Comparison of 3D-Printed Single Crown Outcomes Among Different Computer-Aided Design Software Programs.

PURPOSE: Low-cost resin 3D printers have been used to produce affordable interim single crowns in public and private dental practices. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of different computer-aided design (CAD) software programs on 3D trueness, microscopic marginal and internal gaps, time to design, and interproximal contacts of low-cost 3D-printed single crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This in vitro study was performed on a total of 90 standardized resin-prepared teeth adapted to a dental manikin. For comparison among CAD software programs, 45 tooth preparations received 3D-printed crowns designed with one of three CAD software programs by an experienced technician and identified as groups TRIOS (n = 15), EXOCAD (n = 15), and ZZ (Zirkonzahn; n = 15). To assess interoperator reproducibility, 15 additional crowns were designed by a dental clinician (group ZZ-DENT) and 15 by a dental prosthetic technician (group ZZ-PROS), both with basic 1-week CAD/CAM training. Finally, as a control group, 15 crowns were milled using a high-end five-axis milling device (group ZZ-CONTROL). Statistically significant differences for 3D trueness, microscopic gaps, time to design, and interproximal contacts among groups were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in 3D trueness or marginal or internal gaps were found, either among different software programs or CAD operators (P > .05). However, Group TRIOS took significantly longer to design than EXOCAD and ZZ groups (P = .001). Less-experienced operators were significantly outperformed in time and interproximal contacts (P = .001) by the CAD technician using the same software program. Finally, control milled crowns (ZZ-CONTROL) significantly outperformed the respective 3D-printed copies (ZZ) in all assessed variables (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Different CAD software programs may affect the time required to design, but they do not significantly affect clinical outcomes of low-cost 3D-printed resin crowns if designed by an experienced CAD technician.

Post-sorption of Cd, Pb, and Zn onto peat, compost, and biochar: Short-term effects of ecotoxicity and bioaccessibility.

Contamination by potentially toxic metals and metalloids (PTMs) has become a significant health and environmental issue worldwide. Sorption has emerged as one of the most prominent strategies for remediating both soil and water contamination. New sorbents are being developed to provide economically viable and environmentally sound alternatives, in alignment with the principles of the Sustainable Development Goals. This research aimed to assess the potential effects on human health and environmental toxicity following the sorption of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) using peat, compost, and biochar as sorbents. The peat was collected in Brazil, a country with a tropical climate, while the compost and biochar were produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). In terms of bioaccessibility, the results showed the following order: compost < biochar < peat for Pb, and compost < peat < biochar for Cd and Zn. There was a significant growth inhibition for Eruca sativa and Zea mays exposed to increasing concentrations of PTMs treated with peat and compost. The presence of contaminants played a decisive role on immobilization of neonates of Ceriodaphnia silvestrii after treatments with compost and, especially, peat. However, the biochar addition rate caused a significant influence on the outcomes of ecotoxicity across all tested species. Although the samples treated with biochar exhibited lower residual concentrations of PTMs than those treated with compost and peat, the inherent toxicity of biochar might be attributed to the material itself. The exposure to residual PTM concentrations post-desorption caused ecotoxic effects on tested species, emphasizing the need to assess PTM desorption potential. Peat, compost, and biochar are promising alternatives for the sorption of PTMs, but the addition rates must be properly adjusted to avoid the occurrence of undesirable ecotoxicological effects. This research offers valuable insights for sustainable environmental management and protection by thoroughly investigating the impacts of different sorbents and contaminants on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

Forecasting effects of climate changes on the population genetic structure of Anacardium occidentale in the Cerrado biome, Brazil.

There has been a continuous interest in understanding the patterns of genetic diversity in natural populations because of the role of intraspecific genetic diversity as the basis of all evolutionary change and thus, its potential effects on population persistence when facing environmental changes. Here, we provided the first description of genetic diversity distribution and population structure of Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew) from the Brazilian Cerrado, one of the most economically important tropical crops in the world. We applied Bayesian clustering approaches (STRUCTURE and POPS) that allow predicting the effects of future climatic changes on the population genetic structure of A. occidentale. We identified distinct genetic groups corresponding to the southwestern, central, and northern regions of the species' range. The characterized genetic clusters will disappear under future climate change scenarios, leading to a homogenization of genetic variability across the landscape. Our findings suggest a high likelihood for the loss of genetic diversity, which in turn will reduce the evolutionary potential of the species to cope with predicted future climatic changes. Results from this study may help develop management strategies to conserve the genetic diversity and structure of natural cashew populations.

Competitive sorption and desorption of cadmium, lead, and zinc onto peat, compost, and biochar.

Soil and water contamination by potentially toxic metals (PTMs) has exerted adverse environmental impacts, which justifies studies of promising remediation alternatives. This article investigated the competitive sorption of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) onto peat, compost, and biochar derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), but its main innovation was the post-sorption assessment. The effects of contact time on competition between contaminants were systematically analyzed by batch experiments and the effectiveness of the sorption process was evaluated in desorption tests (H2O, HCl, NaOH, and NaCl) and sequential extraction. Kinetic data were well-fitted to pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models and the intra-particle diffusion model revealed the existence of multiple linear regions, indicating the sorption process was controlled by a multi-step mechanism. The sorption capacities followed a biochar > compost > peat order, with biochar retaining more than 99% of Cd, Pb, and Zn in all samples. The general order of desorption percentage was peat > compost > biochar, with a below 0.60% biochar release, suggesting the importance of chemical processes. HCl solution (more acid pH) showed the highest release of previously sorbed contaminants and, therefore, can be employed for the reuse of sorbents (sorption/desorption cycles). The only exception was Pb desorption on biochar, with maximum release in NaOH solution. A negative Pearson correlation with F1 (acid-soluble/exchangeable fraction) for Cd and Zn and a positive one with the other steps were reported. Pb exhibited an opposite behavior, showing the highest sorption performances and the lowest desorption rates for all sorbents, justified by positive correlations with F4 (residual fraction) and negative ones with desorption. The findings suggest the evaluated sorbents, especially compost and biochar, can be effective materials in the simultaneous sorption of Cd, Pb, and Zn in wastewater, as well as an amendment for PTMs immobilization in contaminated soils.

Phytotoxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil mixtures to three green manure species.

Sugarcane expansion has been associated with soil contamination by agrochemicals. Pesticides can affect plant growth, and their mixture might have potentiated effects on exposed species. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of fipronil on the phytotoxicity of 2,4-D on three green manure plant species: Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, and Lupinus albus. Plants were exposed (for 21 days, at 25 °C) to a control soil and five concentrations of each pesticide and their combinations (36 treatments, considering a full-factorial approach). Effect concentrations of 50% growth inhibition (EC50) were estimated. No phytotoxicity effects were identified when plants were exposed to different fipronil concentrations (up to 0.12 mg kg-1). All species exposed to 2,4-D showed a decrease in shoot and root length and fresh/dry biomass. L. albus and D. lablab roots showed the highest sensitivity when exposed to 2,4-D among the endpoints (EC50 = 0.02 and 0.05 mg kg-1, respectively), while C. ensiformis roots were the most tolerant (EC50 = 0.98 mg kg-1). However, the interference of fipronil on the toxicity of 2,4-D was not detected in different mixture proportions, indicating no interaction between pesticides. Residues of 2,4-D might also impair other crops' growth, compromise productivity, and limit phytotechnologies for soil recovery.

"Eu me sinto tipo invadida": Vivências com o exame papanicolau e o cuidado de enfermagem Autores Jacqueline Martins Lima / "I feel like invaded": Experiences with the paper screening and nursing care

Objetivo: compreender vivências e sentidos atribuídos pelas mulheres ao exame Papanicolau e ao cuidado de Enfermagem. Métodos: um estudo com abordagem qualitativa do tipo retrospectivo realizado entre os meses de outubro e novembro de 2019 na Atenção Primária à Saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram entrevistadas 24 mulheres, tendo como critérios de inclusão ter idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, usuárias da Unidade Atenção Primária em Saúde há pelo menos um ano e que tenham realizado prevenção anteriormente com a(o) enfermeira(o). Os dados foram coletados pela entrevista semiestruturada tiveram seus conteúdos analisados em categorias. Resultados: com base nos dados, foi possível perceber que as mulheres tinham idade de 20 a 66 anos, ensino fundamental à pós-graduação. Realizaram o exame há um ano. Buscaram-no para prevenção de doenças e atendimento a queixas. Desconheceram a relação com prevenção do câncer de colo uterino. Destacaram a invasão do exame ao corpo. Relataram ansiedade, nenhum esclarecimento, dificuldades de vínculo, conforto e segurança. Para elas a Enfermagem não possui competência para realização do exame. Conclusão:o estudo possibilitou o conhecimento dos motivos e sentimentos sobre o exame. Recomendam-se estudos avaliativos na Atenção Básica que produzam evidências necessárias à melhoria da gestão do cuidado à mulher.(AU)

Objective: to understand experiences and meanings attributed by women to the Pap smear and nursing care. Methods: a retrospective study with a qualitative approach carried out between October and November 2019 in Primary Health Care in Fortaleza, Ceará. 24 women were interviewed, with the inclusion criteria being 18 years of age or older, users of the Primary Health Care Unit for at least one year and who had previously performed prevention with the nurse. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and their contents were analyzed in categories. Results: based on the data, it was possible to notice that the women were between 20 and 66 years old, from elementary to graduate school. They took the exam a year ago. They sought him for disease prevention and complaints. They did not know the relationship with the prevention of cervical cancer. They highlighted the invasion of the body by examination. They reported anxiety, no clarification, bonding difficulties, comfort and security. For them, Nursing does not have the competence to carry out the exam. Conclusion: the study enabled the knowledge of the reasons and feelings about the exam. Evaluative studies are recommended in Primary Care that produce evidence needed to improve the management of care for women.(AU)

Objetivo: comprender las experiencias y los significados atribuidos por las mujeres al Papanicolaou y al cuidado de enfermería. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo con abordaje cualitativo realizado entre octubre y noviembre de 2019 en la Atención Primaria de Salud de Fortaleza, Ceará. Fueron entrevistadas 24 mujeres, siendo el criterio de inclusión tener 18 años o más, usuarias de la Unidad Básica de Salud hace al menos un año y que hayan realizado previamente prevención con la enfermera. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y sus contenidos fueron analizados en categorías. Resultados: con base en los datos, fue posible notar que las mujeres tenían entre 20 y 66 años, desde la enseñanza básica hasta la posgrado. Hicieron el examen hace un año. Lo buscaban para prevención de enfermedades y denuncias. Desconocían la relación con la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino. Destacaron la invasión del cuerpo por examen. Refirieron ansiedad, falta de aclaración, dificultades de vinculación, comodidad y seguridad. Para ellos, Enfermería no tiene competencia para realizar el examen. Conclusión: el estudio permitió conocer los motivos y sentimientos sobre el examen. Se recomiendan estudios evaluativos en Atención Primaria que produzcan las evidencias necesarias para mejorar la gestión del cuidado a la mujer.(AU)

"Eu me sinto tipo invadida": Vivências com o exame papanicolau e o cuidado de enfermagem / "Me siento invadido": Experiencias con el papel tamizaje y cuidados de enfermería / "I feel like invaded": Experiences with the paper screening and nursing care

Objetivo: compreender vivências e sentidos atribuídos pelas mulheres ao exame Papanicolau e ao cuidado de Enfermagem. Métodos: um estudo com abordagem qualitativa do tipo retrospectivo realizado entre os meses de outubro e novembro de 2019 na Atenção Primária à Saúde de Fortaleza, Ceará. Foram entrevistadas 24 mulheres, tendo como critérios de inclusão ter idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, usuárias da Unidade Atenção Primária em Saúde há pelo menos um ano e que tenham realizado prevenção anteriormente com a(o) enfermeira(o). Os dados foram coletados pela entrevista semiestruturada tiveram seus conteúdos analisados em categorias. Resultados: com base nos dados, foi possível perceber que as mulheres tinham idade de 20 a 66 anos, ensino fundamental à pós-graduação. Realizaram o exame há um ano. Buscaram-no para prevenção de doenças e atendimento a queixas. Desconheceram a relação com prevenção do câncer de colo uterino. Destacaram a invasão do exame ao corpo. Relataram ansiedade, nenhum esclarecimento, dificuldades de vínculo, conforto e segurança. Para elas a Enfermagem não possui competência para realização do exame. Conclusão:o estudo possibilitou o conhecimento dos motivos e sentimentos sobre o exame. Recomendam-se estudos avaliativos na Atenção Básica que produzam evidências necessárias à melhoria da gestão do cuidado à mulher.(AU)

Objective: to understand experiences and meanings attributed by women to the Pap smear and nursing care. Methods: a retrospective study with a qualitative approach carried out between October and November 2019 in Primary Health Care in Fortaleza, Ceará. 24 women were interviewed, with the inclusion criteria being 18 years of age or older, users of the Primary Health Care Unit for at least one year and who had previously performed prevention with the nurse. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and their contents were analyzed in categories. Results: based on the data, it was possible to notice that the women were between 20 and 66 years old, from elementary to graduate school. They took the exam a year ago. They sought him for disease prevention and complaints. They did not know the relationship with the prevention of cervical cancer. They highlighted the invasion of the body by examination. They reported anxiety, no clarification, bonding difficulties, comfort and security. For them, Nursing does not have the competence to carry out the exam. Conclusion: the study enabled the knowledge of the reasons and feelings about the exam. Evaluative studies are recommended in Primary Care that produce evidence needed to improve the management of care for women.(AU)

Objetivo: comprender las experiencias y los significados atribuidos por las mujeres al Papanicolaou y al cuidado de enfermería. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo con abordaje cualitativo realizado entre octubre y noviembre de 2019 en la Atención Primaria de Salud de Fortaleza, Ceará. Fueron entrevistadas 24 mujeres, siendo el criterio de inclusión tener 18 años o más, usuarias de la Unidad Básica de Salud hace al menos un año y que hayan realizado previamente prevención con la enfermera. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y sus contenidos fueron analizados en categorías. Resultados: con base en los datos, fue posible notar que las mujeres tenían entre 20 y 66 años, desde la enseñanza básica hasta la posgrado. Hicieron el examen hace un año. Lo buscaban para prevención de enfermedades y denuncias. Desconocían la relación con la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino. Destacaron la invasión del cuerpo por examen. Refirieron ansiedad, falta de aclaración, dificultades de vinculación, comodidad y seguridad. Para ellos, Enfermería no tiene competencia para realizar el examen. Conclusión: el estudio permitió conocer los motivos y sentimientos sobre el examen. Se recomiendan estudios evaluativos en Atención Primaria que produzcan las evidencias necesarias para mejorar la gestión del cuidado a la mujer.(AU)

Ocorrência de enteroparasitas antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em Nina Rodrigues, Maranhão - Brasil / Occurrence of enteroparasites before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nina Rodrigues, Maranhão, Brazil

Parasitoses intestinais são infecções no trato gastrointestinal, por protozoários e/ou helmintos e representam um agravo à saúde pública, mas apesar dessa problemática, foram notificadas menos do que seria esperado devido a pandemia da COVID-19. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de enteroparasitas antes e durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em pacientes atendidos no laboratório do hospital de Nina Rodrigues, Maranhão. Foi realizado um estudo tranversal, descritivo e quantitativo, sendo analisados os exames dos anos de 2019 e 2020, coletados do banco de informações do hospital em agosto de 2021. Os dados foram inseridos no programa STATA 14.0 para análise. Em 2019 foram realizados 632 exames, e 2020 um total de 161, as mulheres e os adultos de meia idade (31-59 anos) foram os que mais realizaram exames, em relação aos laudos positivos, 18,51% e 26,09% apresentavam pelo menos um tipo de parasita em 2019 e 2020, respectivamente. O parasita mais ocorrente foi Entamoeba coli e 66,48% dos laudos tinham a presença de mais de um parasita, sendo a associação mais observada E. coli + Entamoeba histolytica. Nota-se que apesar do período pandêmico de 2020 ter sido realizado menos exames parasitológicos de fezes em comparação o período de 2019, é possível constatar que há uma ocorrência razoável de enteroparasitas na população de Nina Rodrigues, com um alto índice de indivíduos com biparasitismo. Assim, torna-se necessário a implementação de medidas que visem o diagnóstico e o tratamento dos infectados, e medidas de prevenção para minimizar a transmissão.

Intestinal parasites are infections in the gastrointestinal tract, by protozoa and/or helminths and represent a public health problem, but despite this problem, less were reported than would be expected due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of enteroparasites before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients treated at the laboratory of the Nina Rodrigues hospital, Maranhão. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative study was carried out, analyzing the exams from the years 2019 and 2020, collected from the hospital's information bank in August 2021. The data were entered into the STATA 14.0 program for analysis. In 2019, 632 exams were performed, and in 2020 a total of 161, women and middle-aged adults (31-59 years old) were the ones who most underwent exams, in relation to positive reports, 18.51% and 26.09% had at least one type of parasite in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The most frequent parasite was Entamoeba coli and 66.48% of the reports had the presence of more than one parasite, the most observed association being E. coli + Entamoeba histolytica. It is noted that despite the 2020 pandemic period, fewer fecal parasitological tests were performed compared to the 2019 period, it is possible to verify that there is a reasonable occurrence of enteroparasites in the population of Nina Rodrigues, with a high rate of individuals with biparasitism. Thus, it is necessary to implement measures aimed at diagnosing and treating those infected, and preventive measures to minimize transmission.

Does Clinical Experience Affect Chairside Digital Waxing of Single Crowns More Than Software Training?

PURPOSE: To compare the accuracy of dentists with different levels of expertise in computer-aided design (CAD) and prosthodontics to digitally design single crowns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This in vitro study was conducted on 12 prepared teeth in 2 reference dental study models. The models were scanned using an intraoral scanner. Four dentists with different levels of clinical and CAD expertise (PROS: clinicians experienced in prosthodontics [n = 2]; CAD: experts in CAD [n = 2]) performed digital waxing on all prepared teeth using the same CAD software program. The resulting digital crown designs were compared to STL files of the original teeth to assess 3D deviations. The total cervical, distal, mesial, and occlusal surface deviations of the crowns from both groups were compared using paired t and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (α = .05). RESULTS: The total median 3D deviation was 0.10 mm (range: 0.03 to 0.61 mm) for the PROS group and 0.14 mm (range: 0.07 to 0.58 mm) for the CAD group. The PROS group presented significantly smaller total 3D (P = .021) and cervical margin (P = .001) deviations. There were no significant differences between groups on the distal, mesial, or occlusal surfaces (P > .05). The CAD group performed digital waxing significantly faster (P = .001). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the present findings suggest that clinical experience has a higher impact on the accuracy of digital wax patterns of single crowns than CAD experience.

Computer-aided design expertise affects digital wax patterns of CAD/CAM laminate veneers more than single crowns.

AIM: There is controversy in the literature regarding clinical outcomes of CAD/CAM laminate veneers. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of different levels of CAD expertise and different software programs on the reliability and reproducibility of digital wax patterns of laminate veneers and single crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present preliminary in vitro study was performed on 10 prepared maxillary central incisors available in dental study models. Of the total, five central incisors were prepared with shoulder finish lines for single crowns, whereas the other five underwent incisal shoulder preparation for laminate veneers. The models were scanned using an intraoral scanner. Four dentists (group DENT) and four CAD dental technicians (group CAD) with expertise in different software programs performed digital diagnostic waxing on all prepared teeth. The resulting digital wax patterns (n = 80) were exported as standard tessellation language (STL) files and superimposed on gold standard digital wax patterns (obtained from the original shape of the teeth before preparations). 3D mesh deviations at the cervical margins as well as distal, mesial, and incisal/palatal surfaces between each STL and the gold standard digital wax patterns were calculated in millimeters using a CAD software program. The mean time required by each operator to perform digital waxing was also recorded. Paired comparisons between groups DENT and CAD as well as between nondental and dental software programs were performed for the crowns and laminate veneers using the Wilcoxon signed-rank and paired t tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For group DENT, median deviations for single crowns were 0.15 mm (range: 0.08 to 1.05 mm) and for laminate veneers they were 0.15 mm (range: 0.08 to 0.76 mm). For group CAD, median deviations for single crowns were 0.16 mm (range: 0.09 to 0.73 mm) and for laminate veneers they were 0.10 mm (range: 0.06 to 0.53 mm). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a statistically significant difference between groups DENT and CAD (P = 0.041) and between the software programs (P = 0.029) for laminate veneers, but not for single crowns (P > 0.05). Furthermore, mean times required for group CAD and for dental software programs were significantly shorter than those for group DENT (P = 0.001) and for nondental software programs (P = 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the present study, the findings suggest that CAD expertise and the software program significantly affect digital wax patterns for laminate veneers, but not for single crowns. (Int J Comput Dent 2022;25(4):361-0; doi: 10.3290/j.ijcd.b3555819).

Sorption and post-sorption performances of Cd, Pb and Zn onto peat, compost and biochar.

The development of waste-derived sorbents to immobilize potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a promising strategy, contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the sorption performance of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn), comparing sorbents derived from organic fraction of municipal solid waste (composts and biochars) with peat. The physicochemical characterization, equilibrium of sorption, post-sorption analyzes and bioaccessibility were investigated. Results showed that the sorbents have distinct characteristics; however, each material have their particularities favorable to sorption. For instance, peat and composts have the highest cation exchange capacity (800-1100 mmolc kg-1), while biochar produced at 700 °C has the highest specific surface area (91.21 m2 g-1). The sorption equilibrium data revealed the actual sorption capacity and was well explained by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms and, in some cases, by the Dubinin-Radushkevich model. Post-sorption analyzes indicated the occurrence of several sorption mechanisms, driven by the physicochemical properties. Electrostatic interaction stood out for peat and compost. The FTIR spectrum for peat proved the complexation with oxygenated functional groups. The composts showed variations in the released cations (e.g. Ca2+ and K+), indicating cation exchange. Differently, for biochars, the XRD patterns showed that precipitation or coprecipitation seems to be one of the main mechanisms, especially for Cd and Pb. Regarding human bioaccessibility, the results of the gastric phase simulation (pH∼1.20) revealed lower percentages of Pb (33-81%) than Cd (91-99%) or Zn (82-99%), especially for the highest concentrations. Nevertheless, in numerical terms, all bioaccessible concentrations inspire care. In conclusion, among the sorbents, composts and biochars presented the best sorption performances and, therefore, have great potential for environmental applications. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility findings indicate that these assays, still little used in experiments with sorbents, are an important tool that should be better explored in the assessment of the environmental risk associated with contamination.

Sorption of arsenic by composts and biochars derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes: Kinetic, isotherm and oral bioaccessibility study.

The historic contamination of water and soils by arsenic (As) is an extremely alarming environmental and public health issue worldwide. This study investigated the relationship between As sorption and physicochemical properties of composts and biochars derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) towards the development of promising sorbents with value-added solid wastes management solutions. The sorbents were characterized and their effectiveness on the As sorption was tested. Several isothermal and kinetic sorption models were used for the prediction of sorption. Composts did not show promising sorption capacities, and in some cases, the As immobilization was practically null. In contrast, biochars achieved higher sorption performance, and the experimental data fitted well on Dubinin-Rabushkevich and Langmuir models, with higher R2 values. The maximum sorption capacities of BC700 estimated by such models were 6.495 and 170.252 mg g-1, respectively, whereas those of BC500 estimated by D-R and Langmuir models were only 0.066 and 0.070 mg g-1, respectively. In sorption kinetics, As was retained onto biochars at a faster first stage, reaching equilibrium after approximately 1 h and 2 h for initial concentrations of 10 and 100 mg L-1. The pseudo-second-order, Ritchie's second-order, Ritchie's, and Elovich models more adequately described the sorption kinetics of As onto biochars with high R2 values. Overall, the complexation and precipitation were predominant mechanisms for As sorption by OFMSW-derived biochars. Furthermore, the mathematical models indicated contributions arise from physisorption and external and internal diffusion mechanisms. Although BC700 can immobilize large As amounts, the gastric phase of the oral bioaccessibility test revealed more than 80% of the sorbed As could be released under conditions similar to a human stomach (pH~1.2). Such conclusions have given important insights about the refining of effective and eco-friendly remediation technologies for the management and rehabilitation of As-contaminated soil and water, particularly in developing countries.

A review of pesticides sorption in biochar from maize, rice, and wheat residues: Current status and challenges for soil application.

The use of pesticides has been increasing in recent years for maintaining traditional agricultural practices. However, these chemicals are associated with several environmental impacts, demanding urgent remediation techniques. Biochar is a carbonaceous material produced by pyrolysis that has the potential for pesticide sorption and remediation. In this context, this interdisciplinary review systematically assessed the state of the knowledge of crop residues to produce biochar for pesticide sorption. We focused on maize, rice, and wheat residues since these are the three most-produced grains worldwide. Besides, we evaluated different biochar handling, storage, and soil dispersion techniques to ease its implementation in agriculture. In general, pyrolysis temperature influences biochar characteristics and its potential for pesticide sorption. Furthermore, biochar amended soils had greater pesticide sorption capacity, limiting potential leaching and runoff. Most studies showed that the feedstock and specific surface area influence the biochar sorption properties, among other factors. Also, biochar reduces pesticides' bioavailability, decreasing their toxicity to soil organisms and improving soil fertility and crop yields. Nonetheless, the retrieved papers assessed only 21 pesticides, mainly consisting of lab-scale batch experiments. Therefore, there is still a gap in studies evaluating biochar aging, its potential desorption, pesticide co-contaminations, the associated microbiological processes, and field applications. Determining flow properties for biochars of different sizes and pellets is vital for reliable handling equipment design, and performing techno-economic assessment under different farm contexts is encouraged. Ultimately, coupling biochar production with residue management could address this challenge on sustainable agricultural systems.

Educational approaches for assessing knowledge about and actions of educators in response to dental avulsion.

BACKGROUND: Dental trauma affects especially schoolchildren and adolescents. Educators, the responsible for the first appointment, have a fundamental role in the prognosis of dental avulsion that occurred in this environment. AIM: To evaluate the educational approaches for assessing knowledge and actions in response to dental avulsion among educators. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This cross-sectional and quanti-qualitative study included 197 teachers and 24 pedagogical coordinators (PCs), from the public schools of Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil. METHODS: A questionnaire was initially administered regarding the knowledge about avulsion to all participants. Teachers just read a manual and answered the questionnaire after 30 days. PCs were divided into (n = 12): G1 - manual + fictitious scenario of avulsion and G2 - active methodology + fictitious scenario. The questionnaire was re-administered to all. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Quantitative data were analyzed statistically. For the qualitative stage, two questions were proposed and the Bardin's analysis was performed. RESULTS: For teachers, knowledge about avulsion increased after the intervention (P < 0.001), except as related to cleaning the tooth (P = 0.21). Activities involving G1 and G2 also led to an increase in knowledge, but no difference occurred in this increase between the approaches (P = 0.14). Qualitative analysis highlighted the need for calm and for performing actions that could favor a good prognosis in cases of avulsion. CONCLUSIONS: The level of knowledge increased after interventions, but no significant differences between the educational approaches were found.

Effectiveness of the Elos 2.0 prevention programme for the reduction of problem behaviours and promotion of social skills in schoolchildren: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Early interventions benefit the mental health, academic performance and productivity of children and adolescents throughout their life. The present study protocol will evaluate the effectiveness of the Elos 2.0 Programme, which is a version adapted for Brazil by the Ministry of Health, in reducing problem behaviours (e.g., disruptiveness, aggressivity and shyness) and promoting social skills in the school context in children 6 to 10 years of age. The Elos Programme is based on the Good Behaviour Game, which is widely used and prevents and/or reduces students' disruptive behaviours by establishing cooperation contingencies. METHOD: A cluster-randomized controlled trial will be performed in 30 schools in three cities (15 controls and 15 in the experimental group), with a total of 3800 children participating in the test (1900 in the control group and 1900 in the intervention group). Data will be collected by having teachers in the control and experimental classes complete the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation (TOCA) questionnaire, which is an instrument used to observe children's behaviour in the classroom. We will collect data before and after the intervention period in the same year. Due to the hierarchical structure of the data, multilevel analysis will be performed to detect simultaneous differences in prevalence over time and across groups to control for sociodemographic variables. DISCUSSION: The current study will examine the effectiveness of the Elos 2.0 Programme in reducing problem behaviours (e.g., disruptiveness, aggressivity and shyness) and promoting social skills in the school context. The findings of this school-based prevention programme for children will influence the development and implementation of similar programmes for schools and educational policymakers by identifying mechanisms that are central to achieving positive outcomes for participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registry of Clinical Trials of the Ministry of Health RBR-86c6jp . Registered February 2, 2019.

Fecal Genetic Mutations and Human DNA in Colorectal Cancer and Polyps Patients.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent cancers. Genetic mutations in CRC already described can be detected in feces. Microarray methods in feces can represent a new diagnostic tool for CRC and significant improvement at public health. AIM: to analyze stool DNA by human DNA quantify and microarray methods as alternatives to CRC screening. METHOD: Three methods were analyzed in stool samples: Human DNA Quantify, RanplexCRC and KRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA (KBP) Arrays. RESULTS: KBP array mutations were presented in 60.7% of CRC patients and RanplexCRC Array mutations in 61.1% of CRC patients. Sensitivity and specificity for human DNA quantification was 66% and 82% respectively. Fecal KBP Array had 35% sensitivity and 96% specificity and RanplexCRC Array method had 78% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSION: Microarray methods showed promise as potential biomarkers for CRC screening; however, these methods had to be optimized to improve accuracy and applicability by clinical routine.

Megafauna Seed Dispersal in the Neotropics: A Meta-Analysis Shows No Genetic Signal of Loss of Long-Distance Seed Dispersal.

Restricted gene flow may lead to the loss of genetic diversity and higher genetic differentiation among populations, but the genetic consequences of megafauna extinction for plant populations still remain to be assessed. We performed a phylogenetic-independent meta-analysis across 102 Neotropical plants to test the hypothesis that plant species with megafaunal seed dispersal syndrome have a lower genetic diversity and a higher genetic differentiation than those without it. We classified as megafauna-dependent plant species those that potentially relied only on megafauna to seed dispersal, and as megafauna-independent those that relied on megafauna and other seed dispersers. Our data comprised 98 studies using microsatellite markers. We found no statistical difference in genetic diversity and differentiation between plants with megafauna and non-megafauna seed dispersal syndrome, although the statistical power to detect differences in genetic differentiation was low. Moreover, we found no statistical difference between megafauna-dependent and megafauna-independent plant species. We then used generalized linear mixed models and phylogenetic generalized least square models to investigate the effects of megafaunal seed dispersal syndromes and reproductive traits on variation in genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. We found no effect of megafaunal syndrome, rather, reproductive traits, such as pollination mode, mating, and breeding systems, showed significant effects. Our findings show that the genetic studies of Neotropical plants performed so far show no difference in genetic diversity and differentiation in plants with megafaunal compared to those with non-megafaunal seed dispersal syndromes. Our results also provide evidence pointing out that plant species with megafaunal seed dispersal syndromes may have used different strategies to counterbalance the extinction of their mutualistic megafauna dispersers, such as the dispersal by extant mammals that may promote long-distance seed dispersal. Our results also reinforce the importance of pollination to long-distance gene flow in Neotropical plants.

Pesquisa científica em Endodontia apresentada na Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica: análise bibliométrica de 2010 a 2018 / Scientific production in Endodontics at the Meeting of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research: bibliometric analysis from 2010 to 2018

A Reunião anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica (SBPqO) é um importante evento da produção científica odontológica no país. A avaliação do perfil dos trabalhos apresentados pode identificar características e a evolução da pesquisa em Endodontia. Por meio desta análise bibliométrica retrospectiva buscou-se investigar a produção científica na área de Endodontia nos suplementos das reuniões da SBPqO, de 2010 a 2018. Os suplementos foram acessados on-line, no sítio web da instituição, e os resumos foram analisados de acordo com a região de origem: Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste; e categorias temáticas: Terapêutica, Anatomia, Biossegurança, Microbiologia, Citologia/Genética, Diagnóstico, Epidemiologia, Materiais, Técnicas, Instrumentos, Traumatismo e Desfecho clínico. Dos 22.310 resumos publicados no período, foram selecionados 2516 da área de Endodontia. No ano de 2010 houve o maior número de resumos publicados (n=375). Prevaleceram as pesquisas voltadas à análise de materiais (27,1%) e de técnicas (20,6%). As regiões Sudeste e Sul apresentaram frequências de resumos com valores de 65,5% e 17,2%, respectivamente, enquanto a menor participação foi da região Norte (2,5%). A frequência de pesquisas de Endodontia publicadas nos resumos dos suplementos da SBPqO se manteve equilibrada ao longo do período analisado, com destaque para objetivos focados em materiais e técnicas e maior produtividade das regiões Sudeste e Sul (AU).

The annual meeting of the Brazilian Society of Dental Research (Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica - SBPqO) is an important event of dental scientific production in the country. The evaluation of the profile of the presented research can identify characteristics and the evolution of Endodontics research. Through retrospective bibliometric analysis, meeting supplements from 2010 to 2018 were investigated to determine the scientific production in the area of Endodontics in SBPqO. The supplements were accessed online, via the institution's website, and the abstracts were analyzed according to region of origin: North, Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast; and thematic categories: Therapeutics, Anatomy, Biosafety, Microbiology, Cytology/Genetics, Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Materials, Techniques, Instruments, Trauma and Clinical Outcome. Of the 22,310 abstracts published in the period, 2516 were selected from the Endodontics area. In 2010 there was the largest number of published abstracts (n = 375). Prevailed the research focused on the analysis of materials (27.1%) and techniques (20.6%). The Southeast and South regions presented summary frequencies with values of 65.5% and 17.2%, respectively, while the lowest participation was from the North region (2.5%). The frequency of Endodontic research published in SBPqO supplement remained balanced over the analyzed period, with emphasis on objectives focused on materials and techniques, and higher productivity in the Southeast and South (AU).