ABSTRACT
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) currently offers the highest resolution available in 3D printing (â¼100 nm) but requires femtosecond laser pulses at very high peak intensity (â¼1 TW/cm2). Here, we demonstrate 3D printing based on triplet-triplet-annihilation photopolymerization (TTAP), which achieves submicron resolution while using a continuous visible LED light source with comparatively low light intensity (â¼10 W/cm2). TTAP enables submicrometer feature sizes with exposure times of â¼0.1 s/voxel without requiring a coherent or pulsed light source, opening the door to low-cost fabrication with submicron resolution. This approach enables 3D printing of a diverse array of designs with high resolution and is amenable to future parallelization efforts.
