ABSTRACT
Although prison facilities are not fully isolated from the communities in which they are located, most of the population is confined and requires high levels of health vigilance and protection. This study aimed to examine the dynamic relationship between facility-level wastewater viral concentrations and the probability of at least one positive COVID-19 case within the facility. The study period was from January 11, 2021 to May 8, 2023. Wastewater samples were collected and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 (N1) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) three times weekly across 14 prison facilities in Kentucky (USA). Positive clinical case reports were also provided. A hierarchical Bayesian facility-level temporal model with a latent lagged process was developed. We modeled facility-specific SARS-CoV-2 (N1) normalized by the PMMoV wastewater concentration ratio threshold associated with at least one COVID-19 clinical case at an 80 % probability. The threshold differed among facilities. Across the 14 facilities, our model demonstrates a mean capture rate of 94.95 % via the N1/PMMoV ratio threshold with pts≥0.5. However, as the pts threshold was set higher, such as at ≥0.9, the mean capture rate of the model was reduced to 60 %. This robust performance underscores the effectiveness of the model for accurately detecting the presence of positive COVID-19 cases among incarcerated people. The findings of this study provide a facility-specific threshold model for public health response based on frequent wastewater surveillance.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Prisons , Public Health , SARS-CoV-2 , Wastewater , COVID-19/epidemiology , Wastewater/virology , Humans , Bayes Theorem , Kentucky/epidemiology , Models, TheoreticalABSTRACT
In order to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in recluse women of Chorrillos Penitentiary I in the city of Lima, Peru, a cross-sectional study was performed, including a simple random sample of women between ages 18 and 54, from whom 180 serum samples and 168 samples of cervical and vaginal discharge were analyzed. The most prevalent etiologic agents identified from cervical and vaginal discharge samples were Chlamydia trachomatis in 42.3%, Gardnerella vaginalis in 24.4% and Trichomonas vaginalis in 10.1% and for serum samples the most prevalent were syphilis and HIV, both in 2.2%. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in recluse women of Chorrillos Penitentiary I in the city of Lima, Peru. There should be routine screenings established for diagnosis and treatment of STIs within the prison system and this population should be included in the sexual and reproductive health programs.
Subject(s)
Prisoners , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Peru , Prevalence , Young AdultABSTRACT
Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en mujeres privadas de libertad del Establecimiento Penitenciario Chorrillos I en la ciudad de Lima, Perú, se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal que incluyó mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple a mujeres en edades entre los 18 a 54 años. En ellas se analizaron 180 muestras serológicas y 168 muestras de secreción cérvico vaginal. Los agentes etiológicos más prevalentes obtenidos a través de estas muestras fueron Chlamydia trachomatis en 42,3%, Gardnerella vaginalis en 24,4% y Trichomonas vaginalis en 10,1%; para muestras de suero fueron sífilis y VIH ambas en el 2,2%. Se concluye que existe una alta prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual en mujeres privadas de libertad del Establecimiento Penitenciario Chorrillos I en la ciudad de Lima, Perú. Se debería establecer sistemas de tamizaje de rutina para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las ITS dentro del sistema carcelario, e incluir a esta población en los programas de salud sexual y reproductiva.
In order to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in recluse women of Chorrillos Penitentiary I in the city of Lima, Peru, a cross-sectional study was performed, including a simple random sample of women between ages 18 and 54, from whom 180 serum samples and 168 samples of cervical and vaginal discharge were analyzed. The most prevalent etiologic agents identified from cervical and vaginal discharge samples were Chlamydia trachomatis in 42.3%, Gardnerella vaginalis in 24.4% and Trichomonas vaginalis in 10.1% and for serum samples the most prevalent were syphilis and HIV, both in 2.2%. We conclude that there is a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in recluse women of Chorrillos Penitentiary I in the city of Lima, Peru. There should be routine screenings established for diagnosis and treatment of STIs within the prison system and this population should be included in the sexual and reproductive health programs.
