Prevalencia de caries dental en adolescentes: asociación con género, escolaridad materna y estatus socioeconómico familia / Prevalence of dental caries in adolescents: association with gender, mother´s education level and family socioeconomic status

Introducción y Objetivo: La prevalencia de caries dental parece estar aumentando y los determinantes no están bien establecidos. Determinar la prevalencia de la caries dental en adolescentes y su asociación con el género, escolaridad materna y el estatus socioeconómico familiar. Materiales y Métodos: Es un estudio transversal de 1.893 adolescentes escolares, en edades de 13 a 18 años. La caries se identificó por exploración física directa. Se utilizó modelo de regresión logística para determinar la asociación entre el sexo, escolaridad materna, estatus socioeconómico familiar y la caries. El índice de caries fue medido como el número de dientes con caries (C), obturados (O), perdidos por caries (P), (COP-D) o superficies (COP-S) Resultados: La prevalencia de caries dental fue de 48,2%. El porcentaje de caries fue similar en hombres y en mujeres (48,3 vs. 48,2%). En la población total estudiada, el valor medio de COP-D fue 1,68±0,52 y el correspondiente valor medio de COP-S fue 2,47±1,08. Aproximadamente, 52,2% de las madres de los adolescentes tenían estudios menores a los de secundaria y 44,5% de los adolescentes vivían en el seno de una familia con nivel económico bajo. De acuerdo a los datos, el sexo, la escolaridad materna, el nivel socioeconómico no se encuentran relacionados con la caries dental en adolescentes. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos muestran que no existe asociación entre el sexo, escolaridad materna, nivel socioeconómico bajo y la caries dental en adolescentes. La caries dental afecta a un porcentaje importante de adolescentes.

Introduction and Objetive: Prevalence of dental caries appears to be increasing, and determinants are not well established. To determine the prevalence of dental caries in adolescents and its association with sex, maternal education and family socioeconomic status. Materials and Methods: This a cross-sectional study of 1.893 adolescent students, age 13 to 18 years. Dental caries was assessed by an intra-oral examination. Logistical regression was used to determine the association between sex, maternal schooling, family socioeconomic status and caries. Decay rate was measured as the number of teeth with decay (C), filled (O), extracted (P), (COP-D) or surfaces (COP-S). Results: Dental caries prevalence was 48,2%. Percentage of caries was similar in boys (48,3% vs. 48,2%) and in girls. In the overall population studied, the mean value of COP-D was 1,68±0,52 and the corresponding mean value of COP-S was 2,47±1,08. Approximately 52,2% of mothers of adolescents had completed High School and 44,5% of adolescents lived in a family with low economic status. According to the data, gender, maternal education and socioeconomic status were not related to dental caries in adolescents. Conclusions: Our data show no association between sex, maternal education, family low socioeconomic status and dental caries in adolescents. Dental caries affects a large percentage of adolescents.

Bullying en alumnos de secundaria. Características generales y factores asociados al riesgo / Bullying in junior high school students. General characteristics and associated risk factors

Introducción. El bullying es una conducta de hostigamiento físico y/o psicológico entre los alumnos en un plantel escolar. En México 25% de los alumnos ha sufrido violencia en sus escuelas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar prevalencia del bullying y explorar las variables asociadas con el riesgo de esta conducta. Métodos. Mediante la resolución de un cuestionario autoaplicable se seleccionaron alumnos de entre la población de una misma secundaria pública, hombres y mujeres, con base en la presencia o la ausencia del rol de víctima, agresor o víctima-agresor. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicaron las pruebas X² y regresión logística. Resultados. De un grupo de 688 alumnos con una media de edad de 13.62 ± 0.96 años se identificaron 20.5% víctimas, 13.1% agresores y 27.4% víctimas-agresores. Los factores de riesgo relevantes para las víctimas fueron: tener algún defecto físico (X² = 21.59, p = 0.000, OR 2.86, IC 95% 1.82-4.50), los padres consideran normal el problema (X² = 30.23, p = 0.000, OR 5.79, IC 95% 2.92-11.47); para los agresores: preferir programas televisivos violentos (X² = 10.38, p = 0.001, OR 2.22, IC 95% 1.36-3.62), tener amigos que pertenezcan a pandillas (X² = 31.78, p = 0.000, OR 4.05, IC 95% 2.45-6.71); para las víctimas-agresores destaca la combinación de factores inherentes a ambos grupos por separado. Conclusiones. El bullying en la escuela es una conducta prevalente y los factores asociados al riesgo son diversos.

Background. Bullying is physical harassment and/or psychological abuse among students at school. In Mexico, up to 25% of the students have experienced violence at school. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bullying and to explore associated risk factors. Methods. Students of both genders from a junior high school were included and selected from the same population, based on the presence of being a victim, aggressor or victim-aggressor role according to self-reported questionnaire responses; X² and logistical regression statistics were applied. Results. Six hundred eighty eight students with a mean age of 13.62 ± 0.96 years were included; 20.5% victims, 13.1% aggressors and 27.4% victims-aggressors were identified. Major risk factors for victims were "have a physical defect" (X² = 21.59, p = 0.000, OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.82-4.50) and "parents considering bullying a normal problem" (X² = 30.23, p = 0.000, OR 5.79, 95% CI 2.92-11.47); for aggressors: "preference for violent television programs" (X² = 10.38, p = 0.001, OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.36-3.62) and "friends who belongs to gangs" (X² = 31.78, p = 0.000, OR 4.05, 95% CI 2.45-6.71); victims-aggressors present a highlighted combination of risks factors from both roles. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of bullying at school with a variety of associated risk factors.

[Asthma prevalence in adolescents. Relation to sex and active smoking]. / Prevalencia de asma en adolescentes. Relación con el sexo y el tabaquismo activo.

BACKGROUND: Asthma prevalence in adolescents appears to be increasing and determinants are not well established. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between sex and active smoking with asthma prevalence in adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND METHOD: In this cross-sectional study 6,922 students, ages 12 to 18 years, residents in an area of northeastern Mexico, were included. We developed a questionnaire based on The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and on The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). The association between sex and active smoking with asthma prevalence was determined using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of the total population, 46.3% were males, 7.3% suffered from asthma and 17.3% were cigarette smokers. We found that sex (OR = 0.55; CI 95%: 0.48-0.63) and active smoking (adjusted OR = 1.12; CI 95%: 0.89-1.42) were not associated with asthma prevalence. Females (OR = 1.44; CI 95%: 1.13-1.84) and active smoking (adjusted OR = 1.38; CI 95%: 1.15-1.67) were associated with prevalence of wheezing in the last 12 months, and with prevalence of dry cough at night (OR = 1.53; CI 95%: 1.34-1.76). CONCLUSIONS: Teenager males and active smoking were not associated with asthma prevalence. Females had an association with wheezing in the last 12 months and dry cough at night.

Association between obesity and dental caries in a group of preschool children in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the association between obesity and caries by utilizing the data of a cohort of preschool children aged 4-5 years. METHODS: Data were obtained from a cohort of 1,160 children. Dental caries detection was performed according to the World Health Organization criteria. The caries index was measured as the number of decayed (d), extracted (e), and filled (f) teeth (t) (deft), or surfaces (defs). The body mass index (BMI) in units of kg/m2 was determined, and children were categorized according to age- and gender-specific criteria as normal weight (5th-85th percentile), at-risk overweight (> or = 85th-<95th percentile), and overweight (> or = 95th percentile). Odds ratios were determined for at-risk overweight and overweight children using logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries was 17.9 percent. A slightly higher percentage of dental caries was found in boys (19.6 percent) than in girls (16.4 percent). From the total sample, the mean BMI was 17.10 +/- 3.83. Approximately 53.7 percent of children were classified as normal weight, 14.2 percent as at-risk overweight, and 32.1 percent as overweight. At-risk overweight children were higher among girls (17.1 percent) than among boys (11.3 percent). When adjusted for covariates, the logistic regression model showed that there was a significant association between at-risk overweight children (P < 0.001), overweight children (P < 0.001), and caries in the primary dentition. Mean (SD) deft value of the sample was 1.08 (2.34), while the corresponding defs value was 1.43 (3.29). CONCLUSION: Obesity appears to be associated with dental caries in the primary dentition of preschool Mexican children.

[Tobacco consumption among high school students. Preliminary results from a survey in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico]. / Consumo de tabaco en alumnos de secundaria. Resultados preliminares de la aplicación de una encuesta estructurada.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco consumption constitutes a public health problem among adolescents. National addiction surveys in Mexico have documented a growing trend in this habit over the years. OBJECTIVE: Describe the prevalence of tobacco consumption among a sample of high school students sample in Tampico, Tamaulipas and identify socio-demographic variables. METHODS: Students enrolled in the 2006-2007 school year attending 31 schools located in this county were surveyed. The sample was probabilistic, stratified and random. Students were the sampling units. We used a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: 5,060 students were surveyed, 50.99% were female, mean age was 13.5 +/- 1 range 11-17. 66.7% started tobacco consumption between the ages of 13- 14, 28.5% (CI 27.2-29.8) had smoked once in their lives, 17% (CI 15.9-18.5) in the last twelve months and 9% (CI 18.2-9.8) in the last thirty days. A small percentage (7.2%) believed smoking was not dangerous and 1.6% of smokers meet the criteria for nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend to increase prevention programs targeted at high-risk groups such as adolescents.

Consumo de tabaco en alumnos de secundaria. Resultados preliminares de la aplicación de una encuesta estructurada / Tobacco consumption among high school students. Preliminary results from a survey in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico

Antecedentes: El consumo de tabaco representa un problema de salud entre adolescentes. Las encuestas nacionales de adicciones en México han documentado una tendencia creciente en este hábito a través de los años. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron describir las prevalencias del consumo de tabaco en una muestra de estudiantes de secundaria en Tampico, Tamaulipas, y determinar algunas variables sociodemográficas. Métodos: Alumnos del ciclo escolar 2006-2007 de las 31 escuelas localizadas en el municipio de Tampico. La muestra fue seleccionada con un método probabilístico, estratificado y aleatorio simple; las unidades muestrales fueron los alumnos. Se utilizó un cuestionario autoaplicable estandarizado. Resultados: De 5060 alumnos encuestados, 50.99% correspondió al sexo femenino, media de edad 13.5±1 años, rango de 11-17, 66.7% inició el consumo entre los 13 y 14 años, 28.5% (IC=27.2- 29.8) había fumado alguna vez en su vida, 17% (IC=15.9-18.5) en los últimos 12 meses y 9% (IC=8.2-9.8) en los últimos 30 días, 7.2% de la muestra consideró que no es peligroso fumar y 1.6% de los fumadores ya reúne criterios de dependencia a la nicotina. Conclusiones: Es recomendable incrementar los procesos de prevención dirigidos a grupos de alto riesgo como los adolescentes.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco consumption constitutes a public health problem among adolescents. National addiction surveys in Mexico have documented a growing trend in this habit over the years. OBJECTIVE: Describe the prevalence of tobacco consumption among a sample of high school students sample in Tampico, Tamaulipas and identify socio-demographic variables. METHODS: Students enrolled in the 2006-2007 school year attending 31 schools located in this county were surveyed. The sample was probabilistic, stratified and random. Students were the sampling units. We used a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: 5,060 students were surveyed, 50.99% were female, mean age was 13.5 +/- 1 range 11-17. 66.7% started tobacco consumption between the ages of 13- 14, 28.5% (CI 27.2-29.8) had smoked once in their lives, 17% (CI 15.9-18.5) in the last twelve months and 9% (CI 18.2-9.8) in the last thirty days. A small percentage (7.2%) believed smoking was not dangerous and 1.6% of smokers meet the criteria for nicotine dependence. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend to increase prevention programs targeted at high-risk groups such as adolescents.

[Associations between family history of allergy, exposure to tobacco smoke, active smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents]. / Asociación entre atopia familiar, exposición a humo de tabaco, tabaquismo activo, obesidad y asma en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: The relationships between asthma in adolescents and various environmental and social exposures needs to be clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the association between family history of allergy, passive or active tobacco smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A population-based case-control study was carried out. A random sample of 4003 students aged 13 to 18 years old was selected from secondary and preparatory schools in an urban area in northeastern Mexico. Data was gathered in physical examinations and with a questionnaire administered by trained staff. Two study groups were formed: a group of 253 adolescents with asthma and a control group of students without asthma. RESULTS: Variables associated with asthma were family history of allergy (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-2.06), passive smoking (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18-1.99), and obesity (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.45-2.65). Female gender and active smoking were unrelated to asthma. The percentage of obese adolescents was higher in the group of asthmatics (18.2%) than in the control group (12.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Family history of allergy, passive tobacco smoking, and obesity seem to be the main risk factors for the development of asthma in adolescents. The relationship of active smoking and asthma requires further study.

Asociación entre atopia familiar, exposición a humo de tabaco, tabaquismo activo, obesidad y asma en adolescentes / Associations between family history of allergy, exposure to tobacco smoke, active smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents

Objetivo: Es necesario aclarar la relación entre varias exposiciones ambientales y sociales y el asma en la población adolescente. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar la asociación entre la atopia familiar, la inhalación pasiva o activa de humo de tabaco, la obesidad y el asma en adolescentes. Sujetos y métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio de casos y controles basado en un estudio de población. Se encuestó a 4.003 estudiantes de 13 a 18 años de edad, seleccionados aleatoriamente, que acudían a escuelas de secundaria y preparatoria de un área urbana del nordeste de México. La información sobre las variables estudiadas se recabó a través de la exploración física y de la aplicación de un cuestionario por parte de personal capacitado. Se formaron 2 grupos de estudio: uno compuesto por 253 adolescentes con asma, y un grupo control formado por estudiantes sin asma. Resultados: De los resultados se desprende que la atopia familiar (odds ratio [OR] = 1,62; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,28-2,06), la exposición involuntaria al humo de tabaco (OR = 1,53; IC del 95%, 1,18-1,99) y la obesidad (OR = 1,96; IC del 95%, 1,45-2,65) se encuentran asociadas con el asma en adolescentes. El sexo femenino y el tabaquismo activo no se relacionan con dicha enfermedad. El porcentaje de obesos fue mayor en el grupo de adolescentes con asma (18,2%) que en el grupo control (12,8%). Conclusiones: La atopia familiar, la inhalación involuntaria de humo de tabaco y la obesidad parecen ser los factores de riesgo más importantes para el desarrollo de asma en adolescentes. La relación entre tabaquismo activo y asma requiere una mejor evaluación

Objective: The relationships between asthma in adolescents and various environmental and social exposures needs to be clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the association between family history of allergy, passive or active tobacco smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents. Subjects and methods: A population­based case­control study was carried out. A random sample of 4003 students aged 13 to 18 years old was selected from secondary and preparatory schools in an urban area in northeastern Mexico. Data was gathered in physical examinations and with a questionnaire administered by trained staff. Two study groups were formed: a group of 253 adolescents with asthma and a control group of students without asthma. Results: Variables associated with asthma were family history of allergy (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-2.06), passive smoking (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18-1.99), and obesity (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.45-2.65). Female gender and active smoking were unrelated to asthma. The percentage of obese adolescents was higher in the group of asthmatics (18.2%) than in the control group (12.8%). Conclusions: Family history of allergy, passive tobacco smoking, and obesity seem to be the main risk factors for the development of asthma in adolescents. The relationship of active smoking and asthma requires further study