ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to acquire knowledge about the female dental workforce, identifying factors to pursue specialty training and career choices and working in dental institutions/associations. METHODS: An original online questionnaire was developed, validated (n = 22), and sent to 189 member associations in 133 countries of the Women Dentists Worldwide section of the FDI World Dental Federation. RESULTS: In all, 3232 female dentists from 81 countries participated. Results were divided into 5 geographic areas by continent. Difference in proportion amongst questionnaire items was evaluated with χ2 test or Fisher exact test. Ordinal multinomial linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association of questionnaire items with total work experience in dentistry (in years), motivation to study dentistry, type of specialisation, working hours per week, perception of female dentists about working hours, sex-based inequalities, job security after maternity leaves, as well as involvement in political organisations within their country of residence and their role in dental associations. A majority of participating female dentists are self-employed (57.7%), and 60.0% have 10 to 30 years of experience. The most popular form of practice is the single private practice (29.7%), followed by the group private practice (28.8%). Further, 44.8% work 31 to 40 h/wk, 29.1% part-time up to 30 h/wk, and 26.0% more than 40 h/wk. CONCLUSIONS: Women are still poorly represented in professional organisations, and few are officers in representative assemblies, members of the board, or president. Family life with children influences perceptions and has an impact on professional life, especially in academia and political/professional associations, so that taking on leadership positions poses additional challenges.
Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Dentists , Pregnancy , Child , Humans , Female , Dentistry , Surveys and QuestionnairesSubject(s)
Bone Plates , Orthodontic Appliance Design , Orthodontic Appliances , Tooth Movement Techniques/instrumentation , Bone Screws , Child , Facial Asymmetry/therapy , Female , Humans , Malocclusion, Angle Class II/therapy , Maxilla/abnormalities , Miniaturization , Retrognathia/therapy , Titanium , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of calcium phosphate ceramic (CPC) materials as a potential alternative to autogenous secondary alveolar bone grafting in cleft lip and palate patients who are in mixed dentition. SAMPLE: Four 12-week-old beagles and one 15-week-old beagle were used as subjects. INTERVENTIONS: In each experimental beagle, the third and fourth deciduous premolars were extracted. The sockets were filled with four different CPC materials and sutured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The beagles were fed a soft diet for the following 8 weeks and then sacrificed for clinical, radiological, histological, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and infrared (IR) absorption analysis. RESULTS: All four experimental graft materials allowed normal development and eruption of permanent premolars. In histological sections, small particles of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) and carbonate apatite (CO(3)-AP) were resorbed, and large particulate forms served as bone frames in cortical bones. Polymer coated with carbonate apatite (Poly/CO(3)-AP) did not cause inflammation but was pushed away to the soft tissue by erupting teeth. Alginate coated with carbonate apatite (alginate/CO(3)-AP) caused a severe inflammatory reaction to the point of destroying a part of the dental follicle and cortical bone. In TEM, resorption activity by phagocytic cells was observed only in CO(3)-AP. Direct bonding of CO(3)-AP to the bone was observed as the electron-dense interface between bone and CO(3)-AP. CONCLUSION: BCP and CO(3)-AP proved to be suitable as alveolar bone graft materials in areas where tooth eruption occurs. Of the four materials tested, CO(3)-AP produced the best results.
