[Morphometric analysis of immunologic deficiency in newborn mice developing after transplacental transmission of live or inactivated influenza A virus]. / Morfometricheskii analiz immunologicheskoi nedostatochnosti u myshat, razvivaiushcheisia v rezul'tate transplatsentarnoi peredachi zhivogo ili inaktivirovannogo virusa grippa.

Morphometric evaluation of the thymus and spleen was used to characterize the complex immunological deficiency in suckling mice developing as a result of transplacental transmission of both live and inactivated influenza virus.

[Effect of T-activin on peripheral immunity organs in intact and thymectomized mice]. / Vliianie T-aktivina na perifericheskie organy immuniteta intaktnykh i timéktomirovannykh myshei.

Morphometry of the spleen, axillary lymph nodes and cytological assay of the bone marrow and peripheral blood were performed in (CBA X C57BL)F1 mice 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after subcutaneous injection of 0.5 microgram T-activin to intact and thymectomized (when adult) mice 2 months after operation. It was demonstrated that in intact animals, injection of T-activin stimulated the whole system of immunogenesis. The time course of plasmatization and the response of the germinative centers differing from that seen during antigen administration suggests that T-activin is not immunogenous, acting as a stimulant of the previous immune responses. The permanent amount of the degenerating cells attests to the lack of the toxic drug effect.

[Effect of long-term administration of T-activin on the structure of the thymus]. / Vliianie dlitel'nogo vvedeniia T-aktivina na strukturu timusa.

Morphometry was used to study the effect of T-activin on the morphology of the thymus of (CBA X C57BL) F1 mice given 10, 15 and 20 injections of T-activin (1.0 micrograms i.p.). T-activin did not cause any pathological alterations in the thymus. Ten injections of T-activin activated the proliferation and migration of thymocytes from the thymus. Fifteen injections of T-activin eventuated in an increased surge of thymocyte migration from the thymus, whereas 20 injections gave rise to a new surge of proliferation and preparation or beginning of thymocyte migration from the thymus. It is concluded that prolonged injection of T-activin does not disturb the fluctuation pattern of thymus functioning but activates the transformation and migration of thymocytes.

[Effect of T-activin on thymocyte reproduction and migration]. / Vliianie T-aktivina na reproduktsiiu i migratsiiu timotsitov.

Forty seven F1 (CBA X C57Bl) mice were used for quantitative morphologic examination of the thymus on 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after a single injection of 0.5 microgram T-activin, and injections of 0.1 microgram of T-activin once a day during 5 days. The number of transformed thymocytes and mitoses figures in cortex was found to be increased reaching a maximum at the 5th day as regards the magnitude and spreading. By the end of the research the number of transformed thymocytes and mitoses returned to initial values. There was a periodical (at the 5th and 10th days) 1 mm2 reduction in the number of thymocytes, an increase in the proportion of medullary thymocytes, reaching maximum at the 5th day, and a tendency towards the reduction of a relative area of the parenchyma. These indicators did not return to the initial values by the 15th days. However there was a tendency towards normalization. The conclusion is made about the stimulatory effect of T-activin on reproduction and migration of thymocytes.

[Reaction of peripheral blood leukocytes to wound processes during phytohemagglutinin therapy in rabbits with different hypersensitivity of delayed type]. / Readtsiia leikotsitov perifericheskoi krovi na ranevoi protsess v usloviiakh terapii fitogemaggliutininom u krolikov s razlichnoi reaktsiei giperchuvstvitel'nosti zamedlennogo tipa.

Altogether 165 rabbits were distributed into strongly and poorly reacting groups in terms of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). It was established that leukocyte response to wound process correlated with the intensity of DTH. The strongly reacting animals manifested of DTH. The strongly reacting animals manifested an adequate response (leukocytosis, neutrophilosis, nomocytosis, lymphocytosis, a decrease in myeloperoxidase and enhancement of phagocytic activity of neutrophils), while the poorly responding animals an in adequate one (passivity of the leukocytic parameters with the exception of monocytosis). Application of the liniment containing PHA (3.3 micrograms per g base, Difco, USA) does not change the response in the strongly reacting animals and essentially corrects all the leukocytic parameters in the poorly reacting animals with the exception of phagocytic activity of neutrophils. From the leukocytic response pattern a conclusion is made about multiple defect of the leukocytic system under poor DTH to PHA and about the leading role of monocytes in correcting the defect by PHA.

[Relationship between wound healing and the state of the immune system]. / Zavisimost' zazhivleniia rany ot sostoianiia immunnoi sistemy.

Principal differences in wound healing were established in rabbits with weak and strong delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The evaluation included the rate of contraction of the wound defect, macroscopic control, cytology of the wound exudate, qualitative and quantitative histology. The rate of healing in strong DTH to PHA is 1 1/2 times as high and the death-rate of wound infection 2 times as low as in weak DTH. The response of immunity organs (thymus, spleen, regional lymph node) and peripheral blood leukocytes was also found to differ significantly despite their initial structural homogeneity. Comparison of the experimental data with the results of a similar study of selective therapeutic effect of PHA on wound healing in low DTH leads to a conclusion of the greatest intactness of the monocytic macrophage system, its leading role in correction of healing, as well as of the greatest defects in the neutrophil system.

[Effect of tetracycline on the immune and hematopoietic systems of intact rabbits]. / Vliiani tetratsiklina na immunnuiu i krovetvornuiu sistemy intaktnykh krolikov.

Tetracycline was administered orally in daily doses of 20 or 40 mg to 50 practically healthy male chinchilla rabbits weighing 2-2.5 kg. The thymus, appendage, spleen, ileocecal, mesenteric and axillary lymph nodes, bone marrow and peripheral blood were examined with the methods of morpho- cytometry. To verify the data the nonparametric criterion U of Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitny and the Student criterion were used. The mean curves reflecting the reaction level in the peripheral immunity system as a whole were plotted with the use of graphical analysis. It was found that tetracycline in doses of 20 and 40 mg induced a significant change in both the central and the peripheral immunity organs. Two trends in the development of the reaction in the system of immunogenesis were observed: (a) activation, transformation and differentiation of immunocompetent cells and (b) destruction of the cells, particular by transforming and proliferating cells. This gave rise to the depletion of the immunity system which was intensified if the drug was used for a prolonged period of time and in higher doses.

[Response of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues to the growth of syngeneic transplantable hemangiopericytomas in mice]. / Reaktsii limfoidnoi i krovetvornoi tkanei na rost singennoi perevivaemoi gemangioperitsitomy u myshei.

The growth of syngeneic hemangiopericytoma in CBA X X C57BL/6j)F1 male mice was attended by the development of leukemoid reaction. The spleen showed an abrupt increase of the area taken by the red pulp with a remarkable activation of erythropoiesis in the pulp. The peripheral blood developed erythrocytosis 7 days after transplantation of pericytoma followed by anemia.

[Relation between the status of cellular immunity and pharmacologic immunocorrection of the wound process by phytohemagglutinin in rabbits]. / Farmakologicheskaia immunokorrektssiia ranevogo protsessa fitogemagglutininom u krolikov v zavisimosti ot sostoianiia kletochnogo immuniteta.

Altogether 183 C57BL/6 mice were used to determine the optimum dose of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to be equal to 3 microgram/g liniment tela, which reduced the time of wound healing by 33%. Experiments on 255 heterobred rabbits of both sexes revealed that the natural animal population could be distributed into three groups according to delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to PHA: highly sensitive, moderately sensitive and poorly sensitive, in a ratio of 1:1, 5:1. Microscopic, cytological and histological analyses have demonstrated that PHA exerts a selective therapeutic effect on wound healing. The reduction of the time required for wound healing by 38% and positive changes in cellular dynamics of inflammation have been observed only in the animals with a weak DTH to PHA. The PHA intracutaneous test is recommended for selection of patients being in want of pharmacological correction of wound healing.

[Effect of regulating blood clotting with heparin and its antagonists on mast cells]. / Vliianie reguliatsii svertyvaniia krovi geparinom i ego antagonistami na tuchnye kletki.

The paper concerns the effect of heparin and its antagonists, protamine and 2,5-ionen, on mast cell population from the standpoint of its potential action on blood coagulation. It has been established that intravenous administration of heparin is accompanied by its deposition in mast cells, that gives rise to rapid excretion of the anticoagulant from the blood flow. It has been also shown that protamine sulfate and 2,5-ionen produce degranulation of mast cells, but the synthetic polycation is superior over protamine sulfate in binding heparin of extracellular granules. Retaining of the increased saturation of mast cells with heparin on neutralization of the anticoagulant effect with protamine forms a structural basis for the origination of recurrent heparinemia. Study of blood coagulation has shown that 2,5-ionen is a more efficacious heparin antagonist than protamine sulfate.

[Mechanism of the effect of phytohemagglutinin as a stimulator of wound healing]. / K mekhanizmu deistviia fitogemaggliutinina kak stimuliatora zazhivleniia ran.

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) produced by Difco, USA, (3.3 microgram per 1 mg of unguentum base) was tested as a stimulator of the healing of suppurative skin-muscle wounds 4 cm2 in area in 70 rabbits divided into 3 groups according to reaction to the intracutaneous test with PHA. Enhanced wound healing was observed only in poorly reacting rabbits (20.7 against 31.1 days in control). A considerable increase in the number of activated lymphocytes and cells of monocyte-macrophage group in the wound exudate, increased phagocytosis as well as more rapid and intensive development of proliferative processes were also established. The stimulation mechanism includes the direct PHA effect on inflammation cells and epithelium and a complex chain of both direct and mediated cellular interactions.

[Effect of therapeutic doses of tetracycline on the structure of the thymus gland in rabbits]. / Vliianie terapevticheskikh doz tetratsiklina na strukturu vilochkovoi zhelezy u krolikov.

Tetracycline was administered orally to Shinshilla male rabbits (female, 2.0-2.5 kg) twice a day, the daily dose being 20 mg. The thymus was examined in 1 and 2 weeks by the methods of histo- and cytometry. The reliability of the differences and correlation were estimated by the non-parametric methods. Out of 15 parameters studied 8 showed reliable differences and 5 were statistically connected. The following structural shifts were found: (1) increased numbers of activated and middle thymocytes evident of intraorgan cell activation, (2) higher mitotic index and lower index of the cell degradation resulting in the cortex hypertrophia by the end of the week, (3) increased cell density in the medullar substance which is the morphological criterion of intraorgan migration of the cells from the cortex into the medullar substance. Thus, the morphometric analysis of the thymus proved to be much more informative than the usual morphological analysis. The observed structural change in the thymus is considered to be a result of the antigenic effect of tetracycline on the host.

[Mast cells as regulators of tissue homeostasis and their place in the series of biological regulators]. / Tuchnye kletki kak reguliatory tkanevogo gomeostaza i ikh mesto v riadu biologicheskikh reguliatorov

The most essential features of the mast cell are continuous production (and partially also absorption from the environment), deposition, and secretion of the two groups of biologically active substances of the regulatory type: heparin and other acid clycosaminoglycanes, and also histamine and, probably, other biogenic amines. These substances are antagonists and have an influence on the homeostasis of the microregion (capillary-connective tissue-parenchyma) -- the main area of action of the mast cells. The mast-cell population is characterized, as compared with other cellular populations of the microregion, by a smaller size, greater morphological and functional diversity, functional duality (capability of producing both a positive and negative effect), and therefore possesses a number of essential properties the biological regulator should meet. The system of mast cells differs from the regulators of a higher order (the nervous and endocrine system) by a smaller radius of action and a greater simplicity of the structure, the latter manifests itself in equality of all its components. The conclusion is drawn that mast cells may be considered as the regulators of tissue homeostasis and a last link in the general reaction of adaptation at the cellular level.

[Refringence phenomenon as a sign of the degree of differentiation of immunocompetent cells]. / Fenomen prelomleniia kak priznak stepeni differentsirovki immunokompetentnykh kletok

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the refringence phenomen in immunocompetent cells of various organs of rabbits and CBA line mice under conditions of immunological activity, as well as in those of children with ataxia-teleangiectasia, showed that immunoblasts contained predominantly non-refringent nuclei, mature plasmatic cells--mainly highly refringent nuclei, and young plasmatic cells occupied a position in the middle of the two. These data, as well as the absence of the refringence phenomenon in the cells of lymphosarcoma in man corroborate a direct relationship between the phenomenon and the process of differentiation of cells.