ABSTRACT
Oxidative stress plays an important role in specific disease pathophysiology and the aging process. In the history of human kind, many herbs were utilized for disease prevention and anti-aging treatment. However, there are few direct evidences provided by modern laboratory technology. The current study was designed to evaluate Ganoderma Lucidum's (GL) ability to reduce the damage from in vivo ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) using a rabbit model of I/R that has been effectively utilized to prove the effects of drugs and supplements to reduce oxidative stress. Urinary bladder dysfunction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major affliction of aging men. One of the major etiologies of obstructive bladder dysfunction (OBD) is oxidative stress induced by I/R. Pharmaceutical studies and clinical research have proven that GL is useful in helping to prevent certain types of pathology and also helpful in prolonging human life in part by acting as an antioxidant. Using an in vivo model of I/R, we have investigated the ability of GL to protect bladder function from oxidative damage mediated by I/R. Our studies demonstrated that ischemia followed by reperfusion resulted in a significant decrease in bladder compliance and decreases in the contractile responses to a variety of forms of contractile stimulation. Pretreatment of rabbits with Ganoderma Lucidum prior to subjecting the rabbits to I/R completely inhibited the negative effects of I/R on both the compliance and contractile responses. These results demonstrate that Ganoderma provides excellent protection of bladder function following I/R (oxidative stress).
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Reishi/chemistry , Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy , Spores, Fungal , Urinary Bladder Diseases/drug therapy , Urinary Bladder/metabolism , Animals , Antioxidants/chemistry , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Rabbits , Reperfusion Injury/metabolism , Urinary Bladder/pathology , Urinary Bladder Diseases/metabolism , Urinary Bladder Diseases/pathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Antiandrogens available for patients with advanced prostate cancer are reported to cause hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiandrogen-associated hepatotoxicity in patients with advanced prostate cancer. METHODS: By retrospective charts review, 229 patients (47-89 years old) with advanced prostate cancer treated by total androgen blockade (TAB) with bilateral orchiectomy or LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) analogues plus antiandrogen, or antiandrogen-radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. There were 124 patients taking flutamide 750 mg daily and 105 patients taking cyproterone acetate (CPA) 150 mg daily. Hepatotoxicity defined by the International Consensus Meeting in 1990 and Food and Drug Administration, USA was used to evaluate the hepatotoxicity (including serious hepatotoxicity). RESULTS: There was a higher occurrence of hepatotoxicity in patients taking flutamide (15.3%) than taking CPA (9.5%) (p = 0.034). The occurrence of serious hepatotoxicity of flutamide and CPA was 4.8% (6/124) and 3.8% (4/105), respectively. The mean latency period of hepatotoxicity for CPA was 4.8 +/- 2.0 months for flutamide and 5.8 +/- 1.9 months for CPA, respectively. The 2 groups made no significant difference of liver enzyme (mean maximal alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) = 284.2 +/- 99.3/300.6 +/- 58.5 U/L versus 341.8 +/- 67.1/301.6 +/- 80.5 U/L). All of the 19 patients (100%) and 9 of 10 patients (90%) with flutamide and CPA-induced hepatotoxicity got self-resolution after discontinuation of the antiandrogens. The average time of self-resolution is 4.5 +/- 3.1 months and 6.3 +/- 4.7 months for flutamide and CPA, respectively. Five patients of flutamide-induced and 2 patients of CPA-induced hepatotoxicity got resolution after changing to other antiandrogen. CONCLUSIONS: Flutamide and CPA appear to cause hepatotoxic effects in some patients. Discontinuation of the antiandrogens seems to be the resolution of hepatotoxicity. A change to other antiandrogen may be the alternative strategy to the antiandrogen-induced hepatotoxicity. The results of this study suggest that all patients received flutamide and CPA should be monitored carefully for signs and symptoms referable to hepatic injury to prevent the development of serious hepatic dysfunction.
