ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chikungunya is a viral disease of tropical distribution which affects individuals in different countries of the world and is associated to variable clinical presentations, characterized by the existence of two phases: acute and chronic. The acute phase is short-lasting with nonspecific symptoms. The chronic phase is marked by persistent pain, impairing patients' quality of life. This study aimed at discussing Chikungunya, from the pain clinician point of view, paying attention to its epidemiological, pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects, especially with regard to pain management. CONTENTS: Chikyngunya's pathophysiology is poorly understood and involves predominantly peripheral mechanisms. It is diagnosed by observation of suggestive clinical presentation associated to specific laboratory exams. Management of patients with confirmed diagnosis involves common analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, in addition to steroids, antidepressants and anticonvulsants for refractory cases. Patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease seem to benefit from methotrexate. CONCLUSION: Chikungunya is a complex and still poorly understood entity. There are different therapeutic schemes to treat pain associated to it, however 40% of patients evolve with chronic pain and impairment of quality of life.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A chikungunya é uma doença viral de distribuição tropical que acomete indivíduos em diferentes países do mundo e está associada a quadro clinico variável, caracterizado pela existência de duas fases: aguda e crônica. A fase aguda é de curta duração e de sintomas inespecíficos. A fase crônica é marcada pela presença de dor persistente, com comprometimento da qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir a chikungunya sob a ótica do clinico de dor, atentando para os seus aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos, principalmente no que diz respeito ao tratamento dos sintomas álgicos. CONTEÚDO: A fisiopatologia da chikungunya é pouco compreendida e envolve mecanismos predominantemente periféricos. O seu diagnóstico é feito por meio da observação de quadro clinico sugestivo, associado a realização de exames laboratoriais específicos. A condução dos pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado envolve a utilização de analgésico comum e anti-inflamatório, além de corticosteroides, antidepressivos e anticonvulsivantes nos casos refratários. Pacientes com doença reumática inflamatória crônica parecem se beneficiar do uso de metotrexato. CONCLUSÃO: A chikungunya é uma entidade complexa e ainda pouco compreendida. Diferentes esquemas terapêuticos estão disponíveis para o tratamento do quadro álgico a ela associado, entretanto 40% dos pacientes evoluem com dor crônica e comprometimento da qualidade de vida.
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INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C is the major cause of liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma and shows a global prevalence of 3%. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with extrahepatic manifestations (e.g., cutaneous affections) and psoriasis has been reported as a comorbidity. However, there are few studies analyzing this association. OBJECTIVES: 1) To evaluate anti-HCV prevalence (confirmed by the detection of HCV-RNA) in patients with psoriasis and its potential clinical implications; 2) to analyze the prevalence of other infections in this population: hepatitis B virus (HBV), human T lymphotropic virus, subtypes I and II (HTLVI/II), and human immunodeficiency virus, subtypes I and II (HIV I/II). METHODS: This is cross sectional study that included patients older than 18 years-old with psoriasis from a Teaching Hospital in Salvador, Bahia. An epidemiological questionnaire was administered and serological tests were performed: surface HBV antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs), anti-HTL VI/II, anti-HIV I/II, and anti-HCV. Anti-HCV positive results were confirmed by HCV-RNA detection and viral genotype was determined. Skin lesions were evaluated using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Liver biopsies were analyzed according to the METAVIR score. RESULTS: From the 140 patients included in the study, 7.1% were anti-HCV positive confirmed by the detection of HCV RNA. This prevalence was higher than that in the city of Salvador (1.5%). Other serological results were: HBsAg 0%, anti-HBs 25.8%, HTLV I/II (0,9%), and HIV I/II 0%. PASI score was higher in positive anti-HCV patients than in their negative counterparts (19.5 versus 13.4). Histopathological analysis showed 66.7% of patients with METAVIR F3/F4. CONCLUSION: Anti-HCV prevalence was higher in psoriasis patients than in the general population of the city. More severe skin lesions were found in HCV patients.
