Various types of data, such as items and major functional ingredients, can be collected and analyzed through the program developed for this study, which is also used to predict the market trend. The results demonstrate how APIs can be used to predict market size in the food industry effectively.

Antioxidant Effect of Wheat Germ Extracts and Their Antilipidemic Effect in Palmitic Acid-Induced Steatosis in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 Cells.

Wheat germ (WG) is a by-product of wheat milling and comprises many bioactive compounds. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant and antilipidemic effects of different WG extracts (WGEs) by analyzing candidate bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, tocopherols, γ-oryzanol, and biogenic amines by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The antilipidemic effect was evaluated in palmitic acid-induced steatosis in HepG2 hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cellular lipid accumulation was assessed by Oil Red O staining and a cellular triglyceride content assay. All analyzed WGEs showed significant antioxidant potential, although some bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, tocopherols, and γ-oryzanol, were the highest in the ethanol extract. Correlation analysis revealed the antioxidant potential of all identified biogenic amines except for spermidine. Ethanol and n-hexane extracts significantly inhibited cellular lipid accumulation in cell models. These results suggest that WGEs exhibit promising antioxidant potential, with a variety of bioactive compounds. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest that bioactive compounds in WGEs attenuate plasma lipid and oxidation levels. In conclusion, WG can be used as a natural antioxidant and nutraceutical using appropriate solvents and extraction methods.

Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of 3D8, a Nucleic Acid-Hydrolyzing Single-Chain Variable Fragment (scFv), Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and Multiple Coronaviruses In Vitro.

The virus behind the current pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the etiology of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and poses a critical public health threat worldwide. Effective therapeutics and vaccines against multiple coronaviruses remain unavailable. Single-chain variable fragment (scFv), a recombinant antibody, exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity against DNA and RNA viruses owing to its nucleic acid-hydrolyzing property. The antiviral activity of 3D8 scFv against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses was evaluated in Vero E6 cell cultures. Viral growth was quantified with quantitative RT-qPCR and plaque assay. The nucleic acid-hydrolyzing activity of 3D8 was assessed through abzyme assays of in vitro viral transcripts and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. We found that 3D8 inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Our results revealed the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of 3D8 scFv against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells. Immunoblot and plaque assays showed the reduction of coronavirus nucleoproteins and infectious particles, respectively, in 3D8 scFv-treated cells. These data demonstrate the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 3D8 against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Thus, it could be considered a potential antiviral countermeasure against SARS-CoV-2 and zoonotic coronaviruses.

Visible on-site detection of Ara h 1 by the switchable-linker-mediated precipitation of gold nanoparticles.

Biosensors have been widely applied in tests for allergens, but on-site detection remains a challenge. Herein, we proposed a detection procedure for peanut Ara h 1 as a representative allergen, which was extracted from a cookie, thereby minimising the need for any complex pretreatment that was difficult to perform, and enabling the visual detection of the target without the use of analytical equipment. The extraction procedure was performed in less than 30 min using a syringe and filter (0.45 µm). The detection method for Ara h 1 was based on the aggregation of switchable linkers (SL) and gold nanoparticles (AuNP), and the presence of 0.19 mg peanut protein per 30 g of cookie could be confirmed within 30 min based on the AuNP/SL concentration ratio by the precipitation. This proposed procedure could be successfully applied to the detection of a wide range of food allergens.

Effect of Differential Thermal Drying Conditions on the Immunomodulatory Function of Ginger.

Thermal drying is a common process used in the food industry for the modification of agricultural products. However, while various studies have investigated the alteration in physiochemical properties and chemical composition after drying, research focusing on the relationship between different dehydration conditions and bioactivity is scarce. In the current study, we prepared dried ginger under nine different conditions by varying the processing time and temperature and compared their immunomodulatory effects. Interestingly, depending on the drying condition, there were significant differences in the immunestimulating activity of the dried ginger samples. Gingers processed at 50°C 1h displayed the strongest activation of macrophages measured by TNF-α and IL-6 levels, whereas, freezedried or 70°C- and 90°C-dried ginger showed little effect. Similar results were recapitulated in primary bone marrow-derived macrophages, further confirming that different dehydration conditions can cause significant differences in the immune-stimulating activity of ginger. Induction of ERK, p38, and JNK signaling was found to be the major underlying molecular mechanism responsible for the immunomodulatory effect of ginger. These results highlight the potential to improve the bioactivity of functional foods by selectively controlling processing conditions.

Bifunctional linker-based immunosensing for rapid and visible detection of bacteria in real matrices.

Detection of pathogens present in food and water is essential to help ensure food safety. Among the popular methods for pathogen detection are those based on culture and colony-counting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, the time-consuming nature and/or the need for sophisticated instrumentation of those methods limit their on-site applications. We have developed a rapid and highly sensitive immunosensing method for visible detection of bacteria in real matrices based on the aggregation of AuNPs without requiring any readout device. We use biotinylated anti-bacteria antibodies as bifunctional linkers (BLs) to mediate the aggregation of streptavidin-functionalized gold nanoparticles (st-AuNPs) to produce visually recognizable color change, due to surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which occurs in about 30min of total assay time when the sample is mildly agitated or within three hours in quiescent conditions. The aggregation of st-AuNPs, which produces the indication signal, is achieved very differently than in visual detection methods reported previously and hence affords ultrahigh sensitivity. While BLs can both bind to the target and crosslink st-AuNPs, their latter function is essentially disabled when they bind to the target bacteria. By varying the amount of st-AuNPs used, we can tailor the assay effectiveness improving limit of detection (LOD) down to 10CFUmL-1 of E. coli and Salmonella. Test results obtained with tap water, lake water and milk samples show that assay performance is unaffected by matrix effects. Further, in a mixture of live and autoclaved E. coli cells our assay could detect only live cells. Therefore, our BL-based immunosensor is suitable for highly sensitive, rapid, and on-site detection of bacteria in real matrices.