Association between periodontitis treatment and dementia in Taiwanese adults.

BACKGROUND: The chronic systemic inflammatory response in periodontitis may be a potential risk factor for dementia, especially in adults. This study determined the association between periodontal treatment and dementia in adults and evaluated the effect of regular scaling treatment on the risk of dementia in this population. METHODS: This case-control study identified 18,930 patients with a dementia-related diagnosis from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Scaling and periodontal emergency treatments were evaluated after 1 year and 3 years. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association between periodontal emergency treatment and dementia risk. RESULTS: The results showed that scaling treatment rates were lower in the dementia cohort than the non-dementia cohort after 1 and 3 years. Patients who received periodontal emergency treatment within 3 years had a significantly increased risk of dementia. Furthermore, patients with periodontitis who did not receive scaling treatment within 3 years had a higher risk of dementia than patients without periodontitis (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.10-1.35). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that periodontitis and dementia are associated, and that periodontitis is a risk factor for dementia in adults. The risk of dementia was dependent on the periodontal health status of adults, and our findings suggest that regular scaling can reduce the incidence of dementia in adults. Therefore, regular and routine scaling treatment is suggested for adults.

A nationwide study of prenatal exposure to illicit drugs and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and disruptive behavioral disorders.

This cohort study aimed to examine the association between prenatal exposure to illicit drugs and neurodevelopmental and disruptive behavioral disorders (DBD) in children aged 7-12 years, using data from four national databases in Taiwan from 2004 to 2016. We linked parental and child IDs from the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health database to track children's health status from birth to at least age 7 and identify those diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. The study included 896,474 primiparous women who gave birth between 2004 and 2009, with 752 pregnant women with illicit drug use history and 7520 matched women without. The results of the study showed that prenatal illicit drug exposure was significantly associated with the development of neurodevelopmental disorders and DBD in offspring. The adjusted hazard ratios for developmental delay, mild-to-severe intellectual disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and DBD were 1.54 (95 % CI: 1.21-1.95), 2.63 (95 % CI: 1.64-4.19), 1.58 (95 % CI: 1.23-2.03), and 2.57 (95 % CI: 1.21-5.48), respectively. Furthermore, prenatal exposure to methamphetamine increased the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders and DBD in offspring, while opioid use was significantly associated with a higher risk of three types of neurodevelopmental disorders, but not with DBD. The use of sedative hypnotic drugs alone was not associated with any increased risk of the three types of neurodevelopmental disorders or DBD. However, we found a significant interaction effect between prenatal illicit drug exposure and the use of sedative hypnotic drugs, which increased the risk of developmental delay.

Serious Infection Rates Among Patients with Select Autoimmune Conditions: A Claims-Based Retrospective Cohort Study from Taiwan and the USA.

INTRODUCTION: Serious infections are an important concern for patients with autoimmune conditions. We sought to estimate serious infection rates among patients with select autoimmune conditions relative to the general population in Taiwan and the USA. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study estimated setting-specific standardized serious infection incidence rates and ratios among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, including extra-renal lupus and lupus nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis and primary membranous nephropathy, compared with the general population using insurance claims for hospitalizations between 2000 and 2013. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios for serious infections, adjusting for age, sex, index year, prior serious infection, comorbidities and medications. RESULTS: In Taiwan, serious infection rates were 22.7, 28.7, 70.6, 43.4 and 215.3 per 1000 person-years among the general population and among cohorts of patients with primary membranous nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, extra-renal lupus and lupus nephritis, respectively. In the USA, serious infection rates were 2.6, 9.0, 15.6, 21.0 and 63.3 per 1000 person-years among the general population and among cohorts of patients with primary membranous nephropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, extra-renal lupus and lupus nephritis, respectively. Patients had significantly higher serious infection rates than the general population in both settings, largely driven by bacterial, respiratory, urinary tract and opportunistic infections. Patients with lupus nephritis had the highest burden of serious infections relative to the general population, with 7- to 25-fold higher adjusted hazard ratios in Taiwan and the USA, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study identified a significant excess serious infection burden among patients with targeted autoimmune conditions compared with the general populations in Taiwan and the USA.

Domestic violence against pregnant women is a potential risk factor for low birthweight in full-term neonates: A population-based retrospective cohort study.

Domestic violence's most frequently reported outcomes are preterm delivery and low birthweight, both of which are the strongest correlates of mortality and morbidity. Several studies have shown that pregnant women with domestic violence during pregnancy were more likely to deliver low-birthweight and preterm neonates. However, there has been no consensus on associations between domestic violence and low-birthweight and preterm delivery. To examine the impact of domestic violence on birthweight stratified by preterm or full-term delivery, a population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted that linked four national databases in Taiwan. A total of 1,322 subjects associated with a report of domestic violence during pregnancy were compared with 485,981 subjects without any record of reported domestic violence. The percentage of low birthweight in the group exposed to domestic violence was significantly higher than in the unexposed group with full-term delivery (4.9% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that pregnant women exposed to domestic violence had an OR of 1.37 (95% CI 1.05, 1.79) for low birthweight in full-term delivery. However, domestic violence was not significantly associated with low birthweight in preterm delivery. Screening for intimate partner violence in the perinatal health care system should be seen as especially important for women who have had full-term low-birthweight neonates.

The Association between Bodily Pain and Cognitive Impairment in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Bodily pain is a common condition in older adults and interferes with individuals' cognitive functioning. We aimed to evaluate the association between bodily pain and related locations and cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan. METHOD: In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, we enrolled 2022 participants aged 60‒70 years, from the Taiwan Biobank. Mini-Mental State Examination was performed to assess cognitive impairment. Further, logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the relationship between bodily pain and cognitive impairment. RESULTS: Overall, 161 participants had cognitive impairment. Multivariable analysis showed that older adults who reported bodily pain were more likely than those who did not have cognitive impairment (odds ratio 1.68). Moreover, the occurrence of cognitive impairment correlated with the presence of two or more pain locations and self-reported low back and waist pain or sciatica. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that cognitive impairment was associated with bodily pain in community-dwelling older adults, particularly older adults with low back and waist pain or sciatica and those with two or more pain locations. To maintain the quality of older adults' life, pain and cognitive decline need to be simultaneously assessed with considerably more precise and objective markers.

Impact of Scaling and Periodontal Treatment during Pregnancy on the Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are associated with periodontal disease owing to the induction of a chronic systemic inflammatory response. Hence, knowledge of periodontal status during pregnancy is important in order to reduce the risk of APOs. The aim of this study was to compare the risk of APOs in women with and without periodontal disease to ascertain whether regular scaling performed prior to pregnancy improves the risk of APOs. METHOD: This case-control study enrolled1,386,887 pregnant women from the National Health Insurance Research Database who gave birth to their first child between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2014. The study population included mothers who gave birth to low birth weight (LBW) and non-LBW newborns, totaling 86,958 and 1,299,929, respectively. Scaling and periodontal emergency treatment during and before pregnancy were assessed. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the associations between periodontal treatment and LBW risk. RESULTS: Compared with the comparison cohort, the pregnant women who didnot have periodontal emergency treatment or scaling treatment during pregnancy exhibited a significantly increased risk of LBW than those who had treatment. Women who underwent scaling within the2 years before pregnancy or during pregnancy had a lower risk of delivering a LBW baby (odds ratio (OR), 0.93; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91-0.94). In the normal group, the mothers who had periodontal emergency treatment within the2 years before pregnancy or during pregnancy had a higher risk of delivering a LBW baby (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08). In those who had scaling treatment, a lower risk of delivering a LBW baby was noted (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93-0.97). CONCLUSION: The risk of LBW was significantly increased in women who underwent periodontal treatment, and our findings suggested that periodontal disease is an important risk factor for preterm LBW babies in an East Asian population.

Invasive Candidiasis in Hospitalized Patients with Major Burns.

BACKGROUND: Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a major cause of morbidities and mortality in patients hospitalized with major burns. This study investigated the incidence of IC in this specific population and analyzed the possible risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. We identified 3582 patients hospitalized with major burns on over 20% of their total body surface area (TBSA) during 2000-2013; we further analyzed possible risk factors. RESULT: IC was diagnosed in 452 hospitalized patients (12.6%) with major burns. In the multivariate analysis, patients older than 50 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36-2.82), those of female sex (adjusted OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.03-1.72), those with burns on the head (adjusted OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.02-1.73), and those with burns over a greater TBSA had higher risks of IC. CONCLUSION: Treating IC is crucial in healthcare for major burns. Our study suggests that several risk factors are associated with IC in patients hospitalized with major burns, providing reliable reference value for clinical decisions.

Perinatal Outcomes After Statin Exposure During Pregnancy.

Importance: Statins are the drug class most commonly used to treat hyperlipidemia. Recently, they have been used during pregnancy for the prevention or treatment of preeclampsia. However, the safety of statin use during pregnancy has been questioned, and the sample sizes of most previous studies have been small. Objective: To examine the perinatal outcomes among offspring associated with maternal use of statins during pregnancy. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study included 1 443 657 pregnant women 18 years of age or older with their first infant born during the period from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2014. Data for this study were taken from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Statistical analysis was performed from April 7, 2020, to July 31, 2021. Exposures: Maternal statin use during pregnancy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Women who have received a diagnosis of hyperlipidemia before pregnancy and who were receiving prescription statins during pregnancy were the statin-exposed group. Data on congenital anomalies, birth weight, gestational age, preterm birth, low birth weight, very low birth weight, fetal distress, and Apgar score were compared between participants with and partcipants without statin exposure during pregnancy. Risk ratios (RRs) were calculated by multivariable analyses using Poisson regression models to adjust for potential confounders. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare offspring of women who used statins for more than 3 months prior to pregnancy and maintained or stopped statin use after pregnancy. Results: A total of 469 women (mean [SD] age, 32.6 [5.4] years; mean [SD] gestational age, 38.4 [1.6] weeks) who used statins during pregnancy and 4690 age-matched controls (mean [SD] age, 32.0 [4.9] years; mean [SD] gestational age, 37.3 [2.4] weeks) with no statin exposure during pregnancy were enrolled. After controlling for maternal comorbidities and age, low birth weight was more common among offspring in the statin-exposed group (RR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.05-2.16]), with a greater chance of preterm birth (RR, 1.99 [95% CI, 1.46-2.71]), and a lower 1-minute Apgar score (RR, 1.83 [95% CI, 1.04-3.20]). Congenital anomalies were not associated with statin exposure during pregnancy. In addition, multivariable analysis showed that there was no association between statin use for periconceptual hyperlipidemia and adverse perinatal outcomes among women who had used statins prior to pregnancy. Conclusions and Relevance: This study suggests that statins may be safe when used during pregnancy because there was no association with congenital anomalies, but caution is needed because of an increased risk of low birth weight and preterm labor. The data also suggest that statins could be safely used during pregnancy for women with long-term use of statins before pregnancy.

Adverse effects on birth weight of parental illegal drug use during pregnancy and within two years before pregnancy.

This study investigates possible links between maternal illegal drug use during pregnancy and up to two years before pregnancy with birth weight (BW), and explores the potential role of paternal illegal drug use on low birth weight. A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted that linked four national databases in Taiwan. A total of 1,698 subjects with a criminal record of schedule I or II illegal drug use within two years before pregnancy were enrolled as the drug-exposed group, and 16,980 matched subjects were enrolled as the unexposed group. Multivariate analysis of BW found a decrease of 108.63 g (95% CI: -172.29, -44.96), 79.67 g (95% CI: -116.91, -42.43), and 69.78 g (95% CI: -106.71, -32.84) in newborns whose mothers used illegal drugs only during pregnancy (period I), only within one year before pregnancy (period II), and only within the second year before pregnancy (period III), respectively. Paternal use of illegal drugs before maternal pregnancy was significantly associated with low birth weight. The paternal effect on low birth weight was opposite the maternal effect. The adverse effect of illegal drug use on birth weight existed even if the mother did not use drugs during pregnancy but had ever used drugs during the two years before pregnancy. Paternal factors' contribution to low birth weight persisted, and the decrement of BW was even greater than the maternal effect within one or two years before pregnancy. Maternal and paternal illegal drug use may have a lasting effect on their offspring's birth weight.

The impact of pre-existing shoulder diseases and traumatic injuries of the shoulder on adhesive capsulitis in adult population: A population-based nested case-control study.

Adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a common chronic disorder for adult patients; however, whether a history of pre-existing shoulder diseases may affect the development of AC is still not fully understood. We aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of AC and to assess the association of pre-existing shoulder diseases and traumatic injuries of the shoulder with the development of AC in adults.This retrospective population-based cohort and nested case-control study used data from the National Health Institute Research Database of Taiwan. A total of 24,414 patients aged 20 years or older and with a diagnosis of AC were identified between 2000 and 2013. We calculated the incidence of AC for each year during the study period. In addition, these AC patients were matched with controls (n = 97,656) in a ratio of 1:4 based on age, gender, and index date. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to identify variables associated with AC.Females and patients aged 50 to 69 years had higher age-gender standardized incidence and prevalence of AC than their counterparts. Multivariate analyses showed that after adjusting for relevant covariates, pre-existing shoulder diseases of calcific tendinitis (odds ratio [OR] = 8.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.66-13.5), biceps tendinitis (OR = 7.93, 95% CI = 5.33-11.79), rotator cuff syndrome (OR = 6, 95% CI = 5.26-6.85), osteoarthritis (OR = 4.27, 95% CI = 3.44-5.3), and impingement syndrome (OR = 3.13, 95% CI = 2.64-3.71), as well as fracture (OR = 4.51, 95% CI = 3.82-5.34) and dislocation (OR = 3.57, 95% CI = 2.35-5.45) of the shoulder were significantly associated with AC risk.Higher odds of AC were observed among patients with pre-existing shoulder conditions. This study highlights the need to consider differences in AC risk among patients with various types of shoulder diseases and traumatic injuries of the shoulder.

The effect of professional fluoride application program for preschool children in Taiwan: An analysis using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD).

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Dental caries in primary dentition is a major public health problem in many countries, as well as Taiwan. The service of professional topical fluoride application for children under 5 years of age, performed twice a year by the BNHI in Taiwan through the "Preventive Dental Health Service for Children" plan, began in July 2004. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect and trend of professional topical fluoride application on dental utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample subjects were taken from the Normalized Million People File of 2010 in the National Health Insurance Research Database from 2000 to 2012, for the purpose of analyzing the status of the professional topical fluoride program. The main analysis included utilization of professional topical fluoride application, utilization of restorative treatment and utilization of endodontic therapy in children 1-to-5-years of age. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Professional topical fluoride utilization increased year upon year, particularly after 2012 (P < .001). There was a tendency to reduce the utilization of endodontic therapy (P < .001). The severity of dental caries (number of times receiving dental restoration or endodontic therapy) was decreased after professional topical fluoride application was performed (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Because the dental caries rate for preschool children in Taiwan remains high, it is beneficial to receive professional topical fluoride application for dental care, as this reduces the severity of dental caries and endodontic therapy needs.