ABSTRACT
This study describes a transversal (TV) ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane (ESP) block technique over the transverse process of T12. And evaluates the distribution of the dye and affected nerves branches compared to a longitudinal (LNG) approach over the transverse process of T12 in canine cadavers. Secondly, it also compares de anatomy and dimensions of the transverse processes of T12 with T9 and T5. For this double-masked, cadaveric experimental study, 12 adult Beagle cadavers were injected with 0.6â¯mL/kg of dye/contrast. Spread was evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and dissection. Mean bodyweight was 9.76 (±0.59) kg. The TV and LNG approaches stained a median (range) of four (2-6) and three (1-6) medial branches of the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves, three (2-6) and three (2-5) lateral branches, and one (0-3) and one (0-4) ventral branches, respectively. Dye was detected in the epidural space in 55.6% and 66.7% of cases for the TV and LNG approaches, respectively (P=0.63). And in the ventral paravertebral compartment in 22.2% and lymphatics in 88.8% in both approaches. There were no statistical differences for the spread. The dorsolateral edge of the transverse process (TP) was not visible with CT at T12. The mean (±SD) length of the TP was significantly shorter at T12 [3.34 (±0.22)] mm, compared to T9 [6.08 (±0.47)] mm and T5 [5.93 (±0.62)] mm (P <0.001). This study showed similar distribution whether using a TV or LNG approach and differences in the anatomy and length of the T12 TP.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Nerve Block , Humans , Dogs , Animals , Nerve Block/veterinary , Nerve Block/methods , Thoracic Vertebrae , Ultrasonography/veterinary , Cadaver , Ultrasonography, Interventional/veterinary , Ultrasonography, Interventional/methodsABSTRACT
The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence of nutritional state among HIV-1 infected people, according to the different clinical stages referred by the CDC (Control Disease Center of the United States) in 1987, as well as the changes in the concentrations of some biochemical markers linked to nutritional state. A similar study was carried out in a control group with UltramicroELISA non-reagent healthy individuals, anthropometrically classified. Concentrations of total proteins, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid and creatinine were analyzed by sex and clinical group, comparing the levels obtained through a variance study. When comparing HIV-1 asymptomatic infected patients to HIV-1 and HIV-2 non infected people, the results showed a non significant increase in the level of total proteins with a significant decrease of albumin and creatinine, the latter observed only in male patients. In stage IV patients, an important decrease of cholesterol and a significant increase of the triglycerides were found, as well as the lowest albumin levels. Urea and uric acid levels did not experience statistically significant changes. It was concluded that the study of biochemical markers is advisable, since it contributes to the detection by default of malnutrition marginal states in infected individuals.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers/blood , HIV Infections/blood , Nutrition Disorders/blood , Nutritional Status , Adult , Analysis of Variance , Case-Control Studies , Cholesterol/blood , Creatinine/blood , Female , HIV Infections/complications , Humans , Male , Nutrition Disorders/etiology , Proteins/analysis , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
Con el objetivo de analizar la influencia de la infección por el VIH y el estadio clínico de la enfermedad sobre indicadores bioquímicos del estado nutricional del individuo, se estudió un grupo de individuos infectados y clasificados en diferentes grupos clínicos, de acuerdo con los criterios propuestos en 1987 por el Centro de Control de Enfermedades de los Estados Unidos, así como un grupo control integrado por sujetos seronegativos al VIH y clasificados antropométricamente con un estado nutricional normal. Se analizaron las variaciones experimentadas por las proteínas totales, albúmina, colesterol, triacilglicéridos, urea, ácido úrico y creatinina, según sexo y grupo clínico, para lo cual se realizó la comparación de las medias obtenidas por medio de un análisis de la varianza. Al compararlos con los seronegativos, se encontró en los seropositivos asintomáticos un incremento no significativo de las proteínas totales con disminusión significativa de la albúmina y la creatinina; esta última sólo en el sexo masculino. En los pacientes del estadio IV se manifestó la disminución más importante del colesterol y un aumento significativo de los triglicéridos, así como los niveles más bajos de albúmina. La urea y el ácido úrico no experimentaron cambios con significación estadística. Se recomienda la determinación de indicadores bioquímicos en la detección de estados marginales de malnutrición por defecto en individuos VIH/SIDA
