A phenomenological study on working experience of nonlocal nurses in Shanghai / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the feelings of nonlocal nurses working in shanghai in order to provide effective and reliable basis for the nursing managers to develop humanistic management. Methods 12 nonlocal nurses were interviewed with open-ended questions. The data collected from the interviews were analyzed thematically. Results There are seven themes of nonlocal nurses′ working experience: the pursuit of a better personal development, physical needs are not met, the affected self-concept, the role strain,lack of good interpersonal support,achieve their self-worth and look forward to humanistic management modes. Conclusions It is showed that there are various types of maladjustment problems on nonlocal nurses. All above suggest that nursing managers should be concerned about the physical and mental health status of nonlocal nurses, and improve the guarantee mechanism. Using motivation mechanisms to mobilize the enthusiasm of nonlocal nurses, with a view to maximize their potential power.

Current Situation and Suggestions for Development of TCM Medical Service Trade / 中国中医药信息杂志

TCM medical service trade is an important component of TCM service trade. Developing TCM medical service trade has wide market and strategic importance. Development of TCM medical service trade in China is still in the initial exploring stage with small scale and dominated by the government. Recently, foreign patients prefer TCM medical serve. TCM medical service trade in abroad shows the partial and small scaled characteristics. The number of joint venture TCM treatment centers is small, and movement of personnel is rare. In order to promote the development of TCM service trade, this article proposed the following four suggestions: conducting TCM international tele-medicine service trade, developing TCM medical travel, investing more in the development of foreign TCM medical centers, expanding the scale of exporting TCM medical talents.

Development and evaluation of a sensitive and stable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay substrate / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To develop a sensitive and stable substrate for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and carry out methodology evaluation tests on it .Methods A kind of substrate with tetramethyl benzidine and urea peroxide as its main compo‐nents were made up ,its sensitivity ,precision and storage stability were evaluated and compared with other three kinds of substrate . Results This substrate was more sensitive than two of the three commercial substrates .The variable coefficient of precision test was 3 .5% .The optical densities(OD) of the new substrate after stored one day ,seven days ,one month ,six months ,twelve months in 4 ℃ environment were 2 .268 、2 .403 、2 .358 、2 .278 、2 .330 respectively ,the standard deviation was 0 .056 185 ,the variable coeffi‐cient was 2 .4% .Conclusion The substrate proposed in this paper displays good sensitivity ,precision and stability .The preparation method is simple ,reproducible .This substrate not only satisfies the requirements of laboratory research ,but also meets with the de‐mands for commercial kit development due to its function as an important component of test kits .It is an economical and effective choice for both laboratories and research transformation .

Investigation on cognition level and education demand of occupational protection knowledge among nursing students in clinical practice in the hospitals of Shanghai / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the cognition level and education demand of occupational protection knowledge among nursing students in clinical practice in the hospitals of Shanghai and analyze its related factors.Methods A cross-sectional survey involving 360 nursing students was conducted in Shanghai.The survey content included occupational protection knowledge,demand and suggestions about setting up occupational protection curricula.Results The mean knowledge score was 5～13 points,with an average of (9.33±1.62)points.In multiple regression models,the level of hospital and educational status were related factors for knowledge level.The occupational protection knowledge mainly from school education accounted for 59.4％,considering it necessary to set up occupational protection curricula accounted for 60.5％.Ways of acquiring occupational protection were:teachers integrating related knowledge into teaching,receiving related education before clinical practice,and being given warning before dangerous operation,accounting for 43.7％,30.8％ and 16.2％.Conclusions Nursing students require a comprehensive foundation course in occupational protection before they enter the clinical practice.This will help to ensure their physical and mental health.

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide promotes protective immunity in the enteric mucosa and suppresses enterotoxigenic E. coli in the weaning piglets.

CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) has been described as an effective activator of the innate immune system, with potential to protect against infection caused by a range of pathogens in a non-specific manner. We therefore investigated if intranasal (IN), oral (OR)-mucosal, and intramuscular (IM)-systemic administrations of CpG ODN without antigen codelivery could all enhance innate immunity in the enteric mucosa and control the extent of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection in weaning piglets. Here our data showed that CpG ODN dosed by IN, OR or IM routes protected weaning piglets against a subsequent challenge with ETEC. The level of protection was greater when CpG ODN was administered IN and OR than IM, demonstrating a clear relationship between the route of CpG dosing and protection. IN and OR treatments with CpG ODN reduced bacterial load in the phases at days 3-5 post challenge. The CXC chemokine (CXCL10 and CXCL11) and CC chemokine (CCL4 and CCL5) mRNA expressions were elevated in the intestinal tissues from animals treated IN or OR with CpG ODN compared to untreated controls. Significantly enhanced mRNA expressions for cathelicidins (PR-39 and protegrin-1), but moderately for ß-defensin (pBD1 and pBD2), were observed in IN or OR CpG-treatments. Also, significant production of cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ, and MCP-1) and F4-specific antibodies (IgG/IgA) was detected in intestinal washings following IN and OR CpG-treatments. In contrast, IM delivery induced marked production of sera F4-specific antibodies. It was possible that these chemokines, cytokines, cathelicidins and antibodies played a role in the clearance of ETEC. These findings suggested that IN or OR administration of CpG ODN without antigen codelivery might represent a valuable strategy for induction of innate immunity against ETEC infection.

In vivo oral administration effects of various oligodeoxynucleotides containing synthetic immunostimulatory motifs in the immune response to pseudorabies attenuated virus vaccine in newborn piglets.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) are efficient immunoadjuvants to various antigens administered by parenteral routes to mice. Recently, it has been found that CpG ODNs also is a promising mucosal adjuvant in mice. To date, there have been no studies to screen the optimal CpG sequence and modified ODN backbone to piglets in vivo, when delivered by oral route. We have previously demonstrated that human-specific CpG ODN is a potent adjuvant to pseudorabies live attenuated virus (PRV) vaccine when administered subcutaneously (SC) or ocularly in piglets. In this study, we screened and evaluated the optimal CpG sequences (porcine-specific, human-specific, mouse-specific ODN) and optimal backbone (SOS-backbone consisting of a nuclease-resistant phosphorothioate guanosines at the 5' and the 3'-end and with a phosphodiester (O) in the center and phosphorothioate (S) backbone (S-backbone)) to PRV vaccine delivered orally in piglets. The proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), IFN-gamma and IL-4 in serum, and the titre of IgG, IgG2/IgG1 isotype in serum and IgA in intestinal washings and feces to PRV vaccine were tested at different time-points. The results suggested that, CpG ODNs augmented systemic (IgG in serum, T-cell proliferation) and mucosal (IgA in intestinal washings and feces) immune responses against antigen. CpG ODNs stimulated both T-helper type1 (Th1) (IgG2) and Th2 (IgA) responses when delivered orally. With the same backbone, the porcine-specific ODN-induced responses were comparable with human-specific ODNs, but stronger than mouse-specific CpG ODNs. SOS-backbone induced a stronger IFN-gamma and proliferative responses than S-backbone, while antibody responses induced by SOS-backbones were slightly less or similar with S-backbone. The in vivo data demonstrate for the first time that porcine-specific and human-specific ODNs both are optimal sequences for mucosal system in piglets.

Vaccination with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine and immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides induces specific immunity in piglets.

A large number of studies demonstrated the immunostimulatory effects of CpG oligonucleotides (ODN), particularly in mice. In present study, the objective was to investigate the immunoadjuvant effects of CpG ODN to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) killed virus vaccine (PRRSV) and its protective effects against PRRS virus in piglets. The PRRSV-specific antibodies titres and serum IgG1/IgG2 titres, the proliferation of lymphocytes, PRRSV-specific IFN-gamma, the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and post-challenge clinical protection were examined to identify the immune responses of the piglets. The results were found that the above-mentioned immune responses of the piglets inoculated with CpG ODN plus PRRSV were significantly stronger than those indued by PRRSV or PBS control groups. All these data suggested that CpG ODN could be employed as effective immunoadjuvant to raise the humoral and cellular responses of the piglets to PRRSV.

In vivo immunostimulatory effects of CpG ODN in newborn piglets.

The in vivo immunoadjuvant effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) have been studied extensively in mice and relatively fewer studies have been done in other species. But so far, the innate immunostimulatory effects of CpG ODN have been demonstrated just in mouse, monkey, sheep and chicken in some reports. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential effects of CpG ODN in newborn piglets. The proportion of CD4(+), CD8(+) T lymphocytes subpopulations and the major histocompability complex (MHC-II) antigen expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and IFN-gamma in serum were tested at various time-points. The results suggested that, the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio decreased over time in piglets inoculated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) alone, however, it was stable in CpG ODN-inoculated piglets; the use of CpG ODN can prevent effectively the reduction of the proportion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. The MHC-II antigen expression and IFN-gamma level of CpG ODN-injected piglets were significantly higher than those of PBS-injected piglets. The ODN-induced responses were stronger in animals injected with CpG ODN formulated in 30% emulsigen than in PBS. The innate immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODN appeared to be in dose-dependent manner. These in vivo data demonstrate for the first time that CpG ODN can stimulate innate immune system in newborn piglets.

Vaccination with Newcastle disease vaccine and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces specific immunity and protection against Newcastle disease virus in SPF chicken.

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG ODN) have been proven to be immunoprotective in mouse models. However, little work has been conducted on in vivo immune responses in chicken with CpG ODN. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunoadjuvant effects of CpG ODN to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine and its protective effects against ND virus in SPF chicken. In this report, the titre of serum IgG to ND vaccine and the proliferation of lymphocytes were monitored in SPF chickens. The results demonstrated that the above-mentioned immune responses were significantly stronger in chickens that received CpG ODN than in the birds that received only ND vaccine. Furthermore, ND vaccine plus CpG ODN protected SPF chicken from challenge with an otherwise lethal dose of ND virus. These data suggest that CpG ODN holds considerable promise as an adjuvant for future vaccines against ND virus.

In vivo effects of oligodeoxynucleotides containing synthetic immunostimulatory motifs in the immune response to swine streptococcic septicemia vaccine in weaned piglets.

The diverse immunostimulatory effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) have been demonstrated extensively in mice and human. Although the immunoadjuvant effects of CpG ODN in pigs were also studied in several reports, until now, little work has been carried out with regard to their effects on the adaptive immune system of newly weaned piglets. In this study, swine streptococcic septicemia killed vaccine (SSSK vaccine) was used as antigen, we assessed the in vivo immunostimulatory effects of different CpG motifs in newly weaned piglets. The proportion of CD4(+), CD8(+) T lymphocytes subpopulations and proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), IFN-gamma and IL-6 in serum, and the titre of IgG and IgG2/IgG1 isotype to SSSK vaccine in serum were tested at different time-points. The results suggested that, the CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio decreased significantly in weaned piglets inoculated with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) alone, however, it was stable in CpG ODN-coinoculated newly weaned piglets. IFN-gamma and IL-6 levels, the titres of specific antibodies IgG, IgG2 and proliferative responses of CpG ODN-coinjected piglets were all significantly higher than those of SSSK vaccine alone or PBS or GpC ODN-coinjected piglets. The porcine-specific ODN-induced responses were stronger in animals injected with human-specific or mouse-specific CpG ODN. These in vivo data demonstrate for the first time that CpG ODN can stimulate adaptive immune system in weaned piglets.

The efficacy of CpG oligodinucleotides, in combination with conventional adjuvants, as immunological adjuvants to swine streptococcic septicemia vaccine in piglets in vivo.

Oligodinucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) are strong adjuvants for immune responses, particularly in mice, the immunostimulatory effects of CpG in combination with aluminum hydroxide (alum) or Emulsigen (Em) were investigated in cattle, rabbits or mice, but not piglets. In this report, using the swine streptococcus as model bacteria, the efficacy of CpG ODN as an adjuvant for piglets was assessed alone and in combination with alum (CpG/alum) or Em (CpG/Em). The CpG/alum or CpG/Em combination elicited greater immune responses to swine streptococcic septicemia killed vaccine (SSSK vaccine) compared with CpG alone, or alum or Em. A GpC/alum or GpC/Em combination did not have the same effects as CpG/alum or CpG/Em suggesting that the adjuvanticity was related to the CpG motifs. In addition, we also found that the 10% Em in combination with CpG ODN had similar immunological effects as 30% Em combination. Our results demonstrate that the addition of CpG ODN to alum or to Em significantly improves the efficiency of the adjuvants in piglets.

CpG oligodinucleotides induce strong humoral and cellular responses to swine streptococcic septicemia vaccine in piglets in vivo.

Oligodinucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) are strong adjuvants for immune responses, particularly in mice, but data on humoral and cellular immune responses in piglets are scarce. In this report, using the swine streptococcus as model bacteria, CpG ODN was used as immunoadjuvants to enhance the immune responses of the piglets to swine streptococcic septicemia killed vaccine (SSSK vaccine). The titre of specific antibodies to SSSK vaccine, the proliferation of lymphocytes, SSSK-specific interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma) and IL-6, the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and CD14 of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were examined to identify the immune responses of the piglets. The results were found that the above-mentioned immune responses of the piglets with CpG ODN were significantly stronger than standard immunization protocols. All these data suggested that immunostimulatory CpG ODN was promising immune enhancers for vaccination against SSSK vaccine.

Co-administration of porcine-specific CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhances the immune responses to pseudorabies attenuated virus vaccine in newborn piglets in vivo.

Oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) are strong adjuvants for humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, but data on immune responses in piglets are scarce. In this report, porcine-specific CpG ODN were used as immunoadjuvants to enhance the immune responses of the newborn piglets to Pseudorabies attenuated virus (PRV) vaccine. The titres of specific antibodies and serum IgG1/IgG2 ratio to PRV vaccine, the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), IL-4 and interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma) in piglets serum were examined to identify the immune response of the newborn piglets. The results showed that piglets immunized with PRV vaccine and CpG ODN presented high titers of PRV-specific antibodies and IgG2 isotype, a Th1-dominated (IFN-gamma) cytokine profile, together with inducing higher proliferation of PBMCs. All these data indicate that CpG ODN are potential effective adjuvants for the PRV vaccine in newborn piglets.

Effects of CpG ODN on CD4+ and CD8+ T subpopulations in the immune response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine.

CpG ODN is a noval immunostimulatory reagent In this research, the effects of immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes subpopulations in the newborn piglets blood were tested at different time with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine (PRRS vaccine) with or without CpG ODN. The results suggested that, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased with age in piglets inoculated with vaccine alone or GpC ODN with vaccine or phosphate buffer saline (PBS), however, it was stable in piglets co-inoculated with CpG ODN and PRRS vaccine (p>0.05), the use of CpG ODN can prevent effectively the reduction of the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes. High titers of PRRS specific antibody can also be tested in the newborn piglets serum immunized PRRS vaccine and CpG ODN (p<0.05).

Investigation of AIDS related knowledge and behaviors among female sex workers and their male clients in entertainment venues in Shenzhen / 中国艾滋病性病

Objective To understand AIDS related knowledge and behaviors among female sex workers(FSWs) and their male clients from the same community.Methods One hundred and seventy seven FSWs and one hundred and fifty four male clients were recruited from entertainment venues in the same community by random sampling,and anonymous questionnaires were administered separately.Results(1)Over 80% of FSWs and their male clients understood the basic routes of HIV transmission,but many of them were unclear about non-HIV transmission routes.(2)97.7% of FSWs and 84.2% of the male clients used condoms during their commericial sexual intercourse.The frequency of using condoms during sex with casual or regular sex partners was lower than that during the commercial sexual intercourse(P

An epidemiological survey on reproductive track infection and the investigation on syndromic approach on vaginal discharge / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the reproductive track infection (RTI) situation and risk factors for cervical infection (Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis) among different kinds of women of childbearing age in Shenzhen city, China. To assess the feasibility of the syndromic approach for vaginal discharge.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The survey was administrated to 4,744 eligible women in Shenzhen city during October 2001 and April 2002. The subjects included three different kinds of population: 3,895 cases of general population, 438 STD/gynecological clinic outpatients and 411 people with high risk behavior. Gynaecologic examination and RTI laboratory diagnosis were performed for each subject. PCR method-based test was used to detect the Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Standardized questionnaire were designed to collect the information about RTI related behaviors, and history of marriage and child bearing, et al. The risk factors, symptoms and signs of cervical infection were analyzed. Syndromic approach was established and its feasibility was assessed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>27.6% of women in Shenzhen were infected with at least one kind of RTI, including 5.0% with cervical infection. The risk factors for cervical infection were: individuals having had new sex partner within last 3 months (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4), having had the experience of abortion (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4), aged 25 or less (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4) and never using condom during sex intercourse (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1 - 2.4). The sensitivity of syndromic approach of risk assessment and signs for cervical infection among general population was 63.8%, while specificity was 55.1% with the positive predictive value 7.0%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>RTI infection was common among all three kinds of childbearing women in Shenzhen city. The prevalence of RTI was the highest among high risk population, followed by STD/gynecological clinic outpatients. The efficacy of syndromic approach for cervical infection in general population was not ideal.</p>

Oxymatrine's Effects on Lymphocyte's Proliferation / 中草药

Oxymatrine is an alkaloid from Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sophora flavescens Ait. which has many pharmacological effects. We studied the effects of oxymatrine on the proliferation of human tonsillar cells and mouse splenocytes with or without mitogens. The results show that oxymatrine can augment the proliferation of the human tonsillar cells which show low PHA & tSAC response capacity. On the other hand, oxymatrine can inhibit the proliferation of the human tonsillar cells which show high PHA & SAC responses capacity. The effects of oxymarine on mouse splenocytes are the same with the latter.