Study on the Association between anterior tooth Colour Preference based on the FAHP and individual factors.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between tooth colour and individual satisfaction in oral aesthetics has long been a topic of interest. In this study, we utilized the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to investigate the impacts of sex and age on tooth colour preference. The findings of this study should provide a scientific basis for oral aesthetic practice. METHODS: In the current study, a random selection method was employed, and a survey was completed by 120 patients. To obtain tooth colour data, standard tooth colour charts were used. Smile photos were taken as template images using a single-lens reflex camera. The FAHP was utilized to conduct a weight analysis of tooth colour preferences among patients of different sexes and age groups. RESULTS: There were significant differences in tooth colour preference based on sex and age. Men tend to prefer the B1 colour, while women may prioritize the aesthetic effects of other colours. Additionally, as patients age, their preferences for tooth colour become more diverse. These findings offer valuable insights for oral aesthetics practitioners, enabling them to better address the aesthetic needs of patients across different sexes and ages. This knowledge can aid in the development of more personalized treatment plans that align with patients' expectations. CONCLUSION: In this study, we utilized scientific analysis methods to quantify the popularity of different tooth colours among various groups of people. By doing so, we established a scientific foundation for clinical practice. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for oral aesthetic research, enhancing our understanding of tooth colour. Additionally, these findings have practical applications in the field of oral medicine, potentially improving patients' quality of life and overall oral health.

Adaptation of agriculture to extreme weather events: evidence from apple farmers' organic fertilizer use in China.

Overcoming the challenge of more frequent and extreme weather events holds importance in agricultural production. We take spring frost disasters as a representative extreme weather event to identify how perennial economic crop farmers adjust the quantity of organic fertilizer used in response to extreme weather events and their adjustment mechanism. In this study, we establish a conceptual framework for the adaptation mechanism of apple growers under extreme weather events. This article draws and verifies five hypotheses through on-site investigations of apple growers in Shaanxi Province, China. Empirical evidence shows that farmers increase the quantity of commercial organic fertilizer materials in the year and in the following year when spring frost occurs, indicating that their adaptative behavior can be subdivided into repair and prevention. Mechanism analysis shows that liquidity constraints impact farmers' adaptive behavior. Liquidity constraints limit the ability of farmers to increase the quantity of commercial organic fertilizer materials to adapt to a spring frost disaster. Furthermore, for farmers not constrained by liquidity constraints, household resource endowment conditions still affect their adaptive behavior. Significantly, the household labor force size mainly influences farmers to increase commercial organic fertilizer to adapt to a spring frost disaster. Our findings highlight the differences between the adaptive behavior mechanism of perennial crop farmers and food crop farmers. Moreover, we reconfirm the stimulating effect of organic fertilizer on crop production.