ABSTRACT
Currently, the majority of industrial metal processing involves the use of taps for cutting. However, existing tap machines require relocation to specialized inspection stations and only assess the condition of the cutting edges for defects. They do not evaluate the quality of the cutting angles and the amount of removed material. Machine vision, a key component of smart manufacturing, is commonly used for visual inspection. Taps are employed for processing various materials. Traditional tap replacement relies on the technician's accumulated empirical experience to determine the service life of the tap. Therefore, we propose the use of visual inspection of the tap's external features to determine whether replacement or regrinding is needed. We examined the bearing surface of the tap and utilized single images to identify the cutting angle, clearance angle, and cone angles. By inspecting the side of the tap, we calculated the wear of each cusp. This inspection process can facilitate the development of a tap life system, allowing for the estimation of the durability and wear of taps and nuts made of different materials. Statistical analysis can be employed to predict the lifespan of taps in production lines. Experimental error is 16 µm. Wear from tapping 60 times is equivalent to 8 s of electric grinding. We have introduced a parameter, thread removal quantity, which has not been proposed by anyone else.
ABSTRACT
Nuts are the cornerstone of human industrial construction, especially A-grade nuts that can only be used in power plants, precision instruments, aircraft, and rockets. However, the traditional nuts inspection method is to manually operate the measuring instrument for conducting an inspection, so the quality of the A-grade nut cannot be guaranteed. In this work, a machine vision-based inspection system was proposed, which performs a real-time geometric inspection of the nuts before and after tapping on the production line. In order to automatically screen out A-Grade nuts on the production line, there are 7 inspections within this proposed nut inspection system. The measurements of parallel, opposite side length, straightness, radius, roundness, concentricity, and eccentricity were proposed. To shorten the overall detection time regarding nut production, the program needed to be accurate and uncomplicated. By modifying the Hough line and Hough circle, the algorithm became faster and more suitable for nut detection. The optimized Hough line and Hough circle can be used for all measures in the testing process.
ABSTRACT
The effect of confining ionic liquids (ILs) such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [C2C1Im][BF4] or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [C4C1Im][BF4] in silica matrices was investigated by high-pressure IR spectroscopy. The samples were prepared via the sol-gel method, and the pressure-dependent changes in the C-H absorption bands were investigated. No appreciable changes were observed in the spectral features when the ILs were confined in silica matrices under ambient pressure. That is, the infrared measurements obtained under ambient pressure were not sufficient to detect the interfacial interactions between the ILs and the porous silica. However, dramatic differences were observed in the spectral features of [C2C1Im][BF4] and [C4C1Im][BF4] in silica matrices under the conditions of high pressures. The surfaces of porous silica appeared to weaken the cation-anion interactions caused by pressure-enhanced interfacial IL-silica interactions. This confinement effect under high pressures was less obvious for [C4C1Im][BF4]. The size of the cations appeared to play a prominent role in the IL-silica systems.
