ABSTRACT
A novel vacuum ultraviolet excimer lamp emitting light at 193 nm was used to investigate the degradation of organic micropollutants in ultrapure water and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Overall, light at 193 nm proved to be efficient to degrade the investigated micropollutants (diclofenac, diatrizoic acid, sulfamethoxazole). Experiments with WWTP effluent proved the ability of radiation at 193 nm to degrade micropollutants which are hardly removed with commonly used oxidation technologies like ozonation (diatrizoic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid).
Subject(s)
Alkanesulfonic Acids/chemistry , Caprylates/chemistry , Fluorocarbons/chemistry , Photolysis , Ultraviolet Rays , Wastewater/chemistry , Water Purification/methods , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Oxidation-Reduction , Sulfamethoxazole/chemistry , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Water , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistryABSTRACT
Serum concentrations of penicillin were measured in 37 children with pneumonia. The mean serum concentration of penicillin was greater than 1.0 microgram/mL for 11 hours after intramuscular administration of 48,000 U/kg benethamine penicillin compound (nine children), for 26 hours after 48,000 U/kg aqueous procaine penicillin (10 children), and for 40 hours after 79,000 U/kg aqueous procaine penicillin (seven children). After intramuscular administration of 35,000 U/kg benzyl penicillin in 11 children, the serum concentration was 13.3 +/- 7.4 micrograms/mL (mean +/- SD) 30 minutes after the injection, and 4.9 +/- 3.2 micrograms/mL after 3 hours. Our findings lend support to the World Health Organization recommendation that children with mild pneumonia in developing countries be given daily intramuscular injections of 50,000 U/kg aqueous procaine penicillin.
Subject(s)
Penicillin G/analogs & derivatives , Penicillin G/blood , Pneumonia/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Penicillin G/therapeutic use , Pneumonia/drug therapyABSTRACT
Because it is thought that chloramphenicol is poorly absorbed after intramuscular administration, we compared blood levels of chloramphenicol after intramuscular administration with those after intravenous administration in children with a variety of diagnoses. Fifty-seven children were studied on 62 occasions while they were receiving chloramphenicol sodium succinate (25 mg of chloramphenicol per kilogram of body weight) intramuscularly every six hours. The peak level of chloramphenicol was 19.5 +/- 5.99 micrograms per milliliter (mean +/- S.D.) in 11 children after the first dose and 31.4 +/- 12.99 micrograms per milliliter in 51 children after two or more doses. The lowest peak level after intramuscular administration was 13 micrograms per milliliter, which is in the therapeutic range of 10 to 30 micrograms per milliliter. Thirteen children were studied on 17 occasions while they were receiving chloramphenicol sodium succinate (25 mg of chloramphenicol per kilogram) intravenously every six hours. The peak level of chloramphenicol was 19.4 +/- 6.37 micrograms per milliliter in eight children after the first dose and 28.2 +/- 11.09 micrograms per milliliter in nine children after two or more doses. The area under the serum level curve was not significantly different after intramuscular and intravenous administration. We conclude that chloramphenicol sodium succinate is well absorbed after intramuscular administration. This route is cheaper, it demands less staff time, and it does not carry the risks of sepsis and overhydration associated with intravenous therapy.
Subject(s)
Chloramphenicol/analogs & derivatives , Absorption , Biological Assay , Child, Preschool , Chloramphenicol/administration & dosage , Chloramphenicol/blood , Chloramphenicol/metabolism , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Injections, Intramuscular , Injections, Intravenous , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Time FactorsABSTRACT
To determine the aetiology of pneumonia in 83 children admitted to Goroka Hospital, Papua New Guinea, lung aspirates and blood were cultured for bacteria. Haemophilus infuenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or both, were isolated from 43 (52%) of the children, other bacteria from 8 (10%), and no bacteria from 32 (39%). Of the 32 strains of H influenzae tested, 18 (56%) were non-serotypable, 8 (25%) were serotypes other than type b, and only 6 (19%) were type b. Viruses were isolated from lung or nasopharyngeal aspirates from 18 (29%) of the 62 children for whom viral cultures were done. It seems that, although viruses may initiate infection, death from pneumonia in children in developing countries is often due to H influenzae, S pneumoniae, or both. Antibiotic therapy would prevent many of these deaths. There is an urgent need for vaccines, effective in children less than 6 months old, that protect against all strains of H influenzae, and S pneumoniae.
