Marine aquaculture as a source of propagules of invasive fouling species.

Non-indigenous species tend to colonize aquaculture installations, especially when they are near international ports. In addition to the local environmental hazard that colonizing non-indigenous species pose, they can also take advantage of local transport opportunities to spread elsewhere. In this study, we examined the risk of the spread of eight invasive fouling species that are found in mussel farms in southern Brazil. We used ensemble niche models based on worldwide occurrences of these species, and environmental variables (ocean temperature and salinity) to predict suitable areas for each species with three algorithms (Maxent, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine). As a proxy for propagule pressure, we used the tonnage transported by container ships from Santa Catarina (the main mariculture region) that travel to other Brazilian ports. We found that ports in the tropical states of Pernambuco, Ceará, and Bahia received the largest tonnage, although far from Santa Catarina and in a different ecoregion. The ascidians Aplidium accarense and Didemnum perlucidum are known from Bahia, with a high risk of invasion in the other states. The bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata also has a high risk of establishment in Pernambuco, while the ascidian Botrylloides giganteus has a medium risk in Bahia. Paraná, a state in the same ecoregion as Santa Catarina is likely to be invaded by all species. A second state in this region, Rio Grande do Sul, is vulnerable to A. accarense, the barnacle Megabalanus coccopoma, and the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Climate change is changing species latitudinal distributions and most species will gain rather than lose area in near future (by 2050). As an ideal habitat for fouling organisms and invasive species, aquaculture farms can increase propagule pressure and thus the probability that species will expand their distributions, especially if they are close to ports. Therefore, an integrated approach of the risks of both aquaculture and nautical transport equipment present in a region is necessary to better inform decision-making procedures aiming at the expansion or establishment of new aquaculture farms. The risk maps provided will allow authorities and regional stakeholders to prioritize areas of concern for mitigating the present and future spread of fouling species.

Invasive species fouling Perna perna (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) mussel farms.

Invasive, fouling species increase management costs and reduce mussel growth, which jeopardizes mariculture. We studied the distribution of eight invasive species in Santa Catarina, the leading mussel producer in Brazil. Our goals were to determine their spatial distribution and prevalence on farm structures (buoys, long lines, and mussel socks), as well as understand the relevance of propagule pressure (recruitment), port distance, and area of the farm in this distribution. Although present in all sites, adult and recruits distribution were spatially restricted, showing that species might have a metapopulation structure. The most prevalent species were the ascidian Styela plicata, the barnacle Megabalanus coccopoma, the bryozoan Schizoporella errata, and the polychaete Branchiomma luctuosum. Recruitment was the main driver of three species distribution while distance to port explained only one species distribution. Based on those results, we discuss policy options, management, and regulation enforcement, that can be used in the mussel aquaculture elsewhere.

Bariatric surgery and the coronary artery calcium score. / Cirurgia bariátrica e o escore de cálcio coronariano.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the impact of bariatric surgery on the coronary artery calcium score (CACS), and to establish predictors of progression of this score in patients with obesity. METHODS: prospective study that evaluated 18 obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. All patients were submitted to computed tomography scans and blood tests (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, A1C, insulin, serum calcium, C-peptide and C-Reactive Protein) in order to determine CACS and Framingham risk score (FRS). RESULTS: the FRS decreased 50% between the pre and postoperative evaluations. The mean CACS increased significantly at the late postoperative period, going from 8.5 to 33.1. HDL levels had also increased between the pre and postoperative periods. All of the other quantitative variables reduced significantly at the postoperative evaluation. When dividing CACS into four degrees, it was observed that 22.2% presented CACS=0 at the postoperative evaluation. The prevalence of mild CACS decreased from 77.8% to 50%, while moderate CACS remained the same (11.1%). Severe CACS increased from 11.1% to 16.7%. Older ages were linked to CACS progression, and this was the only variable that presented statistical association with progression. CONCLUSION: bariatric surgery leads to positive cardiovascular outcomes, apparently regardless of CACS.

OBJETIVO: investigar o impacto da cirurgia bariátrica no escore de cálcio coronariano (ECC) e estabelecer fatores preditivos de progressão desse escore em pacientes obesos. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo de 18 pacientes obesos antes e depois da cirurgia bariátrica. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada e a exames laboratoriais com dosagens sanguíneas de colesterol total, LDL, HDL, triglicerídeos, glicose de jejum, A1C, insulina, cálcio sérico, peptídeo C e proteína C-reativa, para determinar o ECC e o escore de risco de Framingham (ERF). RESULTADOS: o ERF reduziu 50% entre as avaliações pré e pós-operatórias. O ECC médio aumentou significativamente no período pós-operatório, aumentando de 8,5 para 33,1. Os níveis de HDL também aumentaram no pós-operatório. Todas as outras variáveis quantitativas reduziram significativamente no pós-operatório. Ao estratificar o ECC em quatro categorias, foi observado que 22,2% da amostra apresentou ECC=0 no pós-operatório. A prevalência de ECC leve reduziu de 77,8% para 50%, enquanto que ECC moderado permaneceu igual no pré e no pós-operatório (11,1%). ECC grave aumentou de 11,1% para 16,7%. Idade avançada foi associada à progressão do ECC, e essa foi a única variável que apresentou correlação estatística com a progressão do ECC. CONCLUSÃO: cirurgia bariátrica produz desfechos cardiovasculares positivos, que, aparentemente, ocorrem de forma independente do ECC.

Cirurgia bariátrica e o escore de cálcio coronariano / Bariatric surgery and the coronary artery calcium score

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar o impacto da cirurgia bariátrica no escore de cálcio coronariano (ECC) e estabelecer fatores preditivos de progressão desse escore em pacientes obesos. Métodos: estudo prospectivo de 18 pacientes obesos antes e depois da cirurgia bariátrica. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada e a exames laboratoriais com dosagens sanguíneas de colesterol total, LDL, HDL, triglicerídeos, glicose de jejum, A1C, insulina, cálcio sérico, peptídeo C e proteína C-reativa, para determinar o ECC e o escore de risco de Framingham (ERF). Resultados: o ERF reduziu 50% entre as avaliações pré e pós-operatórias. O ECC médio aumentou significativamente no período pós-operatório, aumentando de 8,5 para 33,1. Os níveis de HDL também aumentaram no pós-operatório. Todas as outras variáveis quantitativas reduziram significativamente no pós-operatório. Ao estratificar o ECC em quatro categorias, foi observado que 22,2% da amostra apresentou ECC=0 no pós-operatório. A prevalência de ECC leve reduziu de 77,8% para 50%, enquanto que ECC moderado permaneceu igual no pré e no pós-operatório (11,1%). ECC grave aumentou de 11,1% para 16,7%. Idade avançada foi associada à progressão do ECC, e essa foi a única variável que apresentou correlação estatística com a progressão do ECC. Conclusão: cirurgia bariátrica produz desfechos cardiovasculares positivos, que, aparentemente, ocorrem de forma independente do ECC.

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate the impact of bariatric surgery on the coronary artery calcium score (CACS), and to establish predictors of progression of this score in patients with obesity. Methods: prospective study that evaluated 18 obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. All patients were submitted to computed tomography scans and blood tests (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, A1C, insulin, serum calcium, C-peptide and C-Reactive Protein) in order to determine CACS and Framingham risk score (FRS). Results: the FRS decreased 50% between the pre and postoperative evaluations. The mean CACS increased significantly at the late postoperative period, going from 8.5 to 33.1. HDL levels had also increased between the pre and postoperative periods. All of the other quantitative variables reduced significantly at the postoperative evaluation. When dividing CACS into four degrees, it was observed that 22.2% presented CACS=0 at the postoperative evaluation. The prevalence of mild CACS decreased from 77.8% to 50%, while moderate CACS remained the same (11.1%). Severe CACS increased from 11.1% to 16.7%. Older ages were linked to CACS progression, and this was the only variable that presented statistical association with progression. Conclusion: bariatric surgery leads to positive cardiovascular outcomes, apparently regardless of CACS.

Aspiração endotraqueal de adultos intubados: evidências para boas práticas / Endotracheal suctioning of the adults intubated: evidence for best practice

Introdução: A aspiração endotraqueal é o procedimento invasivo mais realizado em indivíduos intubados em unidades de terapia intensiva. Contudo, existem poucos estudos nacionais de boa qualidade metodológica sobre o assunto, não havendo no Brasil consenso da literatura e/ou padronização da técnica. Objetivos: Estabelecer recomendações baseadas em evidências científicas sobre a aspiração endotraqueal em adultos intubados. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de estudos secundários: diretrizes, guidelines e revisões sistemáticas em inglês e português, pesquisada nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane, Cochrane Review, Cochrane Library, Scielo Org, Scielo Brasil, PEDro, Clinical Evidence e Evidence Based Medicine. Resultados: Foram incluídos cinco artigos com classificação entre C e D pelo R-Amstar. Conclusão: A aspiração endotraqueal deve ser realizada em adultos intubados por pessoal qualificado, assepticamente, sempre que necessária. Não deve exceder 15 segundos por aspiração e nem ser realizada rotineiramente, e sim, na presença de secreções ­ grau de recomendação A. A sonda de aspiração deve ter um diâmetro menor que 50% do tubo endotraqueal e a hiperoxigenação com fração inspirada de oxigênio a 100% no ventilador deve ser utilizada ­ grau de recomendação A. A pressão de sucção não deve exceder 150 mmHg negativos ­ grau de recomendação B. É recomendada a aspiração subglótica, especialmente naqueles indivíduos com mais de 72 horas de ventilação mecânica invasiva ­ grau de recomendação A. (AU)

Introduction: Endotracheal aspiration is the most accomplished invasive procedure in intubated individuals in intensive care units. However, there are few national studies of good methodological quality on the subject, and there is no consensus in the literature and / or standardization of the technique. Aims: To establish recommendations based on scientific evidence on endotracheal aspiration in intubated adults. Methods: Systematic review of secondary studies: guidelines, guidelines and systematic reviews in English and Portuguese, searched in the databases PubMed, Cochrane, Cochrane Review, Cochrane Library, Scielo Org, Scielo Brazil, PEDro, Clinical Evidence and Evidence Based Medicine. Results: Five articles with classification between C and D by R-Amstar were included. Conclusion: Endotracheal aspiration should be performed in adults intubated by qualified personnel, aseptically, whenever necessary. It should not exceed 15 seconds per aspiration and should not be performed routinely, but in the presence of secretions - degree of recommendation A. The aspiration probe should have a diameter of less than 50% of the endotracheal tube and hyperoxigenation with inspired fraction of oxygen at 100% in the ventilator should be used - degree of recommendation A. The suction pressure should not exceed 150 mmHg negative - degree of recommendation B. Subglottic aspiration is recommended, especially in those individuals with more than 72 hours of invasive mechanical ventilation - degree of Recommendation A. (AU)

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IN DIABETIC PATIENTS BEFORE GASTRIC BYPASS AS A POSSIBLE MARKER FOR POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION.

BACKGROUND: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated to inflammatory state, which can be set off by the adipose tissue, once it is a metabolically active organ that can cause a chronic mild inflammatory state. AIM: To evaluate the correlation between preoperative C-reactive protein and postoperative complications risk in obese patients (grades II and III) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2013 were analysed 209 patients (107 with diabetes), presenting body mass index >40 kg/m2 or >35 kg/m2 with comorbidities. During the postoperative period, two groups were evaluated: with and without complications. Preoperative ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein was measured by immunonephelometry method. RESULTS: Complications occurred in seven patients (pulmonary thromboembolism, fistula, two cases of suture leak, pancreatitis, evisceration and upper digestive hemorrhage). No statistical significance was found regarding lipid profile and C-reactive protein between patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. When compared to each other, both groups (with and without complications) presented with statistical significance regarding C-reactive protein level (7,2 mg/dl vs 3,7 mg/dl, p=0,016) and had similar weight loss percentage after 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative C-reactive protein serum level was higher in the group which presented complications after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass when compared to the group without postoperative complications.

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IN DIABETIC PATIENTS BEFORE GASTRIC BYPASS AS A POSSIBLE MARKER FOR POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION / PROTEÍNA C REATIVA EM DIABÉTICOS ANTES DO BYPASS GÁSTRICO COMO POSSÍVEL MARCADOR DE COMPLICAÇÃO PÓS-OPERATÓRIA

Background: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated to inflammatory state, which can be set off by the adipose tissue, once it is a metabolically active organ that can cause a chronic mild inflammatory state.Aim: To evaluate the correlation between preoperative C-reactive protein and postoperative complications risk in obese patients (grades II and III) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods:Between 2008 and 2013 were analysed 209 patients (107 with diabetes), presenting body mass index >40 kg/m2or >35 kg/m2with comorbidities. During the postoperative period, two groups were evaluated: with and without complications. Preoperative ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein was measured by immunonephelometry method. Results: Complications occurred in seven patients (pulmonary thromboembolism, fistula, two cases of suture leak, pancreatitis, evisceration and upper digestive hemorrhage). No statistical significance was found regarding lipid profile and C-reactive protein between patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. When compared to each other, both groups (with and without complications) presented with statistical significance regarding C-reactive protein level (7,2 mg/dl vs 3,7 mg/dl, p=0,016) and had similar weight loss percentage after 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up.Conclusions: Preoperative C-reactive protein serum level was higher in the group which presented complications after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass when compared to the group without postoperative complications.

Racional: Obesidade e diabete melito tipo 2 são associadas a estado inflamatório desencadeado pelo tecido adiposo, uma vez que é órgão metabolicamente ativo e que pode gerar estado de inflamação crônica leve.Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre os níveis de proteína C reativa pré-operatória e o risco de complicações pós-operatórias em obesos graus II e III após bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux, em um grupo com e outro sem diabete melito tipo 2.Métodos: Entre 2008 e 2013 foram analisados 209 pacientes (107 diabéticos) com índice de massa corpórea acima de 40 kg/m2 ou maior que 35 kg/m2com comorbidades. No pós-operatório foi avaliado um grupo com e outro sem complicações. A proteína C reativa ultrassensível pré-operatória foi mensurada pela técnica de imunonefelometria.Resultados: Complicações ocorreram em sete pacientes (tromboembolismo pulmonar, fístula, dois casos de vazamento de sutura, pancreatite, evisceração e hemorragia digestiva alta). Não houve diferença estatística significativa em relação ao perfil lipídico e níveis séricos de proteína C reativa entre os grupos com e sem diabete. Quando comparados, os dois grupos (com e sem complicações) apresentaram significância estatística entre os níveis de proteína C reativa (7,2 mg/dl vs 3,7 mg/dl, p=0,016), sendo semelhantes em relação à percentagem de perda de peso após seguimento de 3, 6 e 12 meses.Conclusões: O nível sérico de proteína C reativa pré-operatória foi mais elevado no grupo com complicações após bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux do que no grupo sem complicações.

Metabolic surgery, weight regain and diabetes re-emergence.

INTRODUCTION: The poor success of clinical treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM2) increased interest in metabolic surgery, which has been considered a promising alternative for the control of obese or non-obese diabetics. However, there is still no long-term follow-up to evaluate the duration of diabetes remission, and if weight regain would be associated to recurrence. AIM: 1) To describe the results of diabetic patients with a BMI < 30 and < 35 kg/m² submitted to the following types of metabolic surgery: ileal interposition and sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), adjustable gastric banding, duodeno-jejunal exclusion and duodeno-jejunal bypass; 2) to evaluate the possible relapse of diabetes after occurrence of weight regain on long-term after bariatric surgery. METHOD: An expositive and historical literature review about metabolic surgery in diabetic patients with BMI < 30 and < 35 kg/m² was conducted, and systematic review of the association between disease relapse and weight regain after bariatric surgery. RESULTS: After analysis of 188 published papers on Medline until 2010, three papers were selected, which included 269 patients who underwent RYGB. Pre-operatory BMI was between 37 and 60 kg/m² and follow-up of three to 16 years. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Two studies showed association between weight regain and recurrence of type 2 diabetes, while the third did not show this association when comparing groups with and without weight regain; 2) metabolic surgery has shown adequate control of T2DM2 in class I obese subjects; however, the non-obese group still need a long-term evaluation, considering the risk of diabetes recurrence when after weight regain.

Cirurgia metabólica, reganho de peso e recidiva do diabete / Metabolic surgery, weight regain and diabetes re-emergence

INTRODUÇÃO: O insucesso do tratamento clínico do diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2) aumentou o interesse em cirurgia metabólica, sendo considerada alternativa promissora no controle de diabéticos com ou sem obesidade. Todavia, ainda não há seguimento em longo prazo para se avaliar a duração da remissão da doença, cuja recidiva pode estar associada ao reganho de peso. OBJETIVOS: 1) Descrever os resultados de pacientes com DM2 e IMC <30 e <35 kg/m², submetidos aos seguintes tipos de operações metabólicas: interposição ileal e gastrectomia vertical, derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux (DGYR), banda gástrica ajustável, exclusão duodeno-jejunal e bypass duodenojejunal; 2) avaliar a possível ocorrência de recidiva do diabete após reganho de peso em longo prazo. MÉTODO: Foi realizada revisão expositiva e histórica da literatura sobre cirurgia metabólica em pacientes com DM2 e IMC <30 e <35 kg/m², e revisão sistemática sobre a associação entre recidiva da doença e reganho de peso após cirurgia bariátrica. RESULTADO: Após análise de 188 artigos publicados no Medline até 2010, foram selecionados três estudos, com 269 pacientes submetidos à DGYR, com IMC pré-operatório entre 37 e 60 kg/m² e com seguimento de três a 16 anos. CONCLUSÕES: 1) Dois estudos mostraram que o reganho de peso está associado à recidiva do diabete, enquanto o terceiro não confirma este fato, na comparação entre o grupo com e sem reganho; 2) a cirurgia metabólica vem apresentando adequado controle do diabete em obesos grau I; todavia, o grupo não obeso ainda aguarda avaliação em longo prazo, considerando o risco de recidiva associado ao reganho de peso.

INTRODUCTION: The poor success of clinical treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM2) increased interest in metabolic surgery, which has been considered a promising alternative for the control of obese or non-obese diabetics. However, there is still no long-term follow-up to evaluate the duration of diabetes remission, and if weight regain would be associated to recurrence. AIM: 1) To describe the results of diabetic patients with a BMI < 30 and < 35 kg/m² submitted to the following types of metabolic surgery: ileal interposition and sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), adjustable gastric banding, duodeno-jejunal exclusion and duodeno-jejunal bypass; 2) to evaluate the possible relapse of diabetes after occurrence of weight regain on long-term after bariatric surgery. METHOD: An expositive and historical literature review about metabolic surgery in diabetic patients with BMI < 30 and < 35 kg/m² was conducted, and systematic review of the association between disease relapse and weight regain after bariatric surgery. RESULTS: After analysis of 188 published papers on Medline until 2010, three papers were selected, which included 269 patients who underwent RYGB. Pre-operatory BMI was between 37 and 60 kg/m² and follow-up of three to 16 years. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Two studies showed association between weight regain and recurrence of type 2 diabetes, while the third did not show this association when comparing groups with and without weight regain; 2) metabolic surgery has shown adequate control of T2DM2 in class I obese subjects; however, the non-obese group still need a long-term evaluation, considering the risk of diabetes recurrence when after weight regain.

Vacancy ordering in SmGe2-x and GdGe2-x (x = 0.33): structure and properties of two Sm3Ge5 polymorphs and of Gd3Ge5.

The crystal structures and the magnetic properties of three new binary rare-earth intermetallic phases are reported. alpha-Sm3Ge5 and beta-Sm3Ge5 and Gd3Ge5 have been prepared from the corresponding elements through high-temperature reactions using the flux-growth method. The structures of the three compounds have been established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction: alpha-Sm3Ge5 crystallizes with its own type in the hexagonal space group P2c (No. 190) with cell parameters a = 6.9238(11) A, c = 8.491(3) A, and Z = 2, whereas beta-Sm3Ge5 adopts the face-centered orthorhombic Y3Ge5 type with space group Fdd2 (No. 43) and with cell parameters a = 5.8281(6) A, b = 17.476(2) A, c = 13.785(2) A, and Z = 8. The orthorhombic Gd3Ge5 with cell parameters a = 5.784(2) A, b = 17.355(6) A, and c = 13.785(5) A is isostructural with beta-Sm3Ge5. The structures of the title compounds can be described as AlB(2) and alpha-ThSi2 derivatives with long-range ordering of the germanium vacancies. Temperature-dependent DC magnetization (5-300 K) measurements show evidence of antiferromagnetic ordering below ca. 30 and 10 K for alpha-Sm3Ge5 and beta-Sm3Ge5, respectively. Gd3Ge5 undergoes two successive magnetic transitions below ca. 15 and 11 K. The temperature dependence of the resistivity and heat capacity of Gd3Ge5 are discussed as well.

[Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus]. / Prevenção do diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a complex, multifactorial and worldwide metabolic disease that affects quality and lifestyle of patients. Patients with diabetes can have a 15-year or more reduction of lifetime and the high mortality is due to cardiovascular (CV) complications. Effective strategies for the reduction of the impact of DM2 on CV disorders for the next years and attention concerning to strategies of prevention, mainly for the populations with larger risk of developing the disease, are essential. In that context, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) must suffer intervention strategies in order to minimize the risk for diabetes. Behavior modification (diet therapy and physical activity) must be stimulated, and pharmacological agents have to be used when indicated. Studies worldwide have been confirming the effectiveness of lifestyle strategies and even the use of pharmacological agents for the prevention of DM2.

Prevenção do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença metabólica complexa, multifatorial e de presença global, que afeta a qualidade e o estilo de vida dos acometidos, podendo levar a uma redução pronunciada na expectativa de vida dessa população. Portadores de diabetes podem ter uma redução de 15 ou mais anos de vida, com a grande maioria morrendo em decorrência das complicações cardiovasculares. Faz-se necessário o estabelecimento de estratégias efetivas para a redução do impacto do DM2 para os próximos anos. Para isso, urge a necessidade de maior atenção no tocante às estratégias de prevenção, sobretudo para as populações de maior risco de desenvolvimento da doença. Nesse contexto, os portadores de tolerância diminuída à glicose (TDG) e glicemia de jejum alterada (GJA) devem, cada vez mais, ser alvos de estratégias de intervenção na busca de minimização de risco para o diabetes, devendo para isso terem direcionamento para a efetivação de mudanças comportamentais (fatores dietoterápicos e prática de atividade física) e, quando necessário e aprovado, o uso de agentes farmacológicos. Estudos conduzidos pelo mundo têm confirmado a eficácia do uso de estratégias comportamentais e mesmo do uso de agentes farmacológicos para a prevenção de DM2.

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a complex, multifactorial and worldwide metabolic disease that affects quality and lifestyle of patients. Patients with diabetes can have a 15-year or more reduction of lifetime and the high mortality is due to cardiovascular (CV) complications. Effective strategies for the reduction of the impact of DM2 on CV disorders for the next years and attention concerning to strategies of prevention, mainly for the populations with larger risk of developing the disease, are essential. In that context, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) must suffer intervention strategies in order to minimize the risk for diabetes. Behavior modification (diet therapy and physical activity) must be stimulated, and pharmacological agents have to be used when indicated. Studies worldwide have been confirming the effectiveness of lifestyle strategies and even the use of pharmacological agents for the prevention of DM2.